Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Stratum (in neurocognitive linguistics)

2008-06-19T08:15:10Z

Kevin Russell:

In the text, the expression "the theory" occurs once. Which theory is meant?--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 11:29, 16 June 2008 (CEST)
:I would guess it means Lamb's stratificational grammar.
:Could this page be moved to "Stratum (in subfield X)"? There should eventually also be entries for "stratum" as it's used in lexical phonology and in creole linguistics and probably more. I just can't think what "X" should be in this case. [[User:Kevin Russell|Kevin Russell]] 10:15, 19 June 2008 (CEST)

Allomorph

2008-06-19T08:09:56Z

Kevin Russell: made discussion of example more theory-neutral; some clean-up of grammar and IPA

When a particular [[morpheme]] is not represented everywhere by the same [[morph]], but by different morphs in different environments, these alternative representations of the [[morpheme]] are called '''allomorph'''s.

===Examples===
The [[plural]] morpheme in English is regularly represented by the allomorphs [s], [z] and [ɨz].
The rule is as follows:

(i) if the noun stem ends in a voiceless consonant, the allomorph used is [s], as in ''kicks'' [kɪks];

(ii) if the noun stem ends in a voiced phoneme (including a [[vowel]]), the allomorphed used is [z] (as in ''cats'' [kæts]);

(iii) if the noun stem ends with a [[sibilant]] ([s], [z] etc.), the allomorph used is [ɨz] (as in ''sizes'' [saizɨz]).

===Other languages===
German [[Allomorph (de)]] Chinese [[语素变体]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

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[[Category:Morphology]]

Trochee

2008-04-01T07:49:07Z

Kevin Russell: New page

In [[phonology]] and in [[poetics]], an '''trochee''' is a prosodic [[foot]] consisting of a [[strong syllable]] followed by a [[weak syllable]].

===Term properties===
* Pronunciation: /ˈtɹoʊki/
* Adjectival form: [[trochaic]]

===Comments===
In [[metrical phonology]] and [[prosodic phonology]], the strong-weak pattern of a trochee is often contrasted with the weak-strong pattern of an [[iamb]].

===Polysemy===
In some typologies of foot structure, a trochee is any foot consisting of up to two ''units'' (which may or may not be syllables) where the first unit is the [[head]]. In this classification, the subtypes of trochee are:
* [[syllabic trochee]], where the two units are necessarily syllables (the definition above).
* [[moraic trochee]], where the two units are [[mora]]s, which may belong to the same or to different syllables.

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[[Category:Phonology]]

Ternary foot

2008-04-01T07:38:57Z

Kevin Russell: New page

A '''ternary foot''' is a prosodic [[foot]] consisting of three syllables.

===Subtypes===
* [[amphibrach]] (weak strong weak)
* [[anapest]] (weak weak strong)
* [[dactyl]] (strong weak weak)

===Comments===
Given the rareness of languages (such as Cayuvava) where stress falls on every third syllable, there has been debate over whether ternary feet exist as phonological constituents or whether all linguistically relevant feet are [[binary]] (i.e., [[iamb]]s and [[trochee]]s).

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[[Category:Phonology]]

Iamb

2008-03-19T10:47:48Z

Kevin Russell: New page: In phonology and in poetics, an '''iamb''' is a prosodic foot consisting of a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. ===Comments=== In metrical phonology and...

In [[phonology]] and in [[poetics]], an '''iamb''' is a prosodic [[foot]] consisting of a [[weak syllable]] followed by a [[strong syllable]].

===Comments===
In [[metrical phonology]] and [[prosodic phonology]], the weak-strong pattern of an iamb is often contrasted with the strong-weak pattern of a [[trochee]].

"Iambic pentameter" is a poetic meter in which each line consists of five iambs, as in most lines of William Shakespeare's plays:
::[But '''soft'''], [what '''light'''] [though '''yon'''][der '''win'''][dow '''breaks''']?

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[[Category:Phonology]]

Homorganic

2008-03-19T10:33:24Z

Kevin Russell: New page

In phonetics and phonology, two sounds are '''homorganic''' if they share the same [[place of articulation]]. The term is typically used for sequences of a [[nasal]] stop and another consonant, such as [nd] or [mp].

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Uvular

2008-03-18T08:42:31Z

Kevin Russell: New page

In [[phonetics]], '''uvular''' is a [[place of articulation]] where the [[passive articulator]] is the [[uvula]]. A uvular can also be a specific consonant made at that place of articulation.

===Examples===
[q], [ɢ], [χ], [ʁ]. The uvular trill [ʀ] is used in French and many other European languages. English has no uvular phonemes.

===Synonyms===
*[[dorso-uvular]]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Postalveolar

2008-03-15T11:49:26Z

Kevin Russell: hyphens after apico-, lamino-

In [[phonetics]], '''postalveolar''' is a [[place of articulation]] where the [[passive articulator]] is the region of the roof of the mouth immediately behind the [[alveolar ridge]]. A '''postalveolar''' is also any specific sound made with this place of articulation.

===Examples===
[ʃ], [ʒ]

===Subtypes===
*[[apico-postalveolar]], where the active articulator is the [[tongue tip]].
*[[lamino-postalveolar]], where the active articulator is the [[tongue blade]].

===Synonyms===
*[[palato-alveolar]]
*([[alveopalatal]], [[alveolopalatal]])
*([[palatal]])
While often used as synonyms for this place of articulation, the terms ''[[alveopalatal]], [[alveolopalatal]],'' and ''[[palatal]]'' have broader, narrower, or entirely different meanings.

===Other languages===
German [[postalveolar (de)]]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Postalveolar

2008-03-15T11:48:01Z

Kevin Russell: removed inaccurate restriction to apical; +examples, subtypes, synonyms

In [[phonetics]], '''postalveolar''' is a [[place of articulation]] where the [[passive articulator]] is the region of the roof of the mouth immediately behind the [[alveolar ridge]]. A '''postalveolar''' is also any specific sound made with this place of articulation.

===Examples===
[ʃ], [ʒ]

===Subtypes===
*[[apicopostalveolar]], where the active articulator is the [[tongue tip]].
*[[laminopostalveolar]], where the active articulator is the [[tongue blade]].

===Synonyms===
*[[palato-alveolar]]
*([[alveopalatal]], [[alveolopalatal]])
*([[palatal]])
While often used as synonyms for this place of articulation, the terms ''[[alveopalatal]], [[alveolopalatal]],'' and ''[[palatal]]'' have broader, narrower, or entirely different meanings.

===Other languages===
German [[postalveolar (de)]]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Alveolar

2008-03-15T11:32:48Z

Kevin Russell: reworded, +examples

In [[phonetics]], '''alveolar''' is a [[place of articulation]] where the [[passive articulator]] is the [[alveolar ridge]] or a specific consonant made at that place of articulation.

===Examples===
[t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l]

===Other languages===
*German [[alveolar (de)]]
*Russian [[альвеолярный]]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Velar

2008-03-15T11:30:02Z

Kevin Russell: reworded, +categories

A '''velar''' is a sound or a [[place of articulation]] where the [[passive articulator]] is the [[velum]] (soft palate).

===Examples===
[k], [ɡ], [ŋ], [x]

===Polysemy===
"Velar" is also an adjective describing anything involving the velum. For describing things involving the velum in its role of controlling the opening to the nasal cavity, the adjective "[[velic]]" is often used instead.

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Velar

2008-03-15T11:23:53Z

Kevin Russell: New page

A '''velar''' is a sound whose [[passive articulator]] is the [[velum]], or soft palate.

===Examples===
[k], [ɡ], [ŋ], [x]

===Polysemy===
"Velar" is also an adjective describing anything involving the velum. For describing things involving the velum in its role of controlling the opening to the nasal cavity, the adjective "[[velic]]" is often used instead.

User:Kevin Russell

2008-03-13T21:34:40Z

Kevin Russell:

Kevin Russell, Department of Linguistics, University of Manitoba

Ballistic movement

2008-03-13T21:32:24Z

Kevin Russell: fixed misspelling; added comment

'''Ballistic movement''' refers to a rapid, loose movement of an articulator, as e.g. in a [[flap]] articulation.

===Comment===
The word ''ballistic'' (derived from the Greek verb 'throw') is applied to movements such as those in flaps because it is assumed the movement is entirely planned ahead of time with no possibility to control it once it has begun.

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Ballastic+movement&lemmacode=1136 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Ballistic movement

2008-03-13T21:24:05Z

Kevin Russell: Ballastic movement moved to Ballistic movement: misspelling

'''Ballastic movement''' refers to a rapid, loose movement of an articulator, as e.g. in flap articulation.

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Ballastic+movement&lemmacode=1136 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Obstruent

2007-11-29T21:14:38Z

Kevin Russell: + categories

An '''obstruent''' is a [[plosive]], a [[fricative]], or an [[affricate]], that is, any [[consonant]] where airflow through the vocal tract is obstructed either completely or at least enough to create turbulence.

===Comments===
Consonants that are not obstruents are [[sonorant]]s. In many versions of [[distinctive feature theory]], obstruents are represented with the minus-value of the feature [son] or [sonorant].

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[[Category:Phonetics]]
[[Category:Phonology]]

Obstruent

2007-11-29T21:11:43Z

Kevin Russell: New page

Diphthong

2007-11-29T20:17:00Z

Kevin Russell: /* Subtypes */ add "light diphthong"

A '''diphthong''' is a [[vowel]] whose [[vowel quality|quality]] changes significantly in one direction during its pronunciation.

:::*''"When the medial phase shows an audible change of quality, with the change consistently progressing toward a single target, as it were, then the sound is classified as a '''diphthong'''."'' (Laver 1994:146)

===Examples===
[ai] in English ''wine'', [au] in English ''house''.

===Comments===
Often phonologists do not agreee whether a [[tautosyllabic]] sequence of two sounds is a diphthong or a sequence of vowel plus [[glide]], or glide plus vowel.

===Subtypes===
*[[falling diphthong]]
*[[rising diphthong]]
*[[light diphthong]]

===Origin===
From Greek ''di-phthongos'' [two-sound]. The word is first attested in English in the 15th century.

===Related terms===
*[[monophthong]] (a vowel whose quality does not change)
*[[triphthong]] (a vowel whose quality changes twice during its pronunciation)
*[[diphthongization]]

===References===
*[[Laver, John]]. 1994. ''Principles of phonetics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

===Other languages===
German [[Diphthong (de)]] Czech [[dvouhláska]]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Syllable]]

Diphthong

2007-11-29T20:15:33Z

Kevin Russell: /* Related terms */ typo "triphtong"

A '''diphthong''' is a [[vowel]] whose [[vowel quality|quality]] changes significantly in one direction during its pronunciation.

:::*''"When the medial phase shows an audible change of quality, with the change consistently progressing toward a single target, as it were, then the sound is classified as a '''diphthong'''."'' (Laver 1994:146)

===Examples===
[ai] in English ''wine'', [au] in English ''house''.

===Comments===
Often phonologists do not agreee whether a [[tautosyllabic]] sequence of two sounds is a diphthong or a sequence of vowel plus [[glide]], or glide plus vowel.

===Subtypes===
*[[falling diphthong]]
*[[rising diphthong]]

===Origin===
From Greek ''di-phthongos'' [two-sound]. The word is first attested in English in the 15th century.

===Related terms===
*[[monophthong]] (a vowel whose quality does not change)
*[[triphthong]] (a vowel whose quality changes twice during its pronunciation)
*[[diphthongization]]

===References===
*[[Laver, John]]. 1994. ''Principles of phonetics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

===Other languages===
German [[Diphthong (de)]] Czech [[dvouhláska]]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Syllable]]