Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Tail-head linkage

2014-02-10T15:11:21Z

Hedvig Skirgård:

'''Tail-head linkage''' (THL) is a discourse pattern which consists in repeating, at the beginning of a new sentence, the main verbal root of the preceding sentence for discourse cohesion.

Sometimes so called "Generic THL" is included in typological surveys, i.e. when the same verbal roots i not repeated but instead there is a generic verb (often 'do' or make') that recaps the previous sentence and starts the new. Another potentially problematic issue is if the language only displays THL in instructional texts (recipes, rituals etc.), usually it needs to occur in more different types of text in order to be classified as THL.

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[[Category:Discourse]]

Article

2014-02-10T14:36:26Z

Hedvig Skirgård:

An '''article''' is a marker that accompanies the [[noun]] and expresses notions such as (non-)[[specificity]], (in)[[definiteness]] and information status (new or given status. Sometimes these notions of specificity, definiteness and information status are summed up in the term "identifiability". Articles cannot occur independently, though they might be homophoneous with pronouns or numerals that can.

A language does not necessarily have both an non-specific/indefinite and a specific/definite marker. These markers often stem from very different sources (numerals and demonstratives) and need not be similar in formal expression or position.

Formal expression is irrelevant, articles can be free, bound, or marked by suprasegmental markers such as tone.

Articles are different from demonstratives in that demonstratives occur in a paradigm where there are markers that have a clear spatial deictic function. As demonstratives can grammaticalize into definite or specific article they form a natural continuum making it hard to define discrete categories. Articles are more grammaticalized, i.e. are often obligatory in certain context that require definite or specific reference. Definite or specific articles can also grammaticalize from pronouns meaning 'a certain'. As articles necessarily accompany nouns, it is in these cases it is necessary to investigate whether the marker can occur independently or not, if it can it is most likely a pronoun and not an article. Articles can be homophoneous with pronouns, see discussions on mulitifunctionality and take an informed stance in the language-specific case whether these markers are homophoneous or polysemic.

===Origin===
The term goes back to antiquity (Latin ''articulus'', Greek ''árthron'').

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[[Category:Syntax]]
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Article

2014-02-10T14:35:19Z

Hedvig Skirgård:

An '''article''' is a marker that accompanies the [[noun]] and expresses notions such as (non-)[[specificity]] and (in)[[definiteness]] and new or given status (Crystal 1997: 26). Sometimes these notions of specificity, definiteness and information status are summed up in the term "identifiability". Articles cannot occur independently, though they might be homophoneous with pronouns or numerals that can.

A language does not necessarily have both an non-specific/indefinite and a specific/definite marker. These markers often stem from very different sources (numerals and demonstratives) and need not be similar in formal expression or position.

Formal expression is irrelevant, articles can be free, bound, or marked by suprasegmental markers such as tone.

Articles are different from demonstratives in that demonstratives occur in a paradigm where there are markers that have a clear spatial deictic function. As demonstratives can grammaticalize into definite or specific article they form a natural continuum making it hard to define discrete categories. Articles are more grammaticalized, i.e. are often obligatory in certain context that require definite or specific reference. Definite or specific articles can also grammaticalize from pronouns meaning 'a certain'. As articles necessarily accompany nouns, it is in these cases it is necessary to investigate whether the marker can occur independently or not, if it can it is most likely a pronoun and not an article. Articles can be homophoneous with pronouns, see discussions on mulitifunctionality and take an informed stance in the language-specific case whether these markers are homophoneous or polysemic.

===Origin===
The term goes back to antiquity (Latin ''articulus'', Greek ''árthron'').

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[[Category:Syntax]]
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Animacy

2014-01-13T14:47:14Z

Hedvig Skirgård:

{{inclink}}

Animacy is a grammatical and/or semantic category of nouns based on how sentient or alive the referent of the noun in a given taxonomic scheme is. Animacy can have various effects on the grammar of a language, such as choice of pronoun (what/who), case endings, word order, or the form a verb takes when it is associated with that noun.

French: animéité

===Link===
{{Wikipedia|animacy}}

Reduplication

2014-01-13T01:01:09Z

Hedvig Skirgård:

In morphology, '''reduplication''' is an operation which copies some part (or all) of the [[base]] and attaches the copied element (the reduplicant) to the base. The copied element that is attached to the base is called [[reduplicant]]. Reduplication is a kind of [[non-linear morphology]].

Reduplication is a [[word formation]] process by which some part of a base (= a [[segment]], [[syllable]], [[morpheme]]) is repeated, either to the left, or to the right, or, occasionally, in the middle.

Reduplication forms a predictable grammatical pattern, it is not any kind of repetition of phonological material. The function can be semantic (intensity, plurality, etc) or grammatical (agreement with subject, aspect, etc).

=== Examples ===
[[Ponapean]] ''duhp'' 'dive', ''du-duhp'' 'be diving' (reduplication of a CV syllable, Rehg 1981:78).

[[Tagalog]] has many reduplication rules, resulting in forms like (i) and (ii):

(i) sulat 'writing'
su-sulat 'will write'
(ii) mag-sulat-sulat 'to write intermittently'

===Subtypes===
*[[partial reduplication]]
*[[full reduplication]]
*[[prereduplication]]
*[[postreduplication]]

===Origin===
The use of this term in its modern sense goes back at least to the 18th century.

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Reduplication&lemmacode=321 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

=== References ===

* Broselow, J. & J. McCarthy 1983. ''A Theory of Internal Reduplication,'' The Linguistic Review 3, pp. 25-88
* Clements,G.N. 1985. ''The geometry of phonological features,,'' Phonolgical Yearbook 2,, 225-252
* Marantz, A. 1982. ''Rereduplication,'' Linguistic Inquiry 13, pp. 435-482
*{{:Moravcsik 1978b}}
*{{:Rehg 1981}}
* Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.

===Other languages===
German [[Reduplikation]]

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[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Morphology]]

Affix

2014-01-13T00:57:09Z

Hedvig Skirgård:

An '''affix''' is a [[morph]] that always occurs attached to another morph and forms a phonological unit with that morph. Affixes are most often phonologically reduced, i.e. short. They often have a semantically bleached meaning (vague, abstract, grammatical), especially compared to [[root]]s. The element to which an affix attaches to is called the [[base]] or root.

Affixes are distinct from [[compound]]s in that the entities that form a compound can occur independently on their own and that they do not form a productive pattern. Affixes have a predictable function and can typically attach to a large number of words whereas compounds tend to be more restricted.

Whether or not [[reduplication]] is a case of affixation is not entirely clear. Theoretically, one can define reduplication as affixation where the attached affix (be it in-, pre, circum- or post-) is so formally weak that it harmonises with the root.

:::*''"In general, affixes are subsidiary to roots, while roots are the centers of such constructions as words. Roots are frequently longer than affixes, and generally much more numerous in the vocabulary."'' (Gleason 1955:59)
:::* ''“Obligatorily bound morphs which do not realise lexemes and which are attached to roots to produce word-forms are called '''affixes'''.”'' (Bauer 1988:11)

===Subtypes===
*[[prefix]]
*[[suffix]]
*[[infix]]
*[[circumfix]]
*[[adfix]]
*[[postfix]]
*[[antefix]]
*[[duplifix]]
*[[ambifix]]
*[[interfix]]
*[[simulfix]]
*[[confix]]
*[[introfix]]
*[[suprafix]]

===Origin===
Formed from [[Latin]] ''ad'' ‘to’ and ''fixus'' ‘fixed’. The term ''affix'' is attested in English since the 17th century. Before that, morphology was generally described in terms of [[paradigm]]s rather than in terms of constituent elements such as affixes and roots.

===See also===
[[Affixes]] (survey article)

===References===
*{{:Bauer 1988}}
*Bauer, Laurie. 2003. ''Introducing linguistic morphology'' (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-343-4
*{{:Gleason 1955}}

=== Link ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Affix&lemmacode=996 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===Other languages===
*French [[affixe]]
*German [[Affix (de)]]
*Russian [[аффикс]]
*Spanish [[afijo]]

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[[Category: Morphology]]

User:Hedvig Skirgård

2013-11-21T22:24:06Z

Hedvig Skirgård:

Full name: Hedvig Skirgård

Native language: Swedish

Education: MA in General Linguistics at Stockholm Univeristy

Currently: Research assistant at Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen.

[https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/ Personal webpage]

User:Hedvig Skirgård

2013-11-21T22:23:55Z

Hedvig Skirgård: Created page with "Full name: Hedvig Skirgård Native language: Swedish Education: MA in General Linguistics at Stockholm Univeristy Currently: Research assistant at Max Planck Institute for Psy..."

Full name: Hedvig Skirgård
Native language: Swedish
Education: MA in General Linguistics at Stockholm Univeristy
Currently: Research assistant at Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen.

[https://sites.google.com/site/hedvigskirgard/ Personal webpage]