Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Homophony

2010-07-27T22:29:44Z

LaurenAckerman: see also

'''Homophony''' is when a set of words are pronounced identically, but have different meanings. It is not necessary for homophonic words to be spelled the same way, which is called [[homography]].

===Examples===
''meat'', ''meet''; ''sow'', ''sew''

===Other languages===
*German [[Homophonie]]
*Chinese [[同音异形异义词]]

===See Also===
*[[Homography]]
*[[Homonymy]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]
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Homonymy

2010-07-27T22:28:26Z

LaurenAckerman: see also

'''Homonymy''' is the phenomenon that one form has two or more meanings and/or syntactic functions.

=== Example ===

The Dutch word ''bank'' is homonymous, since it can refer to (a) a couch, and (b) a bank. Equivalent to [[ambiguity]].

The English word ''right'' is also homonymous, meaning (a) correct, or (b) the opposite of 'left''.

===See Also===
*[[Homography]]
*[[Homophony]]

=== Link ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Homonymy&lemmacode=707 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

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[[Category:Semantics]]
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Homography

2010-07-27T22:25:03Z

LaurenAckerman: info

'''Homography''' is when a set of words are spelled identically, but have different meanings. It is not necessary for homographic words to be pronounced the same way, which is called [[homophony]].

===Example===
''lead'' in

(i) ''a dog's lead'' and

(ii) ''made of lead''

===Other languages===
*German [[Homographie]]
*Chinese [[同形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
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Homophony

2010-07-27T22:23:31Z

LaurenAckerman: info

'''Homophony''' is when a set of words are pronounced identically, but have different meanings. It is not necessary for homophonic words to be spelled the same way, which is called [[homography]].

===Examples===
''meat'', ''meet''; ''sow'', ''sew''

===Other languages===
*German [[Homophonie]]
*Chinese [[同音异形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]
{{stub}}{{cats}}

User:LaurenAckerman

2010-07-25T20:34:45Z

LaurenAckerman: affiliations

:[http://gradstudents.wcas.northwestern.edu/~lma777/ Lauren Ackerman]
:PhD student in Linguistics
:Northwestern University
:*[http://www.twitter.com/VerbingNouns Twitter]

:Current Affiliations:
:*[http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/ann-bradlow/labwebpage.html Bradlow Lab]
:*[http://groups.linguistics.northwestern.edu/phonatics/ Phonatics]
:*[http://www.lsadc.org/ Linguistic Society of America]

:Former affiliations
:*[http://www.bbn.com/ontonotes BBN Technologies (now Raytheon)]
:*[http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/research/SpeechCommunicationGroup.html MIT RLE: Speech-Communication Group]
:*[http://ling.bu.edu/ Boston University Linguistics]

Acceptable

2010-07-25T20:21:54Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

An '''acceptable''' sentence is intelligible, although not always flawless, its particular language. Acceptability does not necessarily entail that the sentence [[grammatical]] by the syntactic rules of its language. It only refers to its intelligibility and likelihood of production according to judgments made by native speakers of the language. Acceptability is closely related to [[grammatical]]ity, which is an independent attribute. For instance, [[speech error]]s can produce ungrammatical but acceptable sentences, which may be considered [[anomaly|anomalies]].

===Examples===
An acceptable (and grammatical) sentence of English:
:''More Russians have been to China than North Koreans have.''
A somewhat acceptable (and ungrammatical) sentence of English:
:''More Russians has to China been than North Koreans has.''
An unacceptable (and grammatical) sentence of English:
:''More Russians have been to China than I have.''
An unacceptable (and ungrammatical) sentence of English:
:''More to Russians than China to North Koreans have been.''

===See also===
*[[Grammatical]]

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[[category: syntax|psycholinguistics]]
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Grammatical

2010-07-25T20:13:37Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

A '''grammatical''' sentence follows the rules of grammar for its particular language. Grammaticality does not necessarily entail that the sentence is not an [[anomaly]] or that it is intelligible by native speakers of that language. It only refers to the compliance with underlying syntactic rules. Grammaticality is closely related to [[acceptable|acceptability]], which is an independent attribute.

===Examples===
A grammatical (and acceptable) sentence of English:
:''More Russians have been to China than North Koreans have.''
A grammatical (and unacceptable) sentence of English:
:''More Russians have been to China than I have.''
An ungrammatical (and somewhat acceptable) sentence of English:
:''More Russians has to China been than North Koreans has.''
An ungrammatical (and unacceptable) sentence of English:
:''More to Russians than China to North Koreans have been.''

===See also===
*[[Acceptable]]

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[[category: syntax|psycholinguistics]]
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Tree structure

2010-07-25T19:02:59Z

LaurenAckerman: white space edits on the trees... do they look okay on other computers?

A '''tree structure''' is a graph which comprises a set of points, called [[node]]s, connected by [[branch]]es (represented by solid lines). Any given pair of nodes contained in the same tree will be related by one of two different types of relation, namely either by [[dominance]] or by [[precedence]]. A tree structure has only one top node.

(i) A
/ \
B C
| /\
| D E
| | |
b d e

=== Example ===

in (i) the node labelled A dominates all other nodes. Node C dominates D, but D does not dominate C. Node B precedes nodes D and E, as well as the nodes d and e. The nodes at the bottom of each complete tree structure (here in lower case) are called terminal nodes; other nodes are called non-terminal. Each node carries a label. Non-terminal nodes carry category labels; A, B, C, D, E in figure (i). Terminal nodes, unless they are empty, are labelled with an appropriate lexical item (a word), viz. b, d, e in (i). Nodes can be branching or non-branching. For example, node C in (i) branches into nodes D and E; node B is a non-branching node. Tree structures are used as a representation of the constituent structure of natural language expressions. Thus, the tree in (ii) represents the structure of the sentence ''John may eat apples''.

(ii) IP
/|
NP I'
| |\
| I VP
John | |
| V'
may |\
V \
| NP
eat |
|
apples

The nodes with the category labels NP, IP, VP, I', V', V, I in (ii) are non-terminal nodes. The words ''John, may, eat, apples'' are the terminal nodes in this tree. Originally, tree structures were [[generate]]d by [[phrase structure rules]], or by the transformational rules that map the distinct levels of representation ( [[d-structure]], [[s-structure]], [[LF]], [[PF]]) onto each other. All binary relations (such as [[c-command]], [[sister]]hood) are defined over trees. Another term for tree structure is Phrase marker or P-marker (although a Phrase marker is formally different from a tree).

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Tree+structure&lemmacode=192 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

=== References ===

* Radford, A. 1988. ''Transformational grammar: a first course,'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.

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[[Category:Syntax]]

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Trace

2010-07-25T18:59:34Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

A '''trace''' marks the location in a sentence or syntactic [[tree structure|tree]] from which a [[lexical item]] has been moved.

===Examples===
From the original structure, [[wh-movement]] creates a trace where ''John'' used to be.
:''John will eat apples.''
:[Johni [will eat apples]]
:''Who will eat apples?''
:[Whoi [ti will eat apples]]

CP
/|
Whoi |
IP
/|
NP I'
| |\
| I VP
ti | |
| V'
will |\
V \
| NP
eat |
|
apples

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[[category: syntax]]
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Matrix clause

2010-07-25T18:34:49Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation - this could really use some tree diagrams, I think

A '''matrix clause''' is a [[clause]] that structurally surrounds an [[embedded clause]].

===Examples===
In the following sentence, the matrix clause is ''The mani … winced in pain'', and the embedded clause is ''the child kicked [[trace|ti]] in the shins''.
* ''The man that the child kicked in the shins winced in pain.''

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[[category: syntax]]
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Embedded clause

2010-07-25T18:31:41Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

An '''embedded clause''' is a [[clause]] that is structurally surrounded by another clause. The surrounding clause, if the outermost clause in the [[sentence]], is the [[matrix clause]].

===Examples===
In the following sentence, the matrix clause is ''The mani … winced in pain'', and the embedded clause is ''the child kicked [[trace|ti]] in the shins''.
* ''The man that the child kicked in the shins winced in pain.''

{{dc}}
[[category: syntax]]
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Embedded

2010-07-25T18:22:58Z

LaurenAckerman: Redirected page to Embedded clause

#REDIRECT [[embedded clause]]

Matrix

2010-07-25T18:22:19Z

LaurenAckerman: Redirected page to Matrix clause

#REDIRECT [[matrix clause]]

Anomaly

2010-07-25T18:21:42Z

LaurenAckerman: grammatical V acceptable

'''Anomaly''' is the phenomenon that a sentence, though [[grammatical]], is meaningless because there is an [[incompatibility]] in the meaning of the words.

===Example===
''Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.''

Here at least ''colourless'', ''green'', and ''ideas'' have incompatible meanings.

===Comment===
It is unclear whether anomaly is a linguistic phenomenon. However, [[grammatical]]ity, as opposed to [[acceptable|acceptability]], is a linguistic phenomenon, which is directly applicable to many anomalous sentences.

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*{{: Chomsky 1957}}
*{{: Chomsky 1965}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Garden-path sentence

2010-07-25T18:12:20Z

LaurenAckerman: examples, and how!

A '''garden path''' sentence leads a [[parser]] initially to an incorrect interpretation. This is often due to the components having multiple meanings, with the [[grammatical]] parse being significantly less frequent than the misinterpretation.

===Examples===
*''' ''The horse ran past the barn fell.'' '''
:* ''The horse ran past the barn *[fell].''
:The initial parse of this sentence interprets ''ran'' as the [[matrix]] verb, which leads the human parser to read ''fell'' as in an ungrammatical position. Because of the frequency bias toward ''ran'' being a matrix verb rather than an [[embedded]] [[participle]], which is a rare structure, the parser struggles to include ''fell'' in the sentence.
:* ''The horse that was being run past the barn later fell down.''
:The correct parse of this sentence has an embedded [[clause]], which is an uncommon and difficult structure. In this interpretation, the parser must first be aware that the participle is not the matrix verb, else be able to backtrack. However, the infrequency of embedded participles makes this construction very difficult to recognize, thus leading to a garden path effect.

*''' ''The old man the boat.'' '''
:* ''The man who is old *[the boat].''
:The initial parse of this sentence does not find a verb at all, thus making the interpretation ungrammatical. This is due to ''man'' having a relatively low frequency as a verb, especially in comparison to its nominal counterpart.
:* ''The elderly people control the boat.''
:The correct parse of this sentence uses ''The old'' as an [[NP]] and ''man'' as the verb. The garden path effect is due to the infrequency of the components in their various forms as compared to the incorrect interpretation, which uses the high-frequency counterparts.

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[[category: psycholinguistics|syntax]]
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Monophthong

2010-07-24T20:45:04Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

A '''monophthong''' is a [[vowel]] whose [[vowel quality|quality]] remains constant throughout its pronunciation.

===Examples===
*[i] in ''reed'', ''fee'', or ''east''
:(NB: monophthongs are becoming increasingly rare in many dialects of American English, so some speakers may not produce this vowel as a monophthong.)

===Origin===
From Greek ''mono-phthongos'' 'single-sound'.

===Related terms===
*[[diphthong]] (a vowel whose quality changes once during its pronunciation)
*[[triphthong]] (a vowel whose quality changes twice during its pronunciation)

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[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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Geminate

2010-07-24T20:39:00Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

A '''geminate''' is a [[consonant]] that has contrastively longer [[duration]] than its [[singleton]] counterpart. This phenomenon is akin to long vowels, represented a [Vː]. However, geminates are frequently represented as a series of two identical consonants, rather than as a single, long consonant.

Gemination is a contrastive process in Arabic, Estonian, Finnish, Classical Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Luganda, Norwegian, Russian and Swedish.

===Examples===
Gemination is not a phonological process typically present in English, but can be found in compound nouns.
*[tt] in cattail (compare consonant length in "catfish")

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[[Category:Articulation|Phonology]]
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Minimal pair

2010-07-24T20:20:49Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

In [[phonetics]] and [[phonology]], a '''minimal pair''' is a set of [[word]]s that differ in only one regard, frequently in a single particular [[phoneme]]. However, minimal pairs can also differ in [[tone]], [[accent]], or other [[feature]]s. Additionally, the term ''minimal pair'' has been extended to [[syntax]] to describe sentences or clauses that differ in a single word or branching structure.

It is important to note that, despite the denotational meaning of ''pair'', minimal pairs can consist of more than two members.

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[[Category:Phonetics|Phonology]]
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Phonetics

2010-07-24T20:03:58Z

LaurenAckerman: links

{{stub}}

'''Phonetics''' is the subfield of linguistics that is concerned with the acoustic, [[articulation|articulatory]], and perceptual properties of [[speech sound]]s.

===Term properties===
The corresponding relational adjective is ''phonetic''.

===Origin===
Based on the Greek ''phonetikos'', meaning ''vocal''. The term ''phonetic'' was first attested in English in 1826, while the use of ''phonetics'' to mean the scientific study of speech appeared in 1841.

===References===
*Harper, Douglas (2001-2010) Online Etymology Dictionary (''"phonetic"''). Accessed: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=phonetic July 24, 2010

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[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]

Talk:Lexeme (i.e. lexical item)

2010-07-24T20:02:10Z

LaurenAckerman: similarity to morpheme?

== similarity to morpheme? ==

How similar is the meaning of this term to [[morpheme]]? I haven't heard lexeme used with any regularity. Might it be a regional variation? [[User:LaurenAckerman|LaurenAckerman]] 20:02, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Morphology

2010-07-24T20:00:27Z

LaurenAckerman:

'''Morphology''' is the subfield of linguistics that is concerned with the composition of meaningful lexical units, or [[morpheme]]s.

===Term properties===
The corresponding relational adjective is ''morphological''.

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[[Category: Morphology|!]]
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Natural class

2010-07-24T19:59:06Z

LaurenAckerman:

{{stub}}
In [[phonology]], a '''natural class''' of segments is a set of [[segment]]s that behave in the same way with respect to some phonological regularity.

===Other languages===
German [[natürliche Klasse]]

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[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]

High vowel

2010-07-24T19:58:37Z

LaurenAckerman:

In [[phonology]], a '''high vowel''' is a [[vowel]] that is produced with the tongue at a level close to the top of the [[oral cavity]], and above the position used for [[mid vowel]]s.

===Examples===
*High: [i], [y], [ɨ], [ʉ], [ɯ], [u]
*Near close: [ɪ], [ʏ], [ɪ̈], [ʊ̈], [ʊ]

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[[Category:Vowel]]
[[Category:Articulation]]
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Low vowel

2010-07-24T19:58:14Z

LaurenAckerman:

In [[phonology]], a '''low vowel''' is a [[vowel]] that is produced with the tongue at a level close to the bottom of the [[oral cavity]] and lower than [[mid vowel]]s. In addition, the jaw may also be lowered to increase the volume of the oral cavity, enhancing the acoustic features that distinguish low vowels from other heights.

===Examples===
*Low: [æ], [a], [ɐ], [ɑ], [ɒ]

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[[Category:Vowel]]
[[Category:Articulation]]
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Alveolar ridge

2010-07-24T19:57:34Z

LaurenAckerman:

The '''alveolar ridge''' is an anatomical structure in the [[mouth]] separating the [[palate|hard palate]] from the upper teeth. It can be felt as a region of small ridges between the back of the teeth and the roof of the mouth. [[Consonant]]s that are produced with constrictions at the alveolar ridge have an [[alveolar]] [[place of articulation]].

===References===
*Roach, Peter. 2004. ''English Phonetics and Phonology''. Cambridge University Press.

{{stub}}
{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]

Phoneme

2010-07-24T19:57:10Z

LaurenAckerman:

In [[phonology]] and [[phonetics]], a '''phoneme''' is a phonological [[segment]] that can distinguish meanings. This differentiates it from other [[speech sound]]s that do not contribute to the uniqueness of a segment.

=== Example ===
/t/ and /p/ are two phonemes of English: ''ten'' and ''pen'' are two different words. Replacing /e/ by /I/ result in [tIn] and [pIn], therefore /e/ and /I/ are also two phonemes, etcetera. In Dutch the /e./ as in [be.t] (''beet'') and /e:/ as in [be:r] (''beer'') are not two phonemes since they cannot distinguish two words: *[be:t] and *[be.r].

===Origin===
'''Phoneme''' is a [[structuralism|structuralist]] concept of the smallest unit by which one can distinguish one [[word]] from another (e.g. Jacobson, Trubetzkoy). The phonemes of a language can be found by constructing [[minimal pair]]s.

=== Links ===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Phoneme&lemmacode=399 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===Other languages===
*French [[phonème]]
*German [[Phonem]]
*Spanish [[fonema]]

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[[Category:Phonology]][[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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Speech sound

2010-07-24T19:56:07Z

LaurenAckerman:

In [[phonetics]], a '''speech sound''' is a unit of speech that may or may not directly correspond to a [[phoneme]]. Speech sounds that are not phonemes may occur in [[speech disorder]]s, in infant [[babble]] during the period of initial [[language acquisition]], or as non-distinctive, sub-segmental [[feature]]s of phonemes.

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[[Category:Phonetics|Language acquisition|Speech disorder]]
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Suprasegmental

2010-07-24T19:55:34Z

LaurenAckerman:

'''Suprasegmental''' refers to the meaningful combination of [[segment]]al elements of speech, such as [[phoneme]]s, [[syllable]]s, [[word]]s or [[sentence]]s. The most important suprasegmental properties of speech are [[pitch]] (intonation), [[stress]], [[loudness]], [[speech rate]], and [[voice quality]] (e.g. whisper, breathy voice etc.).

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Suprasegmentals&lemmacode=1315 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

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[[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]

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Feature

2010-07-24T19:54:32Z

LaurenAckerman:

In contemporary linguistics, the term '''feature''' is used in several ways. Two main uses can be distinguished:
# The term '''feature''' is sometimes used for a specific dimension of classification along which a given linguistic item is categorized. The specification of this dimension is then called a [[value]]. For example, the English noun ''bread'' carries the value '+' for the feature [countability].
# More generally, the term '''feature''' is also used as an equivalent of 'property', esp. when used for the classification of linguistic items. For example, the English phoneme /d/ can be said to have the feature [voiced] (i.e. the property of being voiced).

===Features in Phonology===
In phonology, a feature can be regarded as a property of a [[segment|sound segment]]. Segments can be considered to be composed of more elementary characteristics, i.e. a finite set of features with (preferably) a phonetic correlate.

[[Distinctive feature]]s are used to explain that phonological rules apply to natural classes of sounds, i.e. sounds which share certain (phonetic) properties. Features were introduced into phonological theory by Trubetzkoy and Jacobson ('the [[Prague School]]'); Chomsky & Halle (1968) (SPE, ''The Sound Pattern of English'') proposed a major revision of the theory of distinctive features. In SPE features are considered to be binary, i.e. a feature has two values + (present) or - (absent). For instance, [p] is (among other things) [ -[[voiced]]] and [ -[[nasal]]] while [m] is [ +[[voiced]]] and [ +[[nasal]]]. After SPE different feature inventories have been proposed.

Some features have been replaced with structure (for instance <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[stress]]] and <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[syllabic]]]). Furthermore, the binarity of features is under debate: multi-valued features and single-valued or unary features have been proposed. The development of feature geometry (cf. Clements 1985), in which natural classes are represented by hierarchical structure as well as by features themselves has been a major revision of the theory proposed by Chomsky & Halle (1968). For a detailed summary of various segmental features and their current status, see Keating (1988) and references cited there.

===Features in Syntax===
The syntactic features encompass lexical and grammatical features. The lexical features '±' and '±' define the four lexical categories (N=[+N,-V]; V=[-N,+V]; A=[+N,+V]; P=[-N,-V]; see also [[X-bar theory]]). Among the grammatical features we find features for person, number and gender (so-called 'Phi-features'); the verbal features [±past], [±tense]; and the binding features [±anaphoric] and [±pronominal] introduced in Chomsky (1981).

===Features in Lexical Semantics===
In lexical (esp. [[decompositional]]) semantics, features stand for meaning components of (semantically non-primitive) lexical concepts. They can also be regarded as indicating category membership. For example, the Engl. noun 'boy' can be decomposed into the features [+ male] and [- adult]. Alternatively, we can say that it is contained in both the category corresponding to the feature [+ male] (i.e. the category of male entities) and the category of [- adult] (non-adult) entities.

=== Link ===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Feature&lemmacode=740 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

=== References ===
* Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
* Chomsky, N. and M. Halle 1968. ''The Sound Pattern of English,'' Harper and Row, New York.
* Clements,G.N. 1985. ''The geometry of phonological features,,'' Phonolgical Yearbook 2,, 225-252
* Jacobson, Fant & Halle 1963. ''Preliminaries to speech analysis,'' MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
* Kerstens,J.G. 1993. ''The Syntax of Number, Person and Gender; A Theory of Phi-features,'' Linguistic Models 18, Mouton de Gruyter:Berlin/New York.
* Löbner, S. 2003. ''Understanding Semantics''. London: Arnold.
* Muysken & Van Riemsdijk 1986. ''Features and projections,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
* Sagey, E.L. 1986. ''The Representation of Features and Relations in Nonlinear Phonology,'' PhD diss. MIT, Cambridge, Mass.

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[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Syntax]]

Speech sound

2010-07-24T19:53:31Z

LaurenAckerman: more info

In [[phonetics]], a '''speech sound''' is a unit of speech that may or may not directly correspond to a [[phoneme]]. Speech sounds that are not phonemes may occur in [[speech disorders]], in infant [[babble]] during the period of initial [[language acquisition]], or as non-distinctive, sub-segmental [[feature|features]] of phonemes.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics|Language acquisition|Speech disorder]]
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Suprasegmental

2010-07-24T19:50:31Z

LaurenAckerman: link clean up... this needs to be de-biased, as well.

'''Suprasegmental''' refers to the meaningful combination of [[segment|segmental]] elements of speech, such as [[phoneme|phonemes]], [[syllable|syllables]], [[word|words]] or [[sentence|sentences]]. The most important suprasegmental properties of speech are [[pitch]] (intonation), [[stress]], [[loudness]], [[speech rate]], and [[voice quality]] (e.g. whisper, breathy voice etc.).

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Suprasegmentals&lemmacode=1315 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]

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Speech sounds

2010-07-24T19:44:43Z

LaurenAckerman: redirect page

#REDIRECT [[speech sound]]

Phoneme

2010-07-24T19:43:29Z

LaurenAckerman: more info + links

In [[phonology]] and [[phonetics]], a '''phoneme''' is a phonological [[segment]] that can distinguish meanings. This differentiates it from other [[speech sounds]] that do not contribute to the uniqueness of a segment.

=== Example ===
/t/ and /p/ are two phonemes of English: ''ten'' and ''pen'' are two different words. Replacing /e/ by /I/ result in [tIn] and [pIn], therefore /e/ and /I/ are also two phonemes, etcetera. In Dutch the /e./ as in [be.t] (''beet'') and /e:/ as in [be:r] (''beer'') are not two phonemes since they cannot distinguish two words: *[be:t] and *[be.r].

===Origin===
'''Phoneme''' is a [[structuralism|structuralist]] concept of the smallest unit by which one can distinguish one [[word]] from another (e.g. Jacobson, Trubetzkoy). The phonemes of a language can be found by constructing [[minimal pair]]s.

=== Links ===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Phoneme&lemmacode=399 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===Other languages===
*French [[phonème]]
*German [[Phonem]]
*Spanish [[fonema]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonology]][[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
{{stub}}

Speech sound

2010-07-24T19:35:31Z

LaurenAckerman: template problem

In [[phonetics]], a '''speech sound''' is a unit of speech that may or may not directly correspond to a [[phoneme]]. Speech sounds that are not phonemes may occur in [[speech disorders]] or in infant [[babble]] during the period of initial [[language acquisition]].

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics|Language acquisition|Speech disorder]]
{{stub}}

Speech sound

2010-07-24T19:34:42Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

In [[phonetics]], a '''speech sound''' is a unit of speech that may or may not directly correspond to a [[phoneme]]. Speech sounds that are not phonemes may occur in [[speech disorders]] or in infant [[babble]] during the period of initial [[language acquisition]].

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics|Language acquisition|Speech disorder]]
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Alveolar ridge

2010-07-24T19:24:25Z

LaurenAckerman: added link

The '''alveolar ridge''' is an anatomical structure in the [[mouth]] separating the [[palate|hard palate]] from the upper teeth. It can be felt as a region of small ridges between the back of the teeth and the roof of the mouth. [[consonant|Consonants]] that are produced with constrictions at the alveolar ridge have an [[alveolar]] [[place of articulation]].

===References===
*Roach, Peter. 2004. ''English Phonetics and Phonology''. Cambridge University Press.

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[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]

Oral cavity

2010-07-24T19:21:39Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

The '''oral cavity''', referred to colloquially as the ''mouth'', is the resonating chamber between the [[pharynx]] and the lips. It is the final resonating chamber of the [[vocal tract]].

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[[Category:Phonetics and phonology|Articulation]]
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Mouth

2010-07-24T19:15:02Z

LaurenAckerman: mouth redirects to oral cavity, because that makes sense for a technical wiki

#REDIRECT [[oral cavity]]

Voiceless

2010-07-24T19:11:19Z

LaurenAckerman: Undo revision 10851 by LaurenAckerman (Talk) never mind, new plan

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A [[speech sound]] is called '''voiceless''' if it is pronounced with open [[vocal folds]] so that air from the lungs can freely flow into the mouth.

===Antonym===
*[[voiced]]

===other languages===
German [[stimmlos]]

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[[Category:Segmental feature]]

Voiceless

2010-07-24T19:08:48Z

LaurenAckerman: mouth --> oral cavity

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A [[speech sound]] is called '''voiceless''' if it is pronounced with open [[vocal folds]] so that air from the lungs can freely flow into the [[mouth|oral cavity]].

===Antonym===
*[[voiced]]

===other languages===
German [[stimmlos]]

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[[Category:Segmental feature]]

Low vowel

2010-07-24T19:05:33Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

In [[phonology]], a '''low vowel''' is a [[vowel]] that is produced with the tongue at a level close to the bottom of the [[oral cavity]] and lower than [[mid vowel|mid vowels]]. In addition, the jaw may also be lowered to increase the volume of the oral cavity, enhancing the acoustic features that distinguish low vowels from other heights.

===Examples===
*Low: [æ], [a], [ɐ], [ɑ], [ɒ]

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[[Category:Vowel]]
[[Category:Articulation]]
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High vowel

2010-07-24T19:01:23Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

In [[phonology]], a '''high vowel''' is a [[vowel]] that is produced with the tongue at a level close to the top of the [[oral cavity]], and above the position used for [[mid vowel|mid vowels]].

===Examples===
*High: [i], [y], [ɨ], [ʉ], [ɯ], [u]
*Near close: [ɪ], [ʏ], [ɪ̈], [ʊ̈], [ʊ]

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[[Category:Vowel]]
[[Category:Articulation]]
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Mid vowel

2010-07-24T18:56:54Z

LaurenAckerman: examples

In [[phonology]], a '''mid vowel''' is a [[vowel]] that is produced with the tongue at a level intermediate between [[high vowel|high]] and [[low vowel|low]] vowels.

===Examples===
*Close mid: [e], [ø], [ɘ], [ɵ], [ɤ], [o]
*Mid: [ə]
*Open mid: [ɛ], [œ], [ɜ], [ɞ], [ʌ], [ɔ]

===Other languages===
German [[mittlerer Vokal]]

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[[Category:Vowel]]
[[Category:Articulation]]
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Natural class

2010-07-24T18:48:00Z

LaurenAckerman: added links

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In [[phonology]], a '''natural class''' of segments is a set of [[segment|segments]] that behave in the same way with respect to some phonological regularity.

===Other languages===
German [[natürliche Klasse]]

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[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]

Place of articulation

2010-07-24T18:46:30Z

LaurenAckerman: link to "mouth" - will fix red link soon

In [[phonetics]], the '''place of articulation''' refers to the part of the [[mouth]] where the tongue is placed to produce a particular sound. There are about ten commonly used places of articulation, and a few less commonly used ones.

===List of places of articulation===
*[[bilabial]]
*[[labiodental]]
*[[apicodental]]
*[[alveolar]]
*[[postalveolar]]
*[[retroflex]]
*[[palatal]]
*[[velar]]
*[[uvular]]
*[[glottal]]

===Other languages===
German [[Artikulationsort]]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]
[[Category:Articulation]]
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Vowel

2010-07-24T18:44:29Z

LaurenAckerman: stylistic changes

In [[phonetics]] and [[phonology]], a '''vowel''' is a [[speech sound]] in whose articulation the oral part of the [[breath channel]] is not constricted enough to cause audible frication.

===Term properties===
A relational adjective from ''vowel'' that is occasionally used is ''vocalic''.

===Comments===
Speech sounds with audible constriction are called [[consonant]]s; sounds intermediate between vowels and consonants are called [[semi-vowel]]s (not "semi-consonants").

===Origin===
The word goes back to French ''voyelle'', from Latin ''(littera) vocalis'' 'voice letter' (from ''vox'' 'voice').

===Other languages===
French [[voyelle]]
German [[Vokal]]

=== Links ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Vowel&lemmacode=122 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

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[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
[[Category:Articulation]]
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Deprepositional

2010-07-24T18:41:07Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

A '''deprepositional''' [[lexeme]] is a lexeme whose [[base]] is a [[preposition]].

===See also===
*[[denominal]]
*[[deverbal]]
*[[deadjectival]]

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[[Category: Morphology|!]]
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Morphology

2010-07-24T18:38:49Z

LaurenAckerman:

'''Morphology''' is the subfield of linguistics that is concerned with the composition of meaningful lexical units, or [[morpheme|morphemes]].

===Term properties===
The corresponding relational adjective is ''morphological''.

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[[Category: Morphology|!]]
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Morphology

2010-07-24T18:37:24Z

LaurenAckerman: page creation

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'''Morphology''' is the subfield of linguistics that is concerned with the composition of meaningful lexical units, or [[morpheme|morphemes]].

===Term properties===
The corresponding relational adjective is ''morphological''.

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[[Category: Morphology|!]]
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Alveolar ridge

2010-07-24T18:35:02Z

LaurenAckerman: solved red link

The '''alveolar ridge''' is an anatomical structure in the mouth separating the [[palate|hard palate]] from the upper teeth. It can be felt as a region of small ridges between the back of the teeth and the roof of the mouth. [[consonant|Consonants]] that are produced with constrictions at the alveolar ridge have an [[alveolar]] [[place of articulation]].

===References===
*Roach, Peter. 2004. ''English Phonetics and Phonology''. Cambridge University Press.

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{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]