Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

User:Haspelmath

2016-05-09T16:07:15Z

Haspelmath:

'''Martin Haspelmath'''

e-mail: haspelmath at shh dot mpg dot de

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena

[http://www.shh.mpg.de/mitarbeiter/42385/55811/ Homepage]

User:Haspelmath

2013-04-05T10:37:03Z

Haspelmath:

'''Martin Haspelmath'''

e-mail: haspelmath at eva dot mpg dot de

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig

[http://email.eva.mpg.de/~haspelmt/ Homepage]

Robert Lado

2009-12-12T13:15:09Z

Haspelmath:

{{stub}}

Dr. Robert Lado (May 31, 1915, Tampa, Florida – 1995) was an American expert on modern linguistics who is considered one of the founders of modern contrastive linguistics.

{{Wikipedia|Robert Lado|en}}

[[Category:BIOG]]
[[Category:En]]

Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel

2009-12-12T13:13:31Z

Haspelmath:

__NOTOC__
'''Wörterbuchartikel''' ([[:Category:DICT]]) sind ein [[Glottopedia:Artikeltypen|Artikeltyp]] der linguistische [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Termini|Termini]] erklärt und grundlegende Informationen über sie gibt. Sie sind zu unterscheiden von [[Glottopedia:Überblicksartikel|Überblicksartikeln]], die Artikel über bestimmte Phänomene sind.

Alle gewöhnlichen Wörterbuchartikel sollen gleichstrukturiert sein. Das bedeutet: Sie sollen aus einer Abfolge von Abschnitten bestehen, die immer in der derselben Reihenfolge angeordnet sind und dieselbe Überschrift tragen. Nur der erste Abschnitt ([[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Definition|Definition]]) ist obligatorisch. Einige der Abschnitte können für bestimmte Termini irrelevant sein. Aber in den meisten Fällen, können fehlende Abschnitte als Indiz dafür gewertet werden, das der Wörterbuchartikel noch zu ergänzen ist.

Außerdem gibt es mehrere besondere Arten von Wörterbuchartikeln (siehe unten).

Jeder Wörterbuchartikel kann außerdem '''Zitate''' aus Veröffentlichungen enthalten, in denen der Fachbegriff erwähnt (bzw. erläutert, definiert, kritisiert, seine Herkunft diskutiert, etc.) wird. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Zitate|Zitate]].)

===Gewöhnliche Wörterbuchartikel===

Ein Wörterbuchartikel kann folgende Abschnitte (in der hier beschriebenen Reihenfolge) enthalten:

*'''Definition''': Dieser obligatorische Abschnitt enthält eine kurze Definition des Terminus, die in der Regel aus einem einzigen Satz besteht. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Definition|Definition]].)

*'''Eigenschaften''': Dieser Abschnitt enthält Informationen über die Aussprache und andere Eigenschaften (z.B. Flektion und Derivation) des Terminus. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Terminuseigenschaften|Terminuseigenschaften]].)

*'''Beispiele''': Dieser Abschnitt enthält Beispiele für die durch den Terminus beschriebenen Phänomene. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Beispiele|Beispiele]].)

*'''Kommentare''': An dieser Stelle können beliebige Kommentare zum Terminus oder zu seiner Definition folgen. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Kommentare|Kommentare]].)

*'''Subtypen''': This section may contain a list of subtypes of the phenomenon. (See [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles/Subtypes|Subtypes]].)

*'''Polyseme''': An dieser Stelle werden die anderen Bedeutungen, die dieser Terminus besitzt, aufgeführt. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Polysemie|Polysemie]].)

*'''Synonyme''': Hier werden die Termini aufgezählt, die (weitgehend) dieselbe Bedeutung besitzen, wie der im Wörterbuchartikel beschriebene Terminus. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Synonyme|Synonyme]].)

*'''Herkunft''': Dieser Abschnitt enthält Angaben über die Herkunft und Geschichte des Terminus . (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Herkunft|Herkunft]].)

*'''Siehe auch''': Dieser Abschnitt kann eine Liste von verwandten Termini enthalten, die in diesem Kontext relevant sind, aber in keinem der anderen Abschnitte vorkommen (z.B. [[Relativpronomen]] im Artikel [[Relativsatz]]). (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Conventions for dictionary articles/See also|See also]].)

*'''Literatur''': Dieser Abschnitt enthält eine Liste der Publikationen (nach Autorennamen aufsteigend sortiert), auf die an anderer Stelle im Artikel verwiesen wird. (Zum Format dieser Angaben: siehe [[Glottopedia:Literatur|Literaturangaben]].)

*'''Andere Sprachen''': Dieser Abschnitt besteht aus einer Liste von Verweisen auf Artikel in anderen Sprachen, die diesem Terminus behandeln. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Andere Sprachen|Andere Sprachen]].)
In einigen Fällen können zusätzliche Abschnitte angemessen sein. (Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Andere Abschnitte|Andere Abschnitte]].)

===Besondere Arten von Wörterbuchartikeln===

====Abkürzungen====
Häufig verwendete Abkürzungen sollten auch Wörterbucheinträge bekommen, nicht nur Weiterleitungen. Siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Abkürzungen|Abkürzungen]].

====Hypothesen and Herangehensweisen====
Wörerbuchartikel über namentlich benannte Hypothesen, Behauptungen, Prinzipien, Theorien und Herangehensweisen (wie etwa [[Laryngaltheorie]], [[Lexical Integrity Principle]], [[Theta-Kriterium]], [[Lexikalische Dekompositionsgrammatik]], [[Tagmemik]]) haben eine andere Struktur (siehe [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel/Hypothesen and Herangehensweisen|Hypothesen and Herangehensweisen]]). Im Gegensatz zu gewöhnlichen Konzepten, können sie nicht '''definiert''', sondern nur '''charakterisiert''' oder '''ausbuchstabiert''' werden.

===Andere Sprachen===
*Englisch [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles]]

[[Category:De]]
[[Category:Richtlinie|Wörterbuchartikel]]

Polysynthese

2009-12-12T13:13:08Z

Haspelmath: Created page with ''''Polysynthese''' bezeichnet eine bestimmte Art der Einbindung von Morphemen in Wörter, die in einer erhöhten Informationsdichte eines einzigen Wortes resultiert. Polysyntheti...'

'''Polysynthese''' bezeichnet eine bestimmte Art der Einbindung von Morphemen in Wörter, die in einer erhöhten Informationsdichte eines einzigen Wortes resultiert. Polysynthetische Sprachen haben eine hohe Anzahl von Affixen. So gibt es zum Beispiel im Nootka über 500 Suffixe (=Affixe, die an das Ende des Grundmorphems angehängt werden).
In polysynthetischen Sprachen können an ein Grundmorphem verschiedene Morpheme als Affixe angereiht werden. So können Sprecher dieser Sprachen einen ganzen Satz in ein einziges Wort packen. Wie komplex solche Konstruktionen werden können, zeigt das folgende Wort aus dem Inuit:

Qasuiirsarvigssarsingitluinarnarpuq

Qasu -iir -sar -vig -ssar -si -ngit -luinar -nar -puq
tired not cause-to-be place-for suitable find not completely someone 3./Sg
“Someone did not find a completely suitable resting place“ (O’Grady, Contemporary Linguistics: S. 380f)

Ein Wort kann auch aus einer Verbform mit Affixen bestehen, die die verschiedensten Kategorien ausdrücken, wie zum Beispiel: Bewegungsrichtung, Instrument, Chronologie („zuerst“, „wieder“), Art und Weise („schnell“, „durch Ziehen“), setting („nachts“) und viele weitere.

Die jeweilige Position ist ausschlaggebend für die Bedeutung der einzelnen Segmente. Somit ist die Anordnung der Affixe in einem Wort ziemlich starr.
Polysynthese ist ein Phänomen, das in den meisten indigenen Sprachen Nordamerikas vorkommt. Ausserdem findet man polysynthetische Sprachen in Teilen Sibiriens, Australiens, Papua Neuguineas, Südindiens, in Teilen Mittel- und Südamerikas sowie im Kaukasus.
Im Gegensatz zu den polysynthetischen Sprachen stehen die isolierenden Sprachen. Wenige Sprachen sind ausschliesslich polysynthetisch bzw. isolierend, vielmehr sind die meisten synthetisch.

'''Bibliographie'''

Bauer, Laurie / Holmes, Janet / Warren, Paul (2006). Language Matters. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York: Palgrave MacMillian

Dürr, Michael / Schlobinski, Peter (2006). Einführung in die deskriptive Linguistik: Grundlagen und Methoden. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. (Studienbücher zur Linguistik, Bd. 11)

O’Grady, William / Michael Dobrovolsky / Fancis Katamba (1996). Contemporary Linguistics: an introduction. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press

'''Internetquellen'''

Bauer, Martin (2009). Polysynthetische Sprache. http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/polysynthetische_Sprachen.html, 01.12.09

Sasse, Hans-Jürgen / Drossard, Werner (2002). Lexikalische Kategorien und Argument-Linking
in polysynthetischen Sprachen. http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/sfb282/a9.pdf (Internet), 01.12.2009

Wikipediabenutzer (2009). Polysynthetischer Sprachbau. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysynthetische_Sprachen (Internet), 01.12.2009

Suspended affixation

2009-11-19T12:09:31Z

Haspelmath:

'''Suspended affixation''' refers to a situation where in a [[coordinate construction]], an [[affix]] is omitted from one of the [[coordinand]]s that another coordinand has, so that in a sense the affix has scope over both coordinands.

=== Examples ===

[[Turkish]]
{|
|-
| Tebrik || ve || teşekkür-ler-im-i || sunarım.
|-
| congratulation || and || thank-PL-1SG-ACC || I.offer
|-
| colspan="4" | ‘I offer my congratulations and thanks.’
|-
|}

This could also be ''tebrik-ler-im-i ...'', with no great semantic or pragmatic difference in
this particular case. In contrast, in English it does make a difference whether you suspend or don't in cases like
''Laurel('s) and Hardy's films''

=== Comments ===

This phenomenon was been much discussed in early morphological
typology, most notably, in the Humboldt/Steinthal tradition, by Franz
Nikolaus Finck in his ''Die Haupttypen des Sprachbaus'' (1910), where it is
subsumed under the notion of “group inflection”. (What's nowadays called
“phrase marking”, as opposed to “word marking”.)

=== Origin ===

The term “suspended affixation” was probably coined by Lewis (1967), and has subsequently found particular favour in
Turkic linguistics (see further Kabak 2007).

=== References ===

*Kabak, Baris. 2007.
*Lewis, G.L. 1967. Turkish grammar.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Morphology]]

Talk:Main Page

2009-10-31T16:00:47Z

Haspelmath:

==Forum==
Please note that Glottopedia has a forum (see [[Glottopedia:Forum]]) for discussing issues related to the way Glottopedia works. Please use this page only to discuss the content of the Main Page.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:06, 10 July 2007 (CEST)

==Unicode==
Why is Glottopedia in ISO-8859-1 and not in Unicode? Wikipedia is in Unicode (UTF-8). --[[User:David Marjanović|David Marjanović]] 01:56, 28 June 2007 (CEST)
: I am sure this will be fixed very soon. Glottopedia should be in UTF-8. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)

==Edit URL==
Why is the URL of articles in Glottopedia hidden (when I enter via www.glottopedia.org)? It is really practical that one can edit the URL and get directly to some articles, categories, or templates. When I enter Glottopedia via http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php I can manipulate the URL as described. But this should be possible via www.glottopedia.org aswell. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)

== Glottopedia Team ==

Wouldn't it be nice(r) if there were also links to the <nowiki>[[User:xyz]]</nowiki> pages of the team members instead of links to their articles? --[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] 16:30, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

: This would also help new users finding/contacting us. --[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] 10:46, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
:: Yes, would be nice: Can you add such links?--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 16:00, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Soenjono Dardjowidjojo

2009-09-23T11:21:43Z

Haspelmath: Created page with '{{stub}} '''Soenjono Dardjowidjojo''' ("Pak Soenjono") (d. 2009-09-22) was one of Indonesia's leading linguists, with major contributions relating to the structure of Indonesian...'

{{stub}}

'''Soenjono Dardjowidjojo''' ("Pak Soenjono") (d. 2009-09-22) was one of Indonesia's leading linguists, with major contributions relating to the structure of Indonesian, teaching of Indonesian as a foreign language, and psycholinguistics.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono]]

Portal:Biography

2009-09-23T11:20:31Z

Haspelmath:

__NOTOC__
This page will become the portal on [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]].

If you would like to maintain this portal, please [[Glottopedia:Contact|contact]] the editors.

Here is a list of the articles that belong to the article type [[:Category:BIOG|biographical article]].

===Recent deaths===
*[[Soenjono Dardjowidjojo]], 2009-09-22
*[[Natal'ja Ju. Shvedova]], 2009-09-18
*[[G. Nick Clements]], 2009-08-30
*[[Vladimir P. Nedjalkov]], 2009-07-21
*[[Erica García]], 2009-07-05
*[[Richard Allsopp]], 2009-06-03
*[[David Watters]], 2009-05-18
*[[S.-Y. Kuroda]], 2009-02-25
*[[Michael Noonan]], 2009-02-23
*[[Catherine P. Browman]], 2008-07-18
*[[Robert de Beaugrande]], 2008-06
*[[Wang Jialing]], 2008-06-23
*[[Mukhadin A. Kumakhov]], 2008-06-07
*[[Rulon S. Wells]], 2008-05-03
*[[J. Patrick B. Allen]], 2008-03-26
*[[Clive Perdue]], 2008-03-14
*[[M. Lionel Bender]], 2008-02-19
*[[Antonius Angelus Weijnen]], 2008-02-09
*[[Roger W. Andersen]], 2008-01-22
*[[Riccardo Ambrosini]], 2008-01-13/14
*[[Andreas Wesch]], 2008-01-11
*[[Ursula Drolc]], 2008-01-10
*[[Eloise Jelinek]], 2007-12-21
*[[David G. Lockwood]], 2007-09-26
*[[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]], 2007-09-09
*[[Richard M. Hogg]], 2007-09-06
*[[Peter Hans Nelde]], 2007-08-31
*[[Carlota Smith]], 2007-05-24
*[[Tanya Reinhart]], 2007-03-17
*[[John Sinclair]], 2007-03-13
*[[Stefan Elders]], 2007-02-19

Otherwise, this portal should probably be arranged chronologically and by region, e.g. as follows:

===Antiquity===
[[Panini]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Dionysios Thrax]], [[Varro]], [[Priscian]], [[Donatus]]

===Middle Ages===
[[Ælfric of Eynsham]], [[Alcuin]], [[Geoffrey of Vinsauf]], [[Thomas of Erfurt]], [[Sibawayh]], [[First Grammarian]], [[Rabanus Maurus]], [[Sejong the Great of Joseon]]

===Early Modern Period===
[[Antonio de Nebrija]], [[Domingo de Santo Tomás]], [[Ivan Uzhevych]], [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]]

===18th century===
[[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]], [[Gabriel Girard]], [[Johann Gottfried Herder]], [[William Jones]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Johann Karl Zeune]]

===19th century===
[[Franz Bopp]], [[Karl Brugmann]], [[Georg von der Gabelentz]], [[Jacob Grimm]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], [[K.M. Rapp]], [[J.H. Bredsdorff]], [[Rasmus Rask]], [[Friedrich Müller]], [[Friedrich von Schlegel]], [[August Schleicher]], [[Heymann Steinthal]], [[Petr K. Uslar]], [[William Dwight Whitney]], [[Jost Winteler]]

===20th century===
[[Leonard Bloomfield]], [[Alan Gardiner]], [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]], [[Mary R. Haas]], [[Karl Erich Heidolph]], [[Archibald Hill]], [[Otto Jespersen]], [[Georg Friedrich Meier]], [[Helmut Meier]], [[Antoine Meillet]], [[Adolf Noreen]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Edward Sapir]], [[John Sinclair]], [[Lucien Tesnière]], [[Max Vasmer]], [[Wolfgang U. Wurzel (de)]]

===21st century===
[[Stefan Elders]], [[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Biography]]
[[Category:BIOG|!]]

Natal'ja Ju. Shvedova

2009-09-22T09:30:12Z

Haspelmath: Created page with '{{stub}} '''Natal'ja Jul'evna Shvedova''' (1917 – 2009-09-18) was a Russian linguist who was a specialist of Russian grammar. ===Link=== *[http://linguistlist.org/issues/...'

{{stub}}

'''Natal'ja Jul'evna Shvedova''' (1917 – 2009-09-18) was a Russian linguist who was a specialist of [[Russian]] grammar.

===Link===
*[http://linguistlist.org/issues/20/20-3187.html LINGUIST obituary]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|Shvedova, Natal'ja Ju.]]

Portal:Biography

2009-09-22T09:27:32Z

Haspelmath:

__NOTOC__
This page will become the portal on [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]].

If you would like to maintain this portal, please [[Glottopedia:Contact|contact]] the editors.

Here is a list of the articles that belong to the article type [[:Category:BIOG|biographical article]].

===Recent deaths===
*[[Natal'ja Ju. Shvedova]], 2009-09-18
*[[G. Nick Clements]], 2009-08-30
*[[Vladimir P. Nedjalkov]], 2009-07-21
*[[Erica García]], 2009-07-05
*[[Richard Allsopp]], 2009-06-03
*[[David Watters]], 2009-05-18
*[[S.-Y. Kuroda]], 2009-02-25
*[[Michael Noonan]], 2009-02-23
*[[Catherine P. Browman]], 2008-07-18
*[[Robert de Beaugrande]], 2008-06
*[[Wang Jialing]], 2008-06-23
*[[Mukhadin A. Kumakhov]], 2008-06-07
*[[Rulon S. Wells]], 2008-05-03
*[[J. Patrick B. Allen]], 2008-03-26
*[[Clive Perdue]], 2008-03-14
*[[M. Lionel Bender]], 2008-02-19
*[[Antonius Angelus Weijnen]], 2008-02-09
*[[Roger W. Andersen]], 2008-01-22
*[[Riccardo Ambrosini]], 2008-01-13/14
*[[Andreas Wesch]], 2008-01-11
*[[Ursula Drolc]], 2008-01-10
*[[Eloise Jelinek]], 2007-12-21
*[[David G. Lockwood]], 2007-09-26
*[[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]], 2007-09-09
*[[Richard M. Hogg]], 2007-09-06
*[[Peter Hans Nelde]], 2007-08-31
*[[Carlota Smith]], 2007-05-24
*[[Tanya Reinhart]], 2007-03-17
*[[John Sinclair]], 2007-03-13
*[[Stefan Elders]], 2007-02-19

Otherwise, this portal should probably be arranged chronologically and by region, e.g. as follows:

===Antiquity===
[[Panini]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Dionysios Thrax]], [[Varro]], [[Priscian]], [[Donatus]]

===Middle Ages===
[[Ælfric of Eynsham]], [[Alcuin]], [[Geoffrey of Vinsauf]], [[Thomas of Erfurt]], [[Sibawayh]], [[First Grammarian]], [[Rabanus Maurus]], [[Sejong the Great of Joseon]]

===Early Modern Period===
[[Antonio de Nebrija]], [[Domingo de Santo Tomás]], [[Ivan Uzhevych]], [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]]

===18th century===
[[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]], [[Gabriel Girard]], [[Johann Gottfried Herder]], [[William Jones]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Johann Karl Zeune]]

===19th century===
[[Franz Bopp]], [[Karl Brugmann]], [[Georg von der Gabelentz]], [[Jacob Grimm]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], [[K.M. Rapp]], [[J.H. Bredsdorff]], [[Rasmus Rask]], [[Friedrich Müller]], [[Friedrich von Schlegel]], [[August Schleicher]], [[Heymann Steinthal]], [[Petr K. Uslar]], [[William Dwight Whitney]], [[Jost Winteler]]

===20th century===
[[Leonard Bloomfield]], [[Alan Gardiner]], [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]], [[Mary R. Haas]], [[Karl Erich Heidolph]], [[Archibald Hill]], [[Otto Jespersen]], [[Georg Friedrich Meier]], [[Helmut Meier]], [[Antoine Meillet]], [[Adolf Noreen]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Edward Sapir]], [[John Sinclair]], [[Lucien Tesnière]], [[Max Vasmer]], [[Wolfgang U. Wurzel (de)]]

===21st century===
[[Stefan Elders]], [[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Biography]]
[[Category:BIOG|!]]

G. Nick Clements

2009-09-18T07:11:05Z

Haspelmath:

{{stub}}

'''G. Nick Clements''' (d. 2009-08-30) was a phonologist and Africanist.

===Links===
*[http://lpp.univ-paris3.fr/equipe/nick_clements/remembering-nick-clements.html Memorial page]
*[http://linguistlist.org/issues/20/20-2937.html LINGUIST List obituary]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|Clements, G. Nick]]

G. Nick Clements

2009-09-02T09:31:43Z

Haspelmath: Created page with '{{stub}} '''G. Nick Clements''' (d. 2009-08-30) was a phonologist and Africanist. ===Link=== [http://linguistlist.org/issues/20/20-2937.html LINGUIST List obituary] [[Category...'

{{stub}}

'''G. Nick Clements''' (d. 2009-08-30) was a phonologist and Africanist.

===Link===
[http://linguistlist.org/issues/20/20-2937.html LINGUIST List obituary]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|Clements, G. Nick]]

Portal:Biography

2009-09-02T09:30:02Z

Haspelmath:

__NOTOC__
This page will become the portal on [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]].

If you would like to maintain this portal, please [[Glottopedia:Contact|contact]] the editors.

Here is a list of the articles that belong to the article type [[:Category:BIOG|biographical article]].

===Recent deaths===
*[[G. Nick Clements]], 2009-08-30
*[[Vladimir P. Nedjalkov]], 2009-07-21
*[[Erica García]], 2009-07-05
*[[Richard Allsopp]], 2009-06-03
*[[David Watters]], 2009-05-18
*[[S.-Y. Kuroda]], 2009-02-25
*[[Michael Noonan]], 2009-02-23
*[[Catherine P. Browman]], 2008-07-18
*[[Robert de Beaugrande]], 2008-06
*[[Wang Jialing]], 2008-06-23
*[[Mukhadin A. Kumakhov]], 2008-06-07
*[[Rulon S. Wells]], 2008-05-03
*[[J. Patrick B. Allen]], 2008-03-26
*[[Clive Perdue]], 2008-03-14
*[[M. Lionel Bender]], 2008-02-19
*[[Antonius Angelus Weijnen]], 2008-02-09
*[[Roger W. Andersen]], 2008-01-22
*[[Riccardo Ambrosini]], 2008-01-13/14
*[[Andreas Wesch]], 2008-01-11
*[[Ursula Drolc]], 2008-01-10
*[[Eloise Jelinek]], 2007-12-21
*[[David G. Lockwood]], 2007-09-26
*[[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]], 2007-09-09
*[[Richard M. Hogg]], 2007-09-06
*[[Peter Hans Nelde]], 2007-08-31
*[[Carlota Smith]], 2007-05-24
*[[Tanya Reinhart]], 2007-03-17
*[[John Sinclair]], 2007-03-13
*[[Stefan Elders]], 2007-02-19

Otherwise, this portal should probably be arranged chronologically and by region, e.g. as follows:

===Antiquity===
[[Panini]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Dionysios Thrax]], [[Varro]], [[Priscian]], [[Donatus]]

===Middle Ages===
[[Ælfric of Eynsham]], [[Alcuin]], [[Geoffrey of Vinsauf]], [[Thomas of Erfurt]], [[Sibawayh]], [[First Grammarian]], [[Rabanus Maurus]], [[Sejong the Great of Joseon]]

===Early Modern Period===
[[Antonio de Nebrija]], [[Domingo de Santo Tomás]], [[Ivan Uzhevych]], [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]]

===18th century===
[[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]], [[Gabriel Girard]], [[Johann Gottfried Herder]], [[William Jones]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Johann Karl Zeune]]

===19th century===
[[Franz Bopp]], [[Karl Brugmann]], [[Georg von der Gabelentz]], [[Jacob Grimm]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], [[K.M. Rapp]], [[J.H. Bredsdorff]], [[Rasmus Rask]], [[Friedrich Müller]], [[Friedrich von Schlegel]], [[August Schleicher]], [[Heymann Steinthal]], [[Petr K. Uslar]], [[William Dwight Whitney]], [[Jost Winteler]]

===20th century===
[[Leonard Bloomfield]], [[Alan Gardiner]], [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]], [[Mary R. Haas]], [[Karl Erich Heidolph]], [[Archibald Hill]], [[Otto Jespersen]], [[Georg Friedrich Meier]], [[Helmut Meier]], [[Antoine Meillet]], [[Adolf Noreen]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Edward Sapir]], [[John Sinclair]], [[Lucien Tesnière]], [[Max Vasmer]], [[Wolfgang U. Wurzel (de)]]

===21st century===
[[Stefan Elders]], [[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Biography]]
[[Category:BIOG|!]]

Vladimir P. Nedjalkov

2009-08-11T07:15:05Z

Haspelmath:

'''Vladimir Petrovich Nedjalkov''' (1928, Odessa - 21.07.2009, St.Petersburg) was a prominent Russian scholar in the field of syntactic typology. He was one of the main representatives of the Leningrad/St.Petersburg Typology Group.

His main works are dedicated to German causatives (1971), general typology of causative constructions (1969), voice in Nivkh (1974), general typology of reflexive constructions (1975, 1976, 1978, 1981), general typology of resultative constructions and their relations to passive, perfective and stative constructions (1980, 1983), general typology of non-finite verbal forms (1981), taxis in Evenki (1987), general typology of taxis relations (1987, 2008), general typology of converbs (1990, 1995), as well as general typology of reciprocal constructions (2007).

==Bibliography==
A comprehensive bibliography of Nedjalkov's works published before 1999 can be found in: Werner Abraham & Leonid Kulikov (eds), Tense-aspect, transitivity and causativity. Essays in honour of Vladimir Nedjalkov (Studies in Language Companion Series; 50). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1999, pp. xix-xxxiii.
==Books==
* Vladimir P. Nedjalkov, with the assistance of Emma Š. Geniušienė and Zlatka Guentchéva (eds), Reciprocal constructions. 5 vols. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2007. (Typological studies in language; 71).

==Links==
*[http://linguistlist.org/issues/20/20-2732.html LINGUIST List obituary]
*[http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Недялков,_Владимир_Петрович Russian Wikipedia article]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|Nedjalkov, Vladimir Petrovich]]

Vladimir P. Nedjalkov

2009-08-05T17:13:38Z

Haspelmath:

POS

2009-07-19T21:17:10Z

Haspelmath: Created page with ''''POS''' is a commonly used (especially in computational linguistics) abbreviation for part of speech. {{dc}} Category:Abbreviation'

'''POS''' is a commonly used (especially in computational linguistics) abbreviation for [[part of speech]].

{{dc}}
[[Category:Abbreviation]]

Erica García

2009-07-19T01:43:35Z

Haspelmath: Created page with '{{stub}} '''Erica García''' (1934 - 2009-07-05) was an American-Dutch linguist, a notable representative of the Columbia School approach. ===Works=== *García, Erica. 1975. ''...'

{{stub}}

'''Erica García''' (1934 - 2009-07-05) was an American-Dutch linguist, a notable representative of the Columbia School approach.

===Works===
*García, Erica. 1975. ''The Role of Theory in Linguistic Analysis: the Spanish pronoun system.'' Amsterdam: North Holland.

*García, Erica. 2009+. ''The Motivated Syntax of Arbitrary Signs: cognitive constraints on Spanish clitic clustering.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|García, Erica]]

Portal:Biography

2009-07-19T01:41:19Z

Haspelmath:

__NOTOC__
This page will become the portal on [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]].

If you would like to maintain this portal, please [[Glottopedia:Contact|contact]] the editors.

Here is a list of the articles that belong to the article type [[:Category:BIOG|biographical article]].

===Recent deaths===
*[[Erica García]], 2009-07-05
*[[Richard Allsopp]], 2009-06-03
*[[David Watters]], 2009-05-18
*[[S.-Y. Kuroda]], 2009-02-25
*[[Michael Noonan]], 2009-02-23
*[[Catherine P. Browman]], 2008-07-18
*[[Robert de Beaugrande]], 2008-06
*[[Wang Jialing]], 2008-06-23
*[[Mukhadin A. Kumakhov]], 2008-06-07
*[[Rulon S. Wells]], 2008-05-03
*[[J. Patrick B. Allen]], 2008-03-26
*[[Clive Perdue]], 2008-03-14
*[[M. Lionel Bender]], 2008-02-19
*[[Antonius Angelus Weijnen]], 2008-02-09
*[[Roger W. Andersen]], 2008-01-22
*[[Riccardo Ambrosini]], 2008-01-13/14
*[[Andreas Wesch]], 2008-01-11
*[[Ursula Drolc]], 2008-01-10
*[[Eloise Jelinek]], 2007-12-21
*[[David G. Lockwood]], 2007-09-26
*[[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]], 2007-09-09
*[[Richard M. Hogg]], 2007-09-06
*[[Peter Hans Nelde]], 2007-08-31
*[[Carlota Smith]], 2007-05-24
*[[Tanya Reinhart]], 2007-03-17
*[[John Sinclair]], 2007-03-13
*[[Stefan Elders]], 2007-02-19

Otherwise, this portal should probably be arranged chronologically and by region, e.g. as follows:

===Antiquity===
[[Panini]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Dionysios Thrax]], [[Varro]], [[Priscian]], [[Donatus]]

===Middle Ages===
[[Ælfric of Eynsham]], [[Alcuin]], [[Geoffrey of Vinsauf]], [[Thomas of Erfurt]], [[Sibawayh]], [[First Grammarian]], [[Rabanus Maurus]], [[Sejong the Great of Joseon]]

===Early Modern Period===
[[Antonio de Nebrija]], [[Domingo de Santo Tomás]], [[Ivan Uzhevych]], [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]]

===18th century===
[[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]], [[Gabriel Girard]], [[Johann Gottfried Herder]], [[William Jones]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Johann Karl Zeune]]

===19th century===
[[Franz Bopp]], [[Karl Brugmann]], [[Georg von der Gabelentz]], [[Jacob Grimm]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], [[K.M. Rapp]], [[J.H. Bredsdorff]], [[Rasmus Rask]], [[Friedrich Müller]], [[Friedrich von Schlegel]], [[August Schleicher]], [[Heymann Steinthal]], [[Petr K. Uslar]], [[William Dwight Whitney]], [[Jost Winteler]]

===20th century===
[[Leonard Bloomfield]], [[Alan Gardiner]], [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]], [[Mary R. Haas]], [[Karl Erich Heidolph]], [[Archibald Hill]], [[Otto Jespersen]], [[Georg Friedrich Meier]], [[Helmut Meier]], [[Antoine Meillet]], [[Adolf Noreen]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Edward Sapir]], [[John Sinclair]], [[Lucien Tesnière]], [[Max Vasmer]], [[Wolfgang U. Wurzel (de)]]

===21st century===
[[Stefan Elders]], [[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Biography]]
[[Category:BIOG|!]]

Uniformity of Theta-Assignment Hypothesis

2009-07-16T01:26:35Z

Haspelmath:

The '''Uniformity of Theta-Assignment Hypothesis (UTAH)''', proposed in Baker (1988), states that identical thematic relationships between items are represented by identical structural relationships between these items at the level of [[D-structure]].

=== Example ===

Assuming that ''Mary'' in (ia) is in the same thematic relationship with ''give'' as in (ib), Baker proposes that the D-structure of (ia) is identical to that of (ib) and that the S-structure of (ia) is derived as in (ii) (by invisibly incorporating ''to'' in the verb and moving ''Mary'' to the left of ''a book'').

(i) a. John gave Mary a book
b. John gave a book to Mary
(ii) John gave+toi Maryj a book ti tj

The UTAH has given rise to analyses in cases where the assumption of a D-structural identity is far from obvious, e.g. the pair in (iii). Cf. Hale and Keyser (2002).

(iii) a. John saddled the horse
b. John put a saddle on the horse

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=UTAH&lemmacode=1682 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

=== References ===

*Baker, Mark C. 1988. ''Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing.'' Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
* Baker, Mark C. 1997. ''Thematic roles and syntactic structure.,'' Haegeman, L. (ed.), Elements of Grammar., 73-137, Kluwer Academic Publishers
* Hale, K. and S.J. Keyser 2002. ''Prolegomenon to a Theory of Argument Structure,'' MIT Press, Cambridge MA.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]

{{cats}}{{format}}

Separation hypothesis

2009-07-15T18:56:36Z

Haspelmath:

In morphological theory, the '''Separation Hypothesis''' (originally formulated by [[Robert Beard]]) is the claim that that the [[form]] of [[inflection]]al and [[derivation]]al [[affix]]es is separated from their [[function]]. Beard distinguishes [[L-rule]]s and [[M-rule]]s, and assumes that L-rules are grammatical processes which change or add information about grammatical functions (e.g. 'plural' or 'agent noun'), while M-rules are affixation rules which spell out the grammatical functions.

=== Example ===

English plurals are formed in a number of ways, as is shown in (i):

(i) cat-cats, bus-busses, alga-algae, paramecium-paramecia, goose-geese

Under the separation hypothesis there is a single L-rule of pluralization which simply adds the feature [plural]. The resulting abstract morpheme is input to different M-rules, and these rules spell out the actual phonological form of the plurals in (i). On the other hand, [[conversion]] can be seen to be simply the situation which arises when an L-rule applies, but no M-rule gets the chance of giving phonological content to the function supplied by the L-rule.

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Separation+Hypothesis&lemmacode=221 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

=== References ===

* Ackema & Don 1992. ''Splitting morphology,'' Linguistics in the Netherlands 1992, pp. 1-12
* Beard, R. 1988. ''On the Separation of Derivation From Morphology Toward a Lexeme/Morpheme-Based Morphology,'' Quaderni di Semantica a. IX, n. 1, pp.3-59
* Beard, R. 1987. ''Morpheme Order in a Lexeme/Morpheme-Based Morphology,'' Lingua 72, pp. 1-44
* Beard, R. 1982. ''Is separation natural,'' Studia Gramatycne VII, 119-133
* Don, J. 1993. ''Morphological Conversion,'' PhD diss. Utrecht University.
* Sproat, R. 1985. ''On Deriving the Lexicon,'' PhD diss. MIT.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

{{cats}}

Portal:Biography

2009-07-15T14:05:29Z

Haspelmath:

__NOTOC__
This page will become the portal on [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]].

If you would like to maintain this portal, please [[Glottopedia:Contact|contact]] the editors.

Here is a list of the articles that belong to the article type [[:Category:BIOG|biographical article]].

===Recent deaths===
*[[Richard Allsopp]], 2009-06-03
*[[David Watters]], 2009-05-18
*[[S.-Y. Kuroda]], 2009-02-25
*[[Michael Noonan]], 2009-02-23
*[[Catherine P. Browman]], 2008-07-18
*[[Robert de Beaugrande]], 2008-06
*[[Wang Jialing]], 2008-06-23
*[[Mukhadin A. Kumakhov]], 2008-06-07
*[[Rulon S. Wells]], 2008-05-03
*[[J. Patrick B. Allen]], 2008-03-26
*[[Clive Perdue]], 2008-03-14
*[[M. Lionel Bender]], 2008-02-19
*[[Antonius Angelus Weijnen]], 2008-02-09
*[[Roger W. Andersen]], 2008-01-22
*[[Riccardo Ambrosini]], 2008-01-13/14
*[[Andreas Wesch]], 2008-01-11
*[[Ursula Drolc]], 2008-01-10
*[[Eloise Jelinek]], 2007-12-21
*[[David G. Lockwood]], 2007-09-26
*[[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]], 2007-09-09
*[[Richard M. Hogg]], 2007-09-06
*[[Peter Hans Nelde]], 2007-08-31
*[[Carlota Smith]], 2007-05-24
*[[Tanya Reinhart]], 2007-03-17
*[[John Sinclair]], 2007-03-13
*[[Stefan Elders]], 2007-02-19

Otherwise, this portal should probably be arranged chronologically and by region, e.g. as follows:

===Antiquity===
[[Panini]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Dionysios Thrax]], [[Varro]], [[Priscian]], [[Donatus]]

===Middle Ages===
[[Ælfric of Eynsham]], [[Alcuin]], [[Geoffrey of Vinsauf]], [[Thomas of Erfurt]], [[Sibawayh]], [[First Grammarian]], [[Rabanus Maurus]], [[Sejong the Great of Joseon]]

===Early Modern Period===
[[Antonio de Nebrija]], [[Domingo de Santo Tomás]], [[Ivan Uzhevych]], [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]]

===18th century===
[[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]], [[Gabriel Girard]], [[Johann Gottfried Herder]], [[William Jones]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Johann Karl Zeune]]

===19th century===
[[Franz Bopp]], [[Karl Brugmann]], [[Georg von der Gabelentz]], [[Jacob Grimm]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], [[K.M. Rapp]], [[J.H. Bredsdorff]], [[Rasmus Rask]], [[Friedrich Müller]], [[Friedrich von Schlegel]], [[August Schleicher]], [[Heymann Steinthal]], [[Petr K. Uslar]], [[William Dwight Whitney]], [[Jost Winteler]]

===20th century===
[[Leonard Bloomfield]], [[Alan Gardiner]], [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]], [[Mary R. Haas]], [[Karl Erich Heidolph]], [[Archibald Hill]], [[Otto Jespersen]], [[Georg Friedrich Meier]], [[Helmut Meier]], [[Antoine Meillet]], [[Adolf Noreen]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Edward Sapir]], [[John Sinclair]], [[Lucien Tesnière]], [[Max Vasmer]], [[Wolfgang U. Wurzel (de)]]

===21st century===
[[Stefan Elders]], [[Rolando Félix Armendáriz]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Biography]]
[[Category:BIOG|!]]

Richard Allsopp

2009-07-15T14:04:45Z

Haspelmath:

'''Richard Allsopp''' (1923 - 2009-06-03) was a Caribbean linguist and specialist in varieties of English spoken in the Caribbean.

===Link===
[http://www.scl-online.net/srrallsopp.html Society for Caribbean Linguistics obituary]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|Alsopp, Richard]]

{{stub}}

Richard Allsopp

2009-07-15T14:04:28Z

Haspelmath: Created page with ''''Richard Allsopp''' (1923 - 2009-06-03) was a Caribbean linguist and specialist in varieties of English spoken in the Caribbean. ===Link=== [http://www.scl-online.net/srrallso...'

Topic

2009-07-12T03:37:57Z

Haspelmath:

The '''topic''' is that part of an utterance about which something is said (the [[comment]]). Usually, the topic is [[given]] in the [[discourse]], the comment is [[new information]] about it. The topic is thus the part of the proposition that is being talked about ([[Predication|predicated]]). Once stated, the topic is therefore "old news", i.e. the things already mentioned and understood.

:::*''"An entity E is the topic of a sentence, S, iff in using S the speaker intends to increase the addressee’s knowledge about, request information about, or otherwise get the addressee to act with respect to E."'' (Gundel 1988:210)

===Examples===

For example, the topic is italicized in the following [[sentence]]s:

''The dog'' bit the little girl.
''The little girl'' was bitten by the dog.
It was ''the little girl'' that the dog bit.
''The little girl'', the dog bit her.

===Comments===

One test for determining the topic of a sentence A is by formulating a question Q to which A might be the answer. The topic should then be the information common to both Q and A.

Q: What about Mary?
A: John is taking care of her

In this context her ('Mary') is the topic of sentence A.

===Synonym===
*[[theme (i.e. topic)]]

===Subtypes===
*[[aboutness topic]]
*[[sentence topic vs. discourse topic]]
*[[stage topic]]

=== Examples ===
Many [[language]]s, like [[English language|English]], resort to different means in order to signal a new topic, such as:

*Stating it explicitly as the subject (which tends to be considered more topic-like by the speakers).
*Using [[passive voice]] to transform an [[object (grammar)|object]] into a subject (for the above reason).
*Emphasizing the topic using [[clefting]].
*Through [[periphrasis|periphrastic]] constructions like "As for...", "Speaking of...", etc.
*Using left [[dislocation (syntax)|dislocation]] (called '''topic fronting''' or '''topicalization''', i. e. moving the topic to the beginning of the sentence).

There are some other languages, like [[Japanese]], that work directly on a [[topic-prominent language|topic-comment]] frame. A new topic is always introduced in a specific way, like with a [[topic marker]] (Japanese uses a [[postposition]], [[Topic marker#Japanese: は|''wa'']]). The topic can be the subject or the object of a verb, but it can also be an indirect object or even an oblique complement of any kind. It is always dislocated to the front of the sentence.

Signaling the topic as such serves the pragmatic function of avoiding repetition. In many languages, old topics are replaced with a [[pronoun]]. [[Pro-drop language]]s like Japanese tend simply to delete the old topic, which is then left implicit throughout the discourse until a new one appears.

Consider the following data from Japanese:

(i) a Taroo-''wa'' kaeru-o koros-i-ta
Taroo-TOP frog-OBJ killed
'Taroo killed the frog'
b Kaeru-''wa'' Taroo-ga koros-i-ta
frog-TOP taroo-SUBJ killed
'The frog Taroo killed'

In (i)a the subject ''Taroo'' is marked for TOPIC by ''wa''<nowiki>; in (i)b </nowiki>''Taroo'' is marked for SUBJECT by ''ga''.

===See also===
* [[Topic chaining]]
* [[Topic-comment-distinction]]

===Link===
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Topic&lemmacode=178 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*Givón, Talmy. 1983a. Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
*Gundel, Jeanette K. 1988. Universals of topic-comment structure. In: ''Studies in syntactic typology'', ed. by Michael Hammond, Edith Moravecsik, and Jessica Wirth. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
*Lambrecht, Knud. 1994. Information structure and sentence form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Li, Charles N./Sandra A. Thompson (1976): "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Languages", in: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Subject and Topic, New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press, 457-490.
* Reinhart, T. 1981. ''Pragmatics and linguistics: An analysis of sentence topics.,'' Philosophica 27, 53-94

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]
[[Category:General]]

{{FromWP|en|English|Topic_%28linguistics%29}}

Switchboard corpus

2009-07-12T02:44:03Z

Haspelmath: Created page with 'The '''Switchboard corpus''' is a corpus of spoken English that is composed of approximately 2,400 telephone conversations between unacquainted adult speakers of American English...'

The '''Switchboard corpus''' is a corpus of spoken English that is composed of approximately 2,400 telephone conversations between unacquainted adult speakers of American English (Godfrey et al. 1992). The participants in the conversations vary in age and represent all major US dialect groups.

{{stub}}
[[Category:Corpus]]

Habitual aspect

2009-07-09T11:57:22Z

Haspelmath:

The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' and ''would'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English.” (Dahl 1985: 97)

===Habituality markers in English===

* ''be used to''
* ''would''
* adverbials like ''usually'', ''always'' etc.
* ''like to''
* subordinate clauses beginning with ''(always) when''
* the ''do''-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)

===Examples===

* ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''
* ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''
* ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
* ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
* ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.'

===Comments===

The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeadted occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single situation than as a characteristic feature of the person coughing.

===Synonyms===
* [[habitualis]]
* [[usitative]]

===References===

* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X
* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3''' [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]
* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3
* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]
* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2''' * [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search]
* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1
* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4

===Other languages===
German [[Habitualis (de)]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-07-09T11:56:43Z

Haspelmath:

The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' and ''would'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English.” (Dahl 1985: 97)

===Habituality markers in English===

* ''be used to''
* ''would''
* adverbials like ''usually'', ''always'' etc.
* ''like to''
* subordinate clauses beginning with ''(always) when''
* the ''do''-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)

===Examples===

* ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''
* ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''
* ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
* ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
* ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.'

===Comments===

The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeadted occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single situation than as a characteristic feature of the person coughing.

==Synonyms==
* [[habitualis]]
* [[usitative]]

===References===

* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X
* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3''' [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]
* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3
* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]
* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2''' * [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search]
* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1
* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4

===Other languages===
German [[Habitualis (de)]]

[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]
[[Category:En]]
[[Category:DICT]]

Speech act

2009-07-07T11:52:55Z

Haspelmath:

A '''speech act''' is a what a [[speaker]] does in [[utterance|uttering]] a [[sentence]].

===Comments===
According to Austin (1962), when uttering a sentence, a speaker is involved in three different speech acts: a ''[[locutionary act]]'', an ''[[illocutionary act]]'' and a ''[[perlocutionary act]]''. The locutionary act is the act of uttering a sentence with a certain meaning. The speaker also may intend to constitute a certain act of praise, criticism, threat etc., which is called the illocutionary act (not to be confused with [[illocutionary force]]). The perlocutionary act is the act of trying to bring about a certain change in the addressee (e.g. making him/her believe something). The last type of act is linguistically not relevant. Within a truth-conditional approach, only the locutionary act is seen to be relevant with respect to the [[truth condition]]s.

===Subtypes===
*[[indirect speech act]]

===Origin===
The term is generally attributed to Austin (1962).

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Speech+act&lemmacode=246 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

=== References ===

* [[Austin, J.L.]] 1962. ''How to Do Things with Words,'' Oxford University Press, Oxford.
* Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
* [[Lyons, John]]. 1977. ''Semantics (2 volumes),'' Cambridge University Press:Cambridge.

===Other languages===
German [[Sprechakt]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Pragmatics]]

D-linked

2009-07-05T15:24:44Z

Haspelmath: Redirected page to Discourse-linked interrogative phrase

#REDIRECT [[Discourse-linked interrogative phrase]]

Discourse-linked

2009-07-05T15:24:24Z

Haspelmath: Redirected page to Discourse-linked interrogative phrase

#REDIRECT [[Discourse-linked interrogative phrase]]

Discourse-linked interrogative phrase

2009-07-05T15:23:50Z

Haspelmath:

A '''discourse-linked (or d-linked) interrogative phrase''' is an interrogative phrase like ''which man'' that implies the existence of a context set of familiar entities of the type denoted by the nominal (e.g., a set of already familiar men) (Pesetsky 1987, Enç 1991). They contrast with non-discourse linked interrogative pronouns such as ''who'', which carry no necessary implication about familiar discourse entities.

===Comment===
The distinction between discourse-linked and non-discourse-linked interrogative phrases has been shown to be relevant for syntax in some cases. As Pesetsky (1987) noted, discourse-linked phrases can violate [[superiority]]:

(2) a. Mary asked [who[e read what]]?
b. *Mary asked [what[who read e]]?

(3) a. Mary asked which man [e read which book]?
b. Mary asked which book [which man read e]?

===References===

*Enç, M. (1991). The semantics of specificity. Linguistic Inquiry, 22, 1–26.
*Pesetsky, D. (1987). Wh-in-Situ: Movement and unselective binding. In: E. Reuland & A. ter Meulen (Eds.), The representation of (in)definitess(98–129). Cambridge:MIT Press.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantics]]

Discourse-linked interrogative phrase

2009-07-05T15:22:46Z

Haspelmath: Created page with 'A '''discourse-linked (or d-linked) interrogative phrase''' is an interrogative phrase like ''which man'' that implies the existence of a context set of familiar entities of th...'

Information packaging

2009-07-05T14:53:47Z

Haspelmath: Created page with ''''Information packaging''' is a synonym of information structure (Chafe 1976, Foley & Van Valin 1985). ===References=== *Chafe, Wallace. 1976. Givenness, Contrastiveness, ...'

'''Information packaging''' is a synonym of [[information structure]] (Chafe 1976, Foley & Van Valin 1985).

===References===

*Chafe, Wallace. 1976. Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and. Point of View. Subject and Topic, ed. Charles Li. New York: Academic Press.
*Foley, William & Van Valin, Robert D. 1985. Information packaging in the clause. In T. Shopen, eds., ''Language Typology and Syntactic Description'', 282-364. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]

Topic

2009-07-05T14:47:20Z

Haspelmath: /* Links */

The '''topic''' is that part of an utterance about which something is said (the [[comment]]). Usually, the topic is [[given]] in the [[discourse]], the comment is [[new information]] about it. The topic is thus the part of the proposition that is being talked about ([[Predication|predicated]]). Once stated, the topic is therefore "old news", i.e. the things already mentioned and understood.

===Examples===

For example, the topic is italicized in the following [[sentence]]s:

''The dog'' bit the little girl.
''The little girl'' was bitten by the dog.
It was ''the little girl'' that the dog bit.
''The little girl'', the dog bit her.

===Comments===

One test for determining the topic of a sentence A is by formulating a question Q to which A might be the answer. The topic should then be the information common to both Q and A.

Q: What about Mary?
A: John is taking care of her

In this context her ('Mary') is the topic of sentence A.

===Synonym===
*[[theme (i.e. topic)]]

===Subtypes===
*[[aboutness topic]]
*[[sentence topic vs. discourse topic]]
*[[stage topic]]

=== Examples ===
Many [[language]]s, like [[English language|English]], resort to different means in order to signal a new topic, such as:

*Stating it explicitly as the subject (which tends to be considered more topic-like by the speakers).
*Using [[passive voice]] to transform an [[object (grammar)|object]] into a subject (for the above reason).
*Emphasizing the topic using [[clefting]].
*Through [[periphrasis|periphrastic]] constructions like "As for...", "Speaking of...", etc.
*Using left [[dislocation (syntax)|dislocation]] (called '''topic fronting''' or '''topicalization''', i. e. moving the topic to the beginning of the sentence).

There are some other languages, like [[Japanese]], that work directly on a [[topic-prominent language|topic-comment]] frame. A new topic is always introduced in a specific way, like with a [[topic marker]] (Japanese uses a [[postposition]], [[Topic marker#Japanese: は|''wa'']]). The topic can be the subject or the object of a verb, but it can also be an indirect object or even an oblique complement of any kind. It is always dislocated to the front of the sentence.

Signaling the topic as such serves the pragmatic function of avoiding repetition. In many languages, old topics are replaced with a [[pronoun]]. [[Pro-drop language]]s like Japanese tend simply to delete the old topic, which is then left implicit throughout the discourse until a new one appears.

Consider the following data from Japanese:

(i) a Taroo-''wa'' kaeru-o koros-i-ta
Taroo-TOP frog-OBJ killed
'Taroo killed the frog'
b Kaeru-''wa'' Taroo-ga koros-i-ta
frog-TOP taroo-SUBJ killed
'The frog Taroo killed'

In (i)a the subject ''Taroo'' is marked for TOPIC by ''wa''<nowiki>; in (i)b </nowiki>''Taroo'' is marked for SUBJECT by ''ga''.

===See also===
* [[Topic chaining]]
* [[Topic-comment-distinction]]

===Link===
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Topic&lemmacode=178 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*Givón, Talmy. 1983a. Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
*Lambrecht, Knud. 1994. Information structure and sentence form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Li, Charles N./Sandra A. Thompson (1976): "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Languages", in: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Subject and Topic, New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press, 457-490.
* Reinhart, T. 1981. ''Pragmatics and linguistics: An analysis of sentence topics.,'' Philosophica 27, 53-94

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]
[[Category:General]]

{{FromWP|en|English|Topic_%28linguistics%29}}

Topic

2009-07-05T14:46:49Z

Haspelmath: /* See also */

The '''topic''' is that part of an utterance about which something is said (the [[comment]]). Usually, the topic is [[given]] in the [[discourse]], the comment is [[new information]] about it. The topic is thus the part of the proposition that is being talked about ([[Predication|predicated]]). Once stated, the topic is therefore "old news", i.e. the things already mentioned and understood.

===Examples===

For example, the topic is italicized in the following [[sentence]]s:

''The dog'' bit the little girl.
''The little girl'' was bitten by the dog.
It was ''the little girl'' that the dog bit.
''The little girl'', the dog bit her.

===Comments===

One test for determining the topic of a sentence A is by formulating a question Q to which A might be the answer. The topic should then be the information common to both Q and A.

Q: What about Mary?
A: John is taking care of her

In this context her ('Mary') is the topic of sentence A.

===Synonym===
*[[theme (i.e. topic)]]

===Subtypes===
*[[aboutness topic]]
*[[sentence topic vs. discourse topic]]
*[[stage topic]]

=== Examples ===
Many [[language]]s, like [[English language|English]], resort to different means in order to signal a new topic, such as:

*Stating it explicitly as the subject (which tends to be considered more topic-like by the speakers).
*Using [[passive voice]] to transform an [[object (grammar)|object]] into a subject (for the above reason).
*Emphasizing the topic using [[clefting]].
*Through [[periphrasis|periphrastic]] constructions like "As for...", "Speaking of...", etc.
*Using left [[dislocation (syntax)|dislocation]] (called '''topic fronting''' or '''topicalization''', i. e. moving the topic to the beginning of the sentence).

There are some other languages, like [[Japanese]], that work directly on a [[topic-prominent language|topic-comment]] frame. A new topic is always introduced in a specific way, like with a [[topic marker]] (Japanese uses a [[postposition]], [[Topic marker#Japanese: は|''wa'']]). The topic can be the subject or the object of a verb, but it can also be an indirect object or even an oblique complement of any kind. It is always dislocated to the front of the sentence.

Signaling the topic as such serves the pragmatic function of avoiding repetition. In many languages, old topics are replaced with a [[pronoun]]. [[Pro-drop language]]s like Japanese tend simply to delete the old topic, which is then left implicit throughout the discourse until a new one appears.

Consider the following data from Japanese:

(i) a Taroo-''wa'' kaeru-o koros-i-ta
Taroo-TOP frog-OBJ killed
'Taroo killed the frog'
b Kaeru-''wa'' Taroo-ga koros-i-ta
frog-TOP taroo-SUBJ killed
'The frog Taroo killed'

In (i)a the subject ''Taroo'' is marked for TOPIC by ''wa''<nowiki>; in (i)b </nowiki>''Taroo'' is marked for SUBJECT by ''ga''.

===See also===
* [[Topic chaining]]
* [[Topic-comment-distinction]]

===Links===
* [http://specgram.com/CLI.3/04.metalleus.topicalization.html Topicalization In Moundsbar]: a humorous look at a ficitonal example of extreme topicalization.
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Topic&lemmacode=178 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*Givón, Talmy. 1983a. Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
*Lambrecht, Knud. 1994. Information structure and sentence form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Li, Charles N./Sandra A. Thompson (1976): "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Languages", in: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Subject and Topic, New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press, 457-490.
* Reinhart, T. 1981. ''Pragmatics and linguistics: An analysis of sentence topics.,'' Philosophica 27, 53-94

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]
[[Category:General]]

{{FromWP|en|English|Topic_%28linguistics%29}}

Comment

2009-07-05T14:46:25Z

Haspelmath:

A statement that is made about a [[topic]] is the '''comment'''.

===Other languages===
German [[Kommentar]] Chinese [[述题]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]
{{stub}}

Topic chaining

2009-07-05T14:45:23Z

Haspelmath: Created page with ''''Topic chaining''' is a kind of thematic progression in which the topic of a sentence is identical to the topic of the previous sentence. ===Example=== '''''My sister'...'

'''Topic chaining''' is a kind of [[thematic progression]] in which the [[topic]] of a sentence is identical to the topic of the previous sentence.

===Example===
'''''My sister''' is an architect. '''She''' likes old houses.''

===Reference===
*Erteschik-Shir, Nomi. 1988. Topic-chaining and dominance-chaining. In: Tobin, Yishai (ed.) ''The Prague School and its legacy.'' Amsterdam: Benjamins, 145-153.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]

Communicative dynamism

2009-07-05T14:40:23Z

Haspelmath:

In the [[Prague School]]'s work on [[functional sentence perspective]] (i.e. information structure), '''communicative dynamism''' is a gradient notion that determines word order in free-order languages like Czech. The degree of communicative dynamism of a sentence element is the extent to which it pushes the communication forward and the elements with least communicative dynamism (those that are contextually known) precede those that have more communicative dynamism (those that convey new information).

===References===

*Eroms, Hans-Werner. 1986. ''Funktionale Satzperspektive (= Germanistische Arbeitshefte 34).'' Tübingen: Niemeyer.
*Firbas, Jan. 1964. On Defining the Theme in Functional Sentence Analysis. In ''Travaux Linguistiques de Prague 1/64'', 267-280.
*'''Firbas, Jan. 1971. On the concept of Communicative Dynamism in the theory of Functional Sentence Perspective. In ''Sbornik prací filosofické fakulti brnenské universiti A 19/71'', 135-144.'''
*Firbas, Jan. 1984. Carriers of Communicative Dynamism. In ''Prague Studies in English XVIII/84'', 63-73.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]

Communicative dynamism

2009-07-05T14:40:07Z

Haspelmath:

In the [[Prague School]]'s work on [[functional sentence perspective]] (i.e. information structure), '''communicative dynamism''' is a gradient notion that determines word order in free-order languages like Czech. The degree of communicative dynamism of a sentence element is the extent to which it pushes the communication forward and the elements with least communicative dynamism (those that are contextually known) precede those that have more communicative dynamism (those that convey new information).

===References===

*Eroms, Hans-Werner. 1986. ''Funktionale Satzperspektive (= Germanistische Arbeitshefte 34).'' Tübingen: Niemeyer.
*Firbas, Jan. 1964. On Defining the Theme in Functional Sentence Analysis. In ''Travaux Linguistiques de Prague 1/64'', 267-280.
'''*Firbas, Jan. 1971. On the concept of Communicative Dynamism in the theory of Functional Sentence Perspective. In ''Sbornik prací filosofické fakulti brnenské universiti A 19/71'', 135-144.'''
*Firbas, Jan. 1984. Carriers of Communicative Dynamism. In ''Prague Studies in English XVIII/84'', 63-73.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]

Communicative dynamism

2009-07-05T14:39:15Z

Haspelmath: Created page with 'In the Prague School's work on functional sentence perspective (i.e. information structure), '''communicative dynamism''' is a gradient notion that determines word order ...'

In the [[Prague School]]'s work on [[functional sentence perspective]] (i.e. information structure), '''communicative dynamism''' is a gradient notion that determines word order in free-order languages like Czech. The degree of communicative dynamism of a sentence element is the extent to which it pushes the communication forward and the elements with least communicative dynamism (those that are contextually known) precede those that have more communicative dynamism (those that convey new information).

===References===

*Eroms, Hans-Werner. 1986. ''Funktionale Satzperspektive (= Germanistische Arbeitshefte 34).'' Tübingen: Niemeyer.
*Firbas, Jan. 1964. On Defining the Theme in Functional Sentence Analysis. In ''Travaux Linguistiques de Prague 1/64'', 267-280.
*Firbas, Jan. 1971. On the Concept of Communicative Dynamism in the Theory of Functional Sentence Perspective. In ''Sbornik prací filosofické fakulti brnenské universiti A 19/71'', 135-144.
*Firbas, Jan. 1984. Carriers of Communicative Dynamism. In ''Prague Studies in English XVIII/84'', 63-73.

Thematic progression

2009-07-05T14:34:50Z

Haspelmath: Created page with '{{other}} ===Other languages=== German thematische Progression {{dc}} Category:Information structure'

{{other}}

===Other languages===
German [[thematische Progression]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Information structure]]

Information structure

2009-07-05T14:33:39Z

Haspelmath:

'''Information structure''' is now the most common term for those aspects of a sentence's meaning that have to do with the way in which the hearer integrates the information into already existing information. Put more simply, information structure is the domain of language structure and language study that is concerned with notions such as [[topic]], [[comment]], [[presupposition]], and [[focus]].

===Synonyms===
*[[discourse pragmatics]]
*[[functional sentence perspective]] (associated with the [[Prague School]])
*[[information packaging]]
*[[topic-focus-structure]]
*[[actual articulation]] (in Russian linguistics)
*[[theme-rheme articulation]] (associated with the [[Prague School]])
*French [[visée communicative]]

===Origin===
According to Erteschik-Shir (2007:1), the term goes back to Halliday (1967). However, it became dominant only in the 1990s.

===References===
*Erteschik-Shir, Nomi. 2007. ''Information structure: The syntax-discourse interface.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Halliday, M.A.K. 1967. Notes on transitivity and theme in English. Part 2. ''Journal of Linguistics'' 3:199-244.

===Other languages===
German [[Informationsstruktur]]

{{dc}}
[[Category: Information structure|!]]

Category:Information structure

2009-07-05T14:31:16Z

Haspelmath:

This category collects articles related to '''Information structures'''.

[[Category:Major category]]

IS

2009-07-05T14:29:19Z

Haspelmath:

'''IS''' is sometimes used as an abbreviation of [[information structure]].

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Abbreviation]]

IS

2009-07-05T14:28:44Z

Haspelmath: Created page with ''''IS''' is sometimes used as an abbreviation of information structure. Category:Abbreviation'

'''IS''' is sometimes used as an abbreviation of [[information structure]].

[[Category:Abbreviation]]

Information structure

2009-07-05T14:24:49Z

Haspelmath:

'''Information structure''' is now the most common term for those aspects of a sentence's meaning that have to do with the way in which the hearer integrates the information into already existing information. Put more simply, information structure is the domain of language structure and language study that is concerned with notions such as [[topic]], [[comment]], [[presupposition]], and [[focus]].

===Synonyms===
*[[discourse pragmatics]]
*[[functional sentence perspective]] (associated with the [[Prague School]])
*[[actual articulation]] (in Russian linguistics)
*[[information packaging]]
*[[topic-focus-structure]]
*French [[visée communicative]]

===Origin===
According to Erteschik-Shir (2007:1), the term goes back to Halliday (1967). However, it became dominant only in the 1990s.

===References===
*Erteschik-Shir, Nomi. 2007. ''Information structure: The syntax-discourse interface.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Halliday, M.A.K. 1967. Notes on transitivity and theme in English. Part 2. ''Journal of Linguistics'' 3:199-244.

===Other languages===
German [[Informationsstruktur]]

{{dc}}
[[Category: Information structure|!]]

Information structure

2009-07-05T14:24:24Z

Haspelmath: Created page with ''''Information structure''' is now the most common term for those aspects of a sentence's meaning that have to do with the way in which the hearer integrates the information into...'

'''Information structure''' is now the most common term for those aspects of a sentence's meaning that have to do with the way in which the hearer integrates the information into already existing information. Put more simply, information structure is the domain of language structure and language study that is concerned with notions such as [[topic]], [[comment]], [[presupposition]], and [[focus]].

===Synonyms===
*[[discourse pragmatics]]
*[[functional sentence perspective]] (associated with the [[Prague School]])
*[[actual articulation]] (in Russian linguistics)
*[[information packaging]]
*[[topic-focus-structure]]
*French [[visée communicative]]

===Origin===
According to Erteschik-Shir (2007:1), the term goes back to Halliday (1967). However, it became dominant only in the 1990s.

===References===
*Erteschik-Shir, Nomi. 2007. ''Information structure: The syntax-discourse interface.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Halliday, M.A.K. 1967. Notes on transitivity and theme in English. Part 2. ''Journal of Linguistics'' 3:199-244.

===Other languages===
German [[Informationsstruktur]]

{{dc}}
Category: [[Information structure|!]]

Discourse topic

2009-07-05T14:12:06Z

Haspelmath: Redirected page to Sentence topic vs. discourse topic

#REDIRECT [[Sentence topic vs. discourse topic]]

Sentence topic

2009-07-05T14:11:50Z

Haspelmath: Redirected page to Sentence topic vs. discourse topic

#REDIRECT [[Sentence topic vs. discourse topic]]