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<div>==Definition==<br />
'''Aspect''' is an inflectional [[category-system]] of verbs that has to do with the internal temporal constituency of an event. It is a cover term for those properties of a sentence that constitute the temporal structure of the event denoted by the verb and its arguments. Not all verbs have the same aspectual properties and so may belong to different [[aspectual classes]]. The aspect of a sentence is in many languages expressed syntactically and/or morpho-phonologically.<br />
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==Aspect vs. tense==<br />
In terms of the tense-aspect system of Klein (1994), the difference between tense and aspect can be described as follows: Aspect relates the [[topic time]] to the [[time of situation]], whereas tense tense relates the [[topic time]] to the [[moment of utterance]].<br />
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==Perfective vs. imperfective aspect in English==<br />
The opposition between [[perfective|perfective aspect]] and [[imperfective aspect]] is one of the most important aspectual distinctions encoded in natural languages.<br />
The [[perfective aspect]] “looks at the situation from outside, without necessarily distinguishing any of the internal structure of the situation, whereas the [[imperfective|imperfective aspect]] looks at the situation from inside, and as such is crucially concerned with the internal structure of the situation” (Comrie 1976:4; cf. also Bache 1995: 269). Looking at an event from the outside means focusing on the external situation as a whole, i.e. in its entirety and as completed.<br />
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Huddleston and Pullum (2002) distinguish perfectivity and imperfectivity by relating T<sub>r</sub> (the 'time referred to') and T<sub>sit</sub> (the 'situational time') to each other. Perfective aspectuality is accordingly defined as a property of situations in which T<sub>r</sub> does not entirely include T<sub>sit</sub>; imperfectivity is defined as a property of situations in which T<sub>r</sub> as entirely included in T<sub>sit</sub> (Huddleston & Pullum 2002: 124f.). <br />
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===Example===<br />
*A: "What did you do yesterday between 4 and 5 o'clock?"<br><br />
** B<sub>1</sub>: "I took a nap."<br />
** B<sub>2</sub>: "I was taking a nap."<br />
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In B<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>r</sub> ('4-5 o'clock') is not fully included in T<sub>sit</sub> (the time of the nap); in B<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>r</sub> ('4-5 o'clock') ''is'' fully included in T<sub>sit</sub> (the time of the nap):<br />
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{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
| '''Perfective aspect'''<br>[[Image:Perfective.JPG|300px]]<br />
| '''Imperfective aspect'''<br>[[Image:Imperfective.JPG|300px]]<br />
|}<br />
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==Progressive vs. non-progressive aspect==<br />
The [[progressive aspect]] is often viewed as a sub-category of the [[imperfective aspect]] (e.g. Comrie 1976: 25). It forms a sub-category of [[continuous]] situations within the class of imperfective ones. In English, the [[progressive aspect]] is used to indicate imperfectivity in combination with [[dynamic]] (non-stative) situations, but it is not regularly used with [[stative]] verbs.<br />
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==Aspectual categories==<br />
* [[perfective aspect]]<br />
* [[imperfective aspect]]<br />
* [[habitual aspect]]<br />
* [[progressive aspect]]<br />
* [[continuous aspect]]<br />
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=== References ===<br />
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* Bache, Carl. 1995. ''The Study of Aspect, Tense and Action''. Frankfurt: Lang.<br />
* Comrie, B. 1976. ''Aspect''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Dowty, D. 1979. ''Word meaning and Montague grammar: the semantics of verbs and times in generative semantics and in Montague's PTQ,'' Reidel, Dordrecht<br />
* Tenny, C. 1987. ''Grammaticalizing aspect and affectedness,'' MIT linguistics dissertations.<br />
* Verkuyl, H.J. 1993. ''A theory of aspectuality: the interaction between temporal and atemporal structure,'' Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde<br />
* Verkuyl, H.J. 1972. ''On the compositional nature of the aspects,'' Reidel, Dordrecht.<br />
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== Link ==<br />
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[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Aspect&lemmacode=1041 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]<br />
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===Other languages===<br />
Czech [[vid]] <br> German [[Aspekt]] <br> Russian [[вид]] <br> Spanish [[aspecto]] <br><br />
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{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Semantics]]<br />
[[Category:Aspect|!]]<br />
[[Category:Verbal morphology]]</div>Ldonohuehttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Ldonohue&diff=17479User:Ldonohue2019-01-15T02:26:46Z<p>Ldonohue: Created page with "Hello! გამარჯობა! привет! नमस्ते! My name is Liam Donohue. I am a graduate student in the Department of Linguistics at the University of T..."</p>
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<div>Hello! გამარჯობა! привет! नमस्ते!<br />
<br />
My name is Liam Donohue. I am a graduate student in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Toronto, specializing in the morphosyntax of tense and aspect. Feel free to drop me a message!</div>Ldonohue