Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Syntagmatic relationship of sense

2008-07-02T20:51:18Z

Luo: New page: In a '''syntacmatic relationship''' terms may be related to one another. ===Examples=== ''blond'' and ''hair'', ''kick'' and ''foot'' ===Reference=== {{: Lyons 1968}} ===Other languages...

In a '''syntacmatic relationship''' terms may be related to one another.

===Examples===
''blond'' and ''hair'', ''kick'' and ''foot''

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

===Other languages===
German [[Syntagmatische Sinnbeziehung]] Chinese [[横组合关系]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Paradigmatic relationship of sense

2008-07-02T20:46:12Z

Luo: New page: In a '''paradicmatic relationship''' can all the members of the sets of semantically-related terms occur in the same context. ===Examples=== ''knock'', ''bang'', ''tap'' and ''rap'' ...

In a '''paradicmatic relationship''' can all the members of the sets of semantically-related terms occur in the same [[context]].

===Examples===
''knock'', ''bang'', ''tap'' and ''rap''

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

===Other languages===
German [[paradigmatische Sinnbeziehung]] Chinese [[纵聚合关系]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Sense

2008-07-02T20:43:40Z

Luo: /* Subtypes */

:::*"By the sense of a word we mean its place in a system of relationships which it contrasts with other words in the vocabulary." (Lyons 1968:427)

===Subtypes===
*[[Paradicmatic relationship of sense]]
*[[Syntacmatic relationship of sense]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

===Other language===
German [[Sinn]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Sense

2008-07-02T20:38:37Z

Luo: subtypes

:::*"By the sense of a word we mean its place in a system of relationships which it contrasts with other words in the vocabulary." (Lyons 1968:427)

===Subtypes===
*[[Paradicmatic relationship]]
*[[Syntacmatic relationship]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

===Other language===
German [[Sinn]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Sense

2008-07-02T20:30:01Z

Luo: New page: :::*"By the sense of a word we mean its place in a system of relationships which it contrasts with other words in the vocabulary." (Lyons 1968:427) ===Reference=== {{: Lyons 1968}} ===Ot...

:::*"By the sense of a word we mean its place in a system of relationships which it contrasts with other words in the vocabulary." (Lyons 1968:427)

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

===Other language===
German [[Sinn]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Significance

2008-07-02T20:21:57Z

Luo: New page: The '''significance''' of grammatically well-formed sentences (and parts of sentences) is traditionally accounted for in terms of certain general principles of compatibility betwee...

The '''significance''' of grammatically well-formed [[sentence]]s (and parts of sentences) is traditionally accounted for in terms of certain general principles of [[compatibility]] between the [[meaning]] of their constituent lexical items.

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

===Other languages===
German [[Signifikanz]] Chinese [[意义]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Complement

2008-06-25T18:28:21Z

Luo: /* Example */ +

In syntax, the term '''complement''' is sometimes used in the same sense as [[argument]].

=== Examples ===
YP in [H' H YP], where H is a [[head]] and H' the [[projection]] of H. According to [[X-bar theory]], the complement of a [[head]] X0 is defined either as a position attached or [[adjoined]] to X', or as a sister of X0. Thus, in the configuration, either A and B are complements of X0, or just B (the [[sister]] of X0).

X'
/ |
/ |
A X'
/ |
/ |
B X0

Sometimes, the complement of a head X0 is equated with its [[internal argument]](s).

(1) ''Mary is a beautiful girl.''

(2) ''The demonstration was on Sunday.''

(3) ''*The demonstration was''

=== Comments ===
The term is fairly common in the syntax of German (''Ergänzung''), especially in German dependency / valence grammar (e.g. Vater 1978, Engel 1988).

In English-language linguistics the term ''complement'' in this sense is common only as part of the term [[complement clause]] (= "argument clause", a clause that is an argument).

The term has been employed only in relation to nominal or adjectival expressions which combine with the [[copula]]. In traditional grammar, the term is used to refer to any [[word]] or [[phrase]] (other than the [[verb]] itself) which is an obligatory constituent of the [[predicate]] (Lyons 1968: 345).

The difference between an [[adjunct]] and a complement is, the former is an optional (extrnuclear) [[constituent]], and the latter an obligatory (nuclear) [[constituent]] of the [[sentence]].

=== Polysemy ===
The term ''complement'' also refers to
* a syntactic position in the X-bar schema (see [[complement (in X-bar theory)]]).
* a non-subject [[argument]], i.e. roughly an [[object]]. (This usage seems to have been widespread in 20th century traditional grammar. In this usage, a sentence consists of [[subject]] and [[predicate]], and the predicate consists of the [[verb]] plus the complements and optional [[adjunct]]s. This meaning is standard in Russian-language linguistics.)
* a [[complement clause]] (since ''complement'' in the sense 'argument' is much rarer than ''complement clause'', this can be abbreviated to ''complement'' without serious risk of misunderstanding in many contexts; see Rosenbaum for an influential work)
* a predicate nominal (see [[complement (predicative)]])

=== Synonyms ===
*[[argument]]
*[[actant]]
*[[term (in relational grammar)]]

===Origin===
The term is not old in English (the OED's first attestation is from 1874),and its equivalents are much more common in French, German (''Ergänzung'') and Russian (''dopolnenie'').

The oldest meaning of complement seems to have been [[dependent]] (i.e. not just [[argument]]s, but also [[adjunct]]s), cf. ''Grande encyclopédie du XIX siècle'' (1868) "compléments: mots qui servent à compléter l'idée exprimée par d'autres mots" (the examples make it clear that all kinds of [[dependent]]s are meant).

=== References ===
*Engel, Ulrich. 1988. ''Deutsche Grammatik.'' Heidelberg : Groos.
*{{: Lyons 1968}}*Rosenbaum, Peter S. 1967. ''The grammar of English predicate complement constructions.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
*Vater, Heinz. 1978. “On the possibility of distinguighing between complements and adjuncts”. In: Abraham, Werner (ed.) ''Valence, semantic case, and grammatical relations.'' Amsterdam: Benjamins, 21-46.

===other languages===
*Chinese [[补语]]
*German [[Ergänzung]], [[Komplement]]
*Russian [[Дополнение]] ([[Dopolnenie]])

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]

Complement

2008-06-25T18:21:08Z

Luo: var.

In syntax, the term '''complement''' is sometimes used in the same sense as [[argument]].

=== Example ===
YP in [H' H YP], where H is a [[head]] and H' the [[projection]] of H. According to [[X-bar theory]], the complement of a [[head]] X0 is defined either as a position attached or [[adjoined]] to X', or as a sister of X0. Thus, in the configuration, either A and B are complements of X0, or just B (the [[sister]] of X0).

X'
/ |
/ |
A X'
/ |
/ |
B X0

Sometimes, the complement of a head X0 is equated with its [[internal argument]](s).

=== Comments ===
The term is fairly common in the syntax of German (''Ergänzung''), especially in German dependency / valence grammar (e.g. Vater 1978, Engel 1988).

In English-language linguistics the term ''complement'' in this sense is common only as part of the term [[complement clause]] (= "argument clause", a clause that is an argument).

The term has been employed only in relation to nominal or adjectival expressions which combine with the [[copula]]. In traditional grammar, the term is used to refer to any [[word]] or [[phrase]] (other than the [[verb]] itself) which is an obligatory constituent of the [[predicate]] (Lyons 1968: 345).

The difference between an [[adjunct]] and a complement is, the former is an optional (extrnuclear) [[constituent]], and the latter an obligatory (nuclear) [[constituent]] of the [[sentence]].

=== Polysemy ===
The term ''complement'' also refers to
* a syntactic position in the X-bar schema (see [[complement (in X-bar theory)]]).
* a non-subject [[argument]], i.e. roughly an [[object]]. (This usage seems to have been widespread in 20th century traditional grammar. In this usage, a sentence consists of [[subject]] and [[predicate]], and the predicate consists of the [[verb]] plus the complements and optional [[adjunct]]s. This meaning is standard in Russian-language linguistics.)
* a [[complement clause]] (since ''complement'' in the sense 'argument' is much rarer than ''complement clause'', this can be abbreviated to ''complement'' without serious risk of misunderstanding in many contexts; see Rosenbaum for an influential work)
* a predicate nominal (see [[complement (predicative)]])

=== Synonyms ===
*[[argument]]
*[[actant]]
*[[term (in relational grammar)]]

===Origin===
The term is not old in English (the OED's first attestation is from 1874),and its equivalents are much more common in French, German (''Ergänzung'') and Russian (''dopolnenie'').

The oldest meaning of complement seems to have been [[dependent]] (i.e. not just [[argument]]s, but also [[adjunct]]s), cf. ''Grande encyclopédie du XIX siècle'' (1868) "compléments: mots qui servent à compléter l'idée exprimée par d'autres mots" (the examples make it clear that all kinds of [[dependent]]s are meant).

=== References ===
*Engel, Ulrich. 1988. ''Deutsche Grammatik.'' Heidelberg : Groos.
*{{: Lyons 1968}}*Rosenbaum, Peter S. 1967. ''The grammar of English predicate complement constructions.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
*Vater, Heinz. 1978. “On the possibility of distinguighing between complements and adjuncts”. In: Abraham, Werner (ed.) ''Valence, semantic case, and grammatical relations.'' Amsterdam: Benjamins, 21-46.

===other languages===
*Chinese [[补语]]
*German [[Ergänzung]], [[Komplement]]
*Russian [[Дополнение]] ([[Dopolnenie]])

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]

Complement

2008-06-25T18:06:07Z

Luo: /* Comments */

In syntax, the term '''complement''' is sometimes used in the same sense as [[argument]].

=== Example ===
YP in [H' H YP], where H is a [[head]] and H' the [[projection]] of H. According to [[X-bar theory]], the complement of a [[head]] X0 is defined either as a position attached or [[adjoined]] to X', or as a sister of X0. Thus, in the configuration, either A and B are complements of X0, or just B (the [[sister]] of X0).

X'
/ |
/ |
A X'
/ |
/ |
B X0

Sometimes, the complement of a head X0 is equated with its [[internal argument]](s).

=== Comments ===
The term is fairly common in the syntax of German (''Ergänzung''), especially in German dependency / valence grammar (e.g. Vater 1978, Engel 1988).

In English-language linguistics the term ''complement'' in this sense is common only as part of the term [[complement clause]] (= "argument clause", a clause that is an argument).

The term has been employed only in relation to nominal or adjectival expressions which combine with the [[copula]]. In traditional grammar, the term is used to refer to any [[word]] or [[phrase]] (other than the [[verb]] itself) which is an obligatory constituent of the [[predicate]].

The difference between an [[adjunct]] and a complement is, the former is an optional (extrnuclear) [[constituent]], and the latter an obligatory (nuclear) [[constituent]] of the [[sentence]].

=== Polysemy ===
The term ''complement'' also refers to
* a syntactic position in the X-bar schema (see [[complement (in X-bar theory)]]).
* a non-subject [[argument]], i.e. roughly an [[object]]. (This usage seems to have been widespread in 20th century traditional grammar. In this usage, a sentence consists of [[subject]] and [[predicate]], and the predicate consists of the [[verb]] plus the complements and optional [[adjunct]]s. This meaning is standard in Russian-language linguistics.)
* a [[complement clause]] (since ''complement'' in the sense 'argument' is much rarer than ''complement clause'', this can be abbreviated to ''complement'' without serious risk of misunderstanding in many contexts; see Rosenbaum for an influential work)
* a predicate nominal (see [[complement (predicative)]])

=== Synonyms ===
*[[argument]]
*[[actant]]
*[[term (in relational grammar)]]

===Origin===
The term is not old in English (the OED's first attestation is from 1874),and its equivalents are much more common in French, German (''Ergänzung'') and Russian (''dopolnenie'').

The oldest meaning of complement seems to have been [[dependent]] (i.e. not just [[argument]]s, but also [[adjunct]]s), cf. ''Grande encyclopédie du XIX siècle'' (1868) "compléments: mots qui servent à compléter l'idée exprimée par d'autres mots" (the examples make it clear that all kinds of [[dependent]]s are meant).

=== References ===
*Engel, Ulrich. 1988. ''Deutsche Grammatik.'' Heidelberg : Groos.
*Rosenbaum, Peter S. 1967. ''The grammar of English predicate complement constructions.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
*Vater, Heinz. 1978. “On the possibility of distinguighing between complements and adjuncts”. In: Abraham, Werner (ed.) ''Valence, semantic case, and grammatical relations.'' Amsterdam: Benjamins, 21-46.

===other languages===
*German [[Ergänzung]], [[Komplement]]
*Russian [[Дополнение]] ([[Dopolnenie]])

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]

Adjunktion

2008-06-22T20:25:41Z

Luo: /* Andere Sprachen */

In der [[generative Grammatik|generativen Grammatik]] werden zwei elementare [[strukturverändernde Transformation]]en der '''Adjunktion''' unterschieden, welche eine syntaktische Einheit zu einer schon vorhandenen hinzufügen:

Die [[Schwestern-Adjunktion]] (sister adjunction) fügt einem von C unmittelbar [[Dominanz|dominierten]] Knoten B einen linken oder rechten [[Schwester]]-Knoten A hinzu, so dass A und B von C unmittelbar dominiert werden:

[Bild einfügen]

Die [[Chomsky-Adjunktion]] generiert bei der Ausgangsstruktur [CB] durch Erzeugung eines neuen B-Knotens und Hinzufügen eines Knotens A eine komplexere Struktur [C[BA B]], in welcher A zugleich [[Schwester]] und [[Tochter]] von B ist:

[Bild einfügen]

===Kommentare===

Adjunktionen werden z. B. für die [[Bewegung]] von [[Operator (de)|Operator]]en in der [[Logische Form|Logischen Form]] angenommen. Adjunktionsstrukturen sind einerseits das Resultat von [[Bewegung]]stransformationen, andererseits können sie auch basisgeneriert auftreten; [[Beschränkung]]en für Adjunktionen können demnach aus generellen Phrasenstruktur-Prinzipien folgen, andererseits aus Beschränkungen über Bewegungstransformationen ([[Bewegung]]). Im Rahmen der [[Barrieren-Theorie]] werden Adjunktionen als Sonderfälle von [[Move α]] diskutiert.

===Herkunft===
Latein ''adjunctio'' 'Anknüpfung'

===Link===
[http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/linguistik/institut/syntax/onlinelexikon/A/adjunktion.htm Adjunktion] in Norbert Fries, Online Lexikon Linguistik

===Literatur===

*C. Fabricius-Hansen et al. (Hg.), Modifying Adjuncts. Berlin 2003.
*G. Grewendorf & J. Sabel, Scrambling in German and Japanese: Adjunction versus Multiple Specifiers. NLLT 1999/17, 1–65.
*A. Kidwai, XP-Adjunction in Universal Grammar. Scrambling and Binding in Hindi-Urdu. N. Y. 2000.

===Andere Sprachen===
*Englisch [[adjunction]] [[adjunct]]
*Französisch [[adjonction]]
*Russisch [[адъюнкция]]

{{wb}}
[[Category:Generative syntax]]

Comment

2008-06-22T20:24:12Z

Luo: New page: The statement that made about a topic is the '''comment'''. ===Other languages=== German Kommentar Chinese 述题 ===Reference=== {{: Lyons 1968}} {{dc}} [[Category:Pragmati...

The statement that made about a [[topic]] is the '''comment'''.

===Other languages===
German [[Kommentar]] Chinese [[述题]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Pragmatics]]

Adjunct

2008-06-22T20:17:40Z

Luo:

'''Adjunct''' is a constituent in an [[adjoin]]ed position.
:::*"Adjuncts (of place, time, manner, reason, etc....) are optional, or structurally dispensable, constituents of the sentence: they may be removed without affecting the remainder of the sentence." (Lyons 1968:334)

===Examples===
In [X Y [X ...]] Y is ''Chomsky -[[adjoin]]ed'' to X.

(i) ''John killed Bill in Central Park on Sunday.''

(ii) ''John killed Bill in Central Park.''

(iii) ''John killed Bill.''

===Comment===
Usually the term 'adjunct' refers to base-generated adjuncts only.

===Other languages===
German [[Adjunktion]] Chinese [[附加语]]

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Adjunct&lemmacode=987 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]

Antonymy

2008-06-20T20:28:10Z

Luo:

'''Antonymy''' refers to the relation between lexical items that are binary opposites in meaning (e.g. ''alive'' and ''dead''), gradable opposites in meaning (e.g. ''young'' and ''old''), or converse opposites (e.g. ''buy'' and ''sell'').

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Antonymy&lemmacode=1029 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===Reference===
Kempson, R.M. 1977.'' Semantic theory.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

===Other languages===
German [[Antonymie]] Chinese [[反义词]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Complementary

2008-06-20T20:20:12Z

Luo: /* Other languages */

'''Complementary''' is a characteristic of pairs of lexical items that the denial of the one implies the assertion of the other and the assertion of the one implies the denial of the other.

===Examples===
''single: married'', ''male: female''

===Other languages===
German [[Komplementarität]] Chinese [[互补性]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Complementary

2008-06-20T20:19:23Z

Luo: New page: '''Complementary''' is a characteristic of pairs of lexical items that the denial of the one implies the assertion of the other and the assertion of the one implies the denial of the other...

'''Complementary''' is a characteristic of pairs of lexical items that the denial of the one implies the assertion of the other and the assertion of the one implies the denial of the other.

===Examples===
''single: married'', ''male: female''

===Other languages===
German [[Komplementarität]] Chinese [[互补]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Classifier

2008-06-17T19:20:23Z

Luo: +examples

The term '''classifier''' is used for a variety of elements whose function can somehow be described as that of assigning linguistic expressions to [[class]]es:

===Examples===
In Chinese, unless the noun itself denotes a unit of a measurement (e.g. ''nián'' 'year'), it must be preceded by a classifier when it occurs with a numeral or a demonstrative.
:{|
|-
||||''yí''||''gè''||''qiú''||
|-
| ||one||CL||ball||
|-
||
|colspan="2"|'one ball'||
|}

===Subtypes===
*[[numeral classifier]] (this is probably the most frequent sense when ''classifier'' is used alone), also called [[sortal classifier]]
*[[mensural classifier]]
*[[possessive classifier]]
*[[classifier (Athapaskan linguistics)]]

===Other languages===
German [[Klassifikator]] Chinese [[量词]]

{{disambig}}

Gender (grammar)

2008-06-17T19:01:22Z

Luo:

{{Stub}}
'''Gender''' is an inflectional [[dimension]] used on [[referring expression|referring expressions]] to designate semantic class membership of their denotatum.

:::*''"By the term ''gender'' is here meant any ''grammatical'' class-division presenting some analogy to the distinction in the Aryan languages between masculine, feminine and neuter, whether the division be based on the natural division into the two sexes, or on that between animate and inanimate, or on something else."'' (Jespersen 1924:226)

===Comments===
Traditionally, the distinction between [[natural gender]] (which designates the biological sex of animate referents) and [[grammatical gender]] (categorisations which depend on other, culturally specific criteria) has attracted much attention.

===List of genders===
*[[masculine]]
*[[feminine]]
*[[neuter]]

===Synonym===
*[[noun class]]

===See also===
*[[classifier]]
*[[gender (sociolinguistics)]]

===Origin===
''genus'' Lat.

The term 'gerder' itself derives from an extremely general word meaning 'class' or 'kind'.

===References===
*{{:Corbett 1991}}
*{{:Jespersen 1924}}
*{{: Lyons 1968}}

===Other languages===
*Chinese [[性范畴]]
*French [[genre]]
*German [[Genus]], [[Geschlecht]]
*Russian [[род]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Deixis

2008-06-17T18:55:22Z

Luo:

'''Deixis''' is introduced to handle the 'orientational' features of language which are relative to the time and place of utterance.

===Examples===
(i) personal pronouns: ''I, you, he,'' etc.

(ii) adverbials of place and time: ''here, there''; ''now, then''

===Origin===
Deixis is merely the Greek word for 'pointing' or 'indicating'.

===Other languages===
German [[Deixis (de)]] Chinese [[指示语]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Allomorph

2008-06-17T18:47:18Z

Luo: /* Other languages */

A particular [[morpheme]] is not represented everywhere by the same [[morph]], but by different morphs in different environments. These alternative representation of a [[morpheme]] is called '''allomorph'''s.

===Examples===
The [[plural]] morpheme in English is regularly represented by the allomorphs [s], [z] and [iz].
The rule is as follows:

(i) ''kicks'' [kiks];

(ii) if the morph ends in one of the voiced phonemes (including the [[vowel]]s), /s/ is represented by [z] (''cats'' [kats]);

(iii) if the morph representing the noun morpheme with which /s/ is combined to form the plural ends with a [[sibilant]] ([s], [z] etc.), /s/ is represented by [iz] (''sizes'' [saiziz]).

===Other languages===
German [[Allomorph (de)]] Chinese [[语素变体]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Homonym

2008-06-17T18:46:27Z

Luo: /* Other languages */

Two, or more, meanings maz be associated with the same form: in which case the words are '''homonym'''s.

===Example===
''bank''

(i) 'of a river'

(ii) 'for the deposit of money'

===Subtypes===
[[homography]]

[[homophony]]

===Other languages===
German [[Hononym (de)]] Chinese [[同音同形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Synonym

2008-06-17T18:46:01Z

Luo:

Two, or more, forms may be associated with the same meaning: in which case the words in question are '''synonym'''s.

===Examples===
''hide'': ''conceal'', ''big'': ''large''

===Other languages===
German [[Synonym (de)]] Chinese [[同义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Homonym

2008-06-16T19:15:28Z

Luo: /* Other languages */

Two, or more, meanings maz be associated with the same form: in which case the words are '''homonym'''s.

===Example===
''bank''

(i) 'of a river'

(ii) 'for the deposit of money'

===Subtypes===
[[homography]]

[[homophony]]

===Other languages===
German [[Hononyme]] Chinese [[同音同形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Homophonie

2008-06-16T19:14:07Z

Luo: +Sprachen

===Definition===

Die Homophonie ist ein Typ lexikalischer Mehrdeutigkeit ([[Ambiguität]]): Homophone Ausdrücke verfügen über identische Aussprache bei unterschiedlicher Orthographie und Bedeutung. Der Homophonie liegt häufig ursprüngliche [[Homographie]] zugrunde, die durch offizielle Schreibregelungen beseitigt wurde. Homophonie ist ein Spezialfall der [[Homonymie]].

===Beispiel===

Meer / mehr; malen / mahlen

===Herkunft===

*Griechisch ''homos'' - gleich
*Griechisch ''phone'' - Laut

===Verweise===

*Hyperonym: [[Homonymie]]
*Cohyponym: [[Homographie]]

===Andere Sprachen===
Englisch [[homophony]] Chinese [[同音异形异义词]]

===Quelle===

WikiLingua 2006

{{wb}}
[[Category:Theorie]]
[[Category:Linguistik]]

Homophony

2008-06-16T19:12:31Z

Luo: New page: ===Examples=== ''meat'', ''meet''; ''sow'', ''sew'' ===Other languages=== German Homophonie Chinese 同音异形异义词 ===Reference=== {{: Lyons 1968}} {{dc}} [[Category:Morp...

===Examples===
''meat'', ''meet''; ''sow'', ''sew''

===Other languages===
German [[Homophonie]] Chinese [[同音异形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Homography

2008-06-16T19:10:22Z

Luo:

===Example===
''lead'' in

(i) ''a dog's lead'' and

(ii) ''made of lead''

===Other languages===
German [[Homographie]] Chinese [[同形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Homonym

2008-06-16T19:06:21Z

Luo: /* Example */

Two, or more, meanings maz be associated with the same form: in which case the words are '''homonym'''s.

===Example===
''bank''

(i) 'of a river'

(ii) 'for the deposit of money'

===Subtypes===
[[homography]]

[[homophony]]

===Other languages===
German [[Hononyme]] Chinese [[同形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Homographie

2008-06-16T19:05:58Z

Luo: + Sprachen

===Definition===

Die Homographie ist eine Form lexikalischer [[Ambiguität]]: Zwei Ausdrücke sind homograph, wenn sie in orthographischer übereinstimmen, aber verschiedene Aussprache und Bedeutung haben. Da homographe Ausdrücke etymologisch in aller Regel nicht miteinander verwandt sind, werden sie im [[Lexikon]] unter verschiedenen Einträgen aufgeführt. Homographie ist ein Spezialfall der [[Homonymie]].

===Beispiel===

Montage (Plural von ''Montag''; Nomen zu ''montieren'')

===Herkunft===

*Griechisch ''homos'' - gleich
*Griechisch ''graphein'' - schreiben

===Verweise===

*Hyperonym: [[Homonymie]]
*Cohyponym: [[Homophonie]]

===Andere Sprachen===
Englisch [[homography]] Chinese [[同形异义词]]

===Quelle===

WikiLingua 2006

{{wb}}
[[Category:Theorie]]
[[Category:Linguistik]]

Homography

2008-06-16T19:04:45Z

Luo: New page: If the language is one for which the orthography is at variance with, or unrelated to, the phonology, then one may be of course distinguish further between '''homography'''. ===Example===...

If the language is one for which the orthography is at variance with, or unrelated to, the phonology, then one may be of course distinguish further between '''homography'''.

===Example===
''lead'' in

(i) ''a dog's lead'' and

(ii) ''made of lead''

===Other languages===
German [[Homographie]] Chinese [[同形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Homonym

2008-06-16T19:01:16Z

Luo: New page: Two, or more, meanings maz be associated with the same form: in which case the words are '''homonym'''s. ===Example=== ''bank'' (i) 'of a river' (ii) 'for the deposit of money' ===Subt...

Two, or more, meanings maz be associated with the same form: in which case the words are '''homonym'''s.

===Example===
''bank''
(i) 'of a river'

(ii) 'for the deposit of money'

===Subtypes===
[[homography]]

[[homophony]]

===Other languages===
German [[Hononyme]] Chinese [[同形异义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Synonym

2008-06-16T18:55:33Z

Luo: New page: Two, or more, forms may be associated with the same meaning: in which case the words in question are '''synonym'''s. ===Examples=== ''hide'': ''conceal'', ''big'': ''large'' ===Other lan...

Two, or more, forms may be associated with the same meaning: in which case the words in question are '''synonym'''s.

===Examples===
''hide'': ''conceal'', ''big'': ''large''

===Other languages===
German [[Synonyme]] Chinese [[同义词]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Flexion

2008-06-16T17:56:00Z

Luo: + andere Sprachen

===Definition===

Bei der Flexion werden Worte durch [[gebundenes Morphem|gebundene Morpheme]] mit einer grammatikalischen Funktion erweitert. So werden verschiedene Formen des selben Wortes erzeugt, welche typischerweise die verschiedenen Kategorien wie den Fall, das Geschlecht, die Zeit und die Nummer eines Wortes spezifizieren, die für die [[Syntax]] wichtig sind. Bei der Flexion werden Wortstämme ([[Lexem|Lexeme]]) bestimmter Wortarten in morphologisch verschiedenen [[Wortform|Wortformen]] realisiert, die regelhaft wortartspezifisch verschiedene syntaktisch-semantische Funktionen mitausdrücken, vgl. im Deutschen Deklination (Nomen), Konjugation (Verb), Komparation (Adjektiv). Flexion kann in verschiedener morphologischer Form geschehen, im Deutschen sowohl durch Abwandlung des Stammes als auch durch Anfügung bestimmter Endungen, wobei diese in der Regel gleichzeitig mehrere Flexionskategorien signalisieren.

===Beispiel===

''redest, redeten; Kindes, Kinder; schöne, schönsten''

===Verweise===

* Hyponym: [[Flexionsaffix]]

===Andere Sprachen===
Englisch [[Inflexion]] Chinesisch [[屈折变化]]

===Quelle===

WikiLingua 2006

{{wb}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Inflexion

2008-06-16T17:54:41Z

Luo: New page: :::*"Inflexion is defined in classical grammatical theory somewhat as follows: inflexion is a change made in the form of a word to express its relationship to other words in the sentence."...

:::*"Inflexion is defined in classical grammatical theory somewhat as follows: inflexion is a change made in the form of a word to express its relationship to other words in the sentence." (Lyons 1968:195)

===Other languages===
German [[Flexion]] Chinese [[屈折变化]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Inflecting language

2008-06-15T18:53:49Z

Luo: New page: The words in an '''inflecting language''' cannot be segmented into morphs. ===Example=== Latin ===Other languages=== German flektierende Sprachen Chinese 屈折语 ===Reference...

The words in an '''inflecting language''' cannot be segmented into morphs.

===Example===
Latin

===Other languages===
German [[flektierende Sprache]]n Chinese [[屈折语]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Agglutinating language

2008-06-15T18:47:01Z

Luo: +other languages

'''Agglutinating language''' is a language which has a morphological system in which words as a rule are polymorphemic and where each [[morpheme]] corresponds to a single lexical meaning.

===Examples===
Classical examples of agglutinating languages are Turkish and Quechua.

(i) Turkish
:{|
|-
|||''ev-''||''ler-''||''i-''||''den''||
|-
| ||house||PL-||POSS-||ABL||
|-
||
|colspan="2"|'from their house'
|}

(ii)Quechua
:{|
|-
|||''maqa-''||''chi-''||''naku-''||''rka-''||''n ''||
|-
| ||beat||CAUS-||RECP-||PL-||3||
|-
||
|colspan="2"|'They let each other be beaten.'||
|}

===Comments===
Next to agglutinating languages, one distinguishes (in)[[flectional language]]s, [[isolating language]]s, and [[polysynthetic language]]s. One basic assumption underlying this typology is that agglutination is the primary type of [[word formation]], and that the other three types are [[deviation]]s from it. This traditional classification of languages into four morphological groups has been criticized for being both incoherent and useless.

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Agglutinating+language&lemmacode=1006 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*Anderson, S.R. 1985. Typological distinctions in Word-formation. In Shopen, T. (ed.) ''Language Typology and Grammatical Description, vol. 3.'' Cambridge: CUP.
*{{: Spencer 1991}}

===Other languages===
German [[agglutinierende Sprache]]n Chinese [[黏着语]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Isolating languages

2008-06-15T18:43:56Z

Luo: New page: An isolating (or 'analytic') language is defined as one in which all words are invariable. ===Example=== Chinese is often cited as a well-known example of the isolating type of language. ...

An isolating (or 'analytic') language is defined as one in which all words are invariable.

===Example===
Chinese is often cited as a well-known example of the isolating type of language.

===Other languages===
German [[isolierende Sprache]]n Chinese [[孤立语]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Allomorph

2008-06-15T18:36:27Z

Luo:

A particular [[morpheme]] is not represented everywhere by the same [[morph]], but by different morphs in different environments. These alternative representation of a [[morpheme]] is called '''allomorph'''s.

===Examples===
The [[plural]] morpheme in English is regularly represented by the allomorphs [s], [z] and [iz].
The rule is as follows:

(i) ''kicks'' [kiks];

(ii) if the morph ends in one of the voiced phonemes (including the [[vowel]]s), /s/ is represented by [z] (''cats'' [kats]);

(iii) if the morph representing the noun morpheme with which /s/ is combined to form the plural ends with a [[sibilant]] ([s], [z] etc.), /s/ is represented by [iz] (''sizes'' [saiziz]).

===Other languages===
German [[Allomorphe]] Chinese [[语素变体]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Allomorph

2008-06-15T18:34:36Z

Luo:

A particular [[morpheme]] is not represented everywhere by the same [[morph]], but by different morphs in different environments. These alternative representation of a [[morpheme]] is called '''allomorph'''s.

===Examples===
The [[plural]] morpheme in English is regularly represented by the allomorphs [s], [z] and [iz].
The rule is as follows:

(i) ''kicks'' [kiks];

(ii) if the morph ends in one of the voiced phonemes (including the [[vowel]]s), /s/ is represented by [z] (''cats'' [kats]);

(iii) if the morph representing the noun morpheme with which /s/ is combined to form the plural ends with a [[sibilant]] ([s], [z] etc.), /s/ is represented by [iz] (''sizes'' [saiziz]).

===Other languages===
German [[Allomorphe]] Chinese [[语素变体]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonology]]

Allomorph

2008-06-15T18:29:12Z

Luo:

A particular [[morpheme]] is not represented everywhere by the same [[morph]], but by different morphs in different environments. These alternative representation of a [[morpheme]] is called '''allomorph'''s.

===Examples===
The plural morpheme in English is regularly represented bz the allomorphs /s/, /z/ and /iz/.
The rule is as follows:

(i) kicks /kiks/;

(ii) if the morph ends in one of the voiced phonemes (including the vowels), s is represented by /z/ (cats /kats/);

(iii) if the morph representing the noun morpheme with which s is combined to form the plural ends with a [[sibilant]] (/s/, /z/ etc.), s is represented by /iz/ (sazis /saiziz/).

===Other languages===
German [[Allomorphe]] Chinese [[语素变体]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonology]]

Allomorph

2008-06-15T18:28:40Z

Luo: New page: A particular morpheme is not represented everywhere by the same morph, but by different morphs in different environments. These alternative representation of a morpheme is call...

A particular [[morpheme]] is not represented everywhere by the same [[morph]], but by different morphs in different environments. These alternative representation of a [[morpheme]] is called '''allomorph'''s.

===Examples===
The plural morpheme in English is regularly represented bz the allomorphs /s/, /z/ and /iz/.
The rule is as follows:

(i) kicks /kiks/;

(ii) if the morph ends in one of the voiced phonemes (including the vowels), s is represented by /z/ (cats /kats/);

(iii) if the morph representing the noun morpheme with which s is combined to form the plural ends with a [[sibilant]] (/s/, /z/ etc.), s is represented by /iz/ (sazis /saiziz/).

===Other languages===
German [[Allomorphe]] Chinese [[语素变体]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phononoly]]

Morpheme

2008-06-15T18:07:02Z

Luo: /* Other languages */

A '''morpheme''' is the smallest meaning -bearing unit of language.

===Examples===
''Kangaroo'' is one morpheme. ''Kangaroos'' is two morphemes, ''kangaroo'' and plural ''-s''. The ''-s'' expresses the meaning 'many' or 'more than one' in this example.

===Polysemy===
''Morpheme'' may also be used for 'grammatical morpheme', see [[morpheme (i.e. grammatical morpheme)]].

===Synonym===
*[[moneme]] (Martinet)

===Origin===
The term ''morpheme'' was coined by [[Jan Baudouin de Courtenay]] in c. 1880. It is based on Greek ''morph-'' 'form' and the suffix -eme, on the analogy of the term ''phoneme''. See Mugdan (1986) for detailed discussion.

===related terms===
*[[formative]]
*[[morph]]
*[[amorphous]]

===Reference===
Mugdan, Joachim. 1986. Was ist eigentlich ein Morphem?

===Other languages===
German [[Morphem]] Spanish [[morfema]] Chinese [[语素]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Morphology]]

Paradigm

2008-06-15T17:03:48Z

Luo:

===Origin===
The term derives from the Greek word for 'pattern' or 'example'.

===Other languages===
German [[Paradigma]]
Chinese [[范式聚合法]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}

Speech-sound

2008-06-15T17:00:40Z

Luo: New page: :::*''A '''speech-sound''' is any phonetically distinct unit of sound; that is to say, any unit of sound produced by the speech-organs that can be distinguished by the phonetician form...

:::*''A '''speech-sound''' is any phonetically distinct unit of [[sound]]; that is to say, any unit of sound produced by the speech-organs that can be distinguished by the phonetician form all other units of sound produced by the speech-organs.'' (Lyons 1968:99)

===Other languages===
German [[Sprachlaute]]
Chinese [[语音]]

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}

Paradigm

2008-06-12T20:35:21Z

Luo:

===Origin===
The term derives from the Greek word for 'pattern' or 'example'.

===Other languages===
German [[Paradigma]]

{{dc}}

Lyons 1968

2008-06-12T20:23:43Z

Luo: New page: Lyons, John. 1968. ''Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <noinclude> Category:BIB</noinclude>

[[Lyons, John]]. 1968. ''Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

<noinclude>

[[Category:BIB]]</noinclude>

Reference

2008-06-12T20:19:24Z

Luo: /* Reference */

(definition missing)

:::*"We will say that the relationship which which holds between words and things..." (Lyons 1968:404)

===Reference===
{{: Lyons 1968}}

{{dc}}

Chomsky 1977

2008-05-22T18:15:10Z

Luo: New page: Chomsky, Noam A. 1977. On Wh-movement. In ''Formal syntax.'' Culicover, P.W., Wasw, T. & Akmajian, A. (eds.), pages. San Francisco, London: Academic Press.<noinclude> [[Category:BIB...

[[Chomsky, Noam A.]] 1977. On Wh-movement. In ''Formal syntax.'' Culicover, P.W., Wasw, T. & Akmajian, A. (eds.), pages. San Francisco, London: Academic Press.<noinclude>

[[Category:BIB]]</noinclude>

Cyclicity

2008-05-22T18:12:25Z

Luo: from Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics

In generative syntax, '''cyclicity''' is a basic notion of [[subjacency]] that movement is bounded, i.e. can only cross one bounding (or: cyclic) node at the time.

===Comments===
In general S (or S') and [[NP]] have been singled out as being bounding nodes. Originally, cyclicity was considered a property of rules or rule systems: a set of rules are to be applied cyclically to successively larger dominating constituents. Presently, cyclicity is subsumed under the [[barrier]]s theory.

===See also===
*[[strict cyclicity]]
*[[Bounding theory]]
*[[Lexical Morphology]]

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Cyclicity&lemmacode=958 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*{{: Chomsky 1977}}
*{{: Chomsky 1986b}}
*{{: Chomsky 1993}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Phonology]]

Cyclic domain

2008-05-22T18:06:19Z

Luo: from Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics

In phonology and morphology, a '''cyclic domain''' is a term used for a morphologically complex string, consisting of a [[base]] and an [[affix]], to which the whole set of cyclic phonological rules apply.

===Example===
In English the [[adjective]] ''opaque'' plus the nominal [[suffix]] ''-ity'' (formally represented as ''[[opaque] ity]'') constitute a cyclic domain to which the cyclic stress rules and the cyclic rules of Trisyllabic Shortening and Velar Softening apply, yielding the surface form ''opácity''.

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Cyclic+domain&lemmacode=957 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*Kiparsky, P. 1982. From Cyclic Phonology to Lexical Phonology. In van der Hulst, H. & Smith, N. (eds.) ''The Structure of Phonological Representations (I),'' 131-175.
*Mascaró, J. 1976. Catalan Phonology and the Phonological Cycle. PhD dissertation. Cambridge, Mass: MIT. Distr. by IULC, Bloomington Indiana, 1978.
*{{: Spencer 1991}}

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Morphology]]

Cumulative reference

2008-05-22T16:12:17Z

Luo: from Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics

In semantics, '''cumulative reference''' is the model-theoretic property that characterizes a [[mass noun]] like ''water'' in terms of the cumulative structure of its [[extension]].

===Example===
If w1 and w2 are two bits of water in the [[extension]] of ''water'', then the sum of w1 and w2 (i.e. the result of putting w1 and w2 together) is also in the [[extension]].

===Comment===
Plural [[count noun]]s also have the property of cumulative reference.

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Cumulative+reference&lemmacode=956 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*Link, G. 1983. The logical analysis of plurals and mass terms: a lattice-theoretical approach. In ''Meaning, use and interpretation of language.'' Bauerle, R., Schwarze, C. & von Stechow, A. (eds.), 302-323. Berlin: De Gruyter.
*Quine, W. 1960. ''Word and object.''Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]

Crossover

2008-05-22T16:02:48Z

Luo: from Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics

In generative syntax, establishing a relation between two elements across another element which somehow interferes with that relation. The name '''crossover''' derives from Ross's Crossover Condition:

*''No NP mentioned in the structural index of a transformation may be reordered by that rule in such a way as to cross over a co-referential NP.'' (Ross 1967:73)

===Example===
This condition accounts for the ill-formedness of the following sentence: the [[NP]] ''which'' has been moved across the co-referential [[NP]] ''it''.

''* The pudding whichi the man who ordered iti said ti would be tasty was a horror show.''

===Subtypes===
Two subcases distinguished are [[strong crossover]] and [[weak crossover]].

===Link===
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Crossover&lemmacode=954 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]

===References===
*Postal, P. 1971. ''Cross-over phenomena.'' New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
*Ross, J.R. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Doctoral dissertation, MIT (published as 'Infinite syntax!' Ablex, Norwood (1986)).

{{dc}}
[[Category:Syntax]]