Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Frequency (pragmatics)

2007-11-01T11:31:51Z

Maarten Kossmann: New page: Frequency, or more correctly frequency of occurrence, is the number of times a word appears in the language, usually measured in occurrences per million words. Frequency is completely dep...

Frequency, or more correctly frequency of occurrence, is the number of times a word appears in the language, usually measured in occurrences per million words. Frequency is completely depending on the corpus used.

A distinction between type and token frequency can be made.

Ngram frequency

2007-11-01T11:26:46Z

Maarten Kossmann:

The mean, or summed, frequency of all fragments of a word of a given length. Most commonly used is bigram frequency, using fragments of length 2. The word 'dog' will contain 2 bigrams: 'do' and 'og'. Bigram frequency is considered to be a measure of orthographic regularity and normally has a negative correlation with response times in psycho-linguistic experiments.

It is not unusual to extend the word with a couple of 'space' characters, to give the first and last character in the word a special status. The word 'dog' will then become '_dog_' and now contains 4 bigrams: '_d', 'do', 'og' and 'g_'.

Ngram frequency of length 1 is equal to the character frequency, and using length 3 is commonly referred to as trigram frequency. Larger values for N are rare.

In the auditory domain the equivalent of bigram is diphone, a group of two phonemes. Mean diphone frequency could be considered a crude measure of phonological regularity.

Ngram frequency

2007-11-01T11:26:22Z

Maarten Kossmann: New page: Ngram frequency The mean, or summed, frequency of all fragments of a word of a given length. Most commonly used is bigram frequency, using fragments of length 2. The word 'dog' will cont...

Ngram frequency

The mean, or summed, frequency of all fragments of a word of a given length. Most commonly used is bigram frequency, using fragments of length 2. The word 'dog' will contain 2 bigrams: 'do' and 'og'. Bigram frequency is considered to be a measure of orthographic regularity and normally has a negative correlation with response times in psycho-linguistic experiments.

It is not unusual to extend the word with a couple of 'space' characters, to give the first and last character in the word a special status. The word 'dog' will then become '_dog_' and now contains 4 bigrams: '_d', 'do', 'og' and 'g_'.

Ngram frequency of length 1 is equal to the character frequency, and using length 3 is commonly referred to as trigram frequency. Larger values for N are rare.

In the auditory domain the equivalent of bigram is diphone, a group of two phonemes. Mean diphone frequency could be considered a crude measure of phonological regularity.

Main Page

2007-11-01T11:15:18Z

Maarten Kossmann: /* Quantitative Linguistics */

'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]  -  [[Special:Allpages|All articles A–Z]]  -  Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]


[[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]]


{|
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.

Glottopedia also exists in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], and in the future hopefully also in [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎，新来者|Chinese]], and Japanese.

Glottopedia needs your '''[[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!

=Glottopedia Team=

Editors-in-Chief: [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Sven Naumann]]

Technical Editors: [[Götz Burger]], [[Hans-Jörg Bibiko]]

Scientific Advisory Council: [[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Paul Newman]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]

=Sample dictionary articles=

===Syntax===
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])

[[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]

===Morphology===
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])

[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[flag]], [[infinitive]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]

===Phonetics and Phonology===
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])

[[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]

===Semantics===
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])

[[ambiguity]], [[agent]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[vagueness]]

===Computational Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])

[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]

===Quantitative Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])

[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]],
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]

=Sample biographical articles=
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])

[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]] · [[Johannes Benzing]] · [[Simon C. Dik]] · [[Dionysius Thrax]] · [[Stefan Elders]] · [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]] · [[Einar Haugen]] · [[Marco Haverkort]] · [[Karl Erich Heidolph]] · [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]] · [[Georg Friedrich Meier]] · [[Harry L. Shorto]] · [[John Sinclair]] · [[Sergej A. Starostin]] · [[Jost Winteler]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Glottopedia]]

=Other Languages=
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]

Main Page

2007-11-01T11:15:09Z

Maarten Kossmann: /* Quantitative Linguistics */

'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]  -  [[Special:Allpages|All articles A–Z]]  -  Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]


[[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]]


{|
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.

Glottopedia also exists in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], and in the future hopefully also in [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎，新来者|Chinese]], and Japanese.

Glottopedia needs your '''[[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!

=Glottopedia Team=

Editors-in-Chief: [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Sven Naumann]]

Technical Editors: [[Götz Burger]], [[Hans-Jörg Bibiko]]

Scientific Advisory Council: [[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Paul Newman]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]

=Sample dictionary articles=

===Syntax===
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])

[[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]

===Morphology===
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])

[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[flag]], [[infinitive]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]

===Phonetics and Phonology===
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])

[[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]

===Semantics===
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])

[[ambiguity]], [[agent]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[vagueness]]

===Computational Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])

[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]

===Quantitative Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])

[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]],
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Nram frequency]]

=Sample biographical articles=
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])

[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]] · [[Johannes Benzing]] · [[Simon C. Dik]] · [[Dionysius Thrax]] · [[Stefan Elders]] · [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]] · [[Einar Haugen]] · [[Marco Haverkort]] · [[Karl Erich Heidolph]] · [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]] · [[Georg Friedrich Meier]] · [[Harry L. Shorto]] · [[John Sinclair]] · [[Sergej A. Starostin]] · [[Jost Winteler]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Glottopedia]]

=Other Languages=
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]

Neighbour

2007-11-01T10:43:25Z

Maarten Kossmann: New page: Neighbours of a word are all other words that only differ in one or more segments. Normally only orthographic neighbours are considered. The most common definition of word neighbours woul...

Neighbours of a word are all other words that only differ in one or more segments. Normally only orthographic neighbours are considered. The most common definition of word neighbours would be all other words of equal length that only differ in 1 letter from the original word.

'''Substitution neighbours'''

The classical definition, where one or more characters in the word are substituted. Normally only a single substitution is allowed. When two substitutions are considered the special case of 'adjacent transposition' has to be excluded. Examples are 'these'/'those',

'''Deletion neighbours'''

One or more characters can be deleted from the word. Examples 'words'/'word'

'''Insertion neighbours'''

One or more characters can be deleted

'''Adjacent transposition neighbours'''

Two adjacent characters are transposed, for example 'trial'/'trail'. This is not considered a double substitution.

Main Page

2007-11-01T10:32:12Z

Maarten Kossmann: /* Quantitative Linguistics */

'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]  -  [[Special:Allpages|All articles A–Z]]  -  Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]


[[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]]


{|
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.

Glottopedia also exists in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], and in the future hopefully also in [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎，新来者|Chinese]], and Japanese.

Glottopedia needs your '''[[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!

=Glottopedia Team=

Editors-in-Chief: [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Sven Naumann]]

Technical Editors: [[Götz Burger]], [[Hans-Jörg Bibiko]]

Scientific Advisory Council: [[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Paul Newman]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]

=Sample dictionary articles=

===Syntax===
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])

[[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]

===Morphology===
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])

[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[flag]], [[infinitive]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]

===Phonetics and Phonology===
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])

[[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]

===Semantics===
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])

[[ambiguity]], [[agent]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[vagueness]]

===Computational Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])

[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]

===Quantitative Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])

[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]],
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]]

=Sample biographical articles=
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])

[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]] · [[Johannes Benzing]] · [[Simon C. Dik]] · [[Dionysius Thrax]] · [[Stefan Elders]] · [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]] · [[Einar Haugen]] · [[Marco Haverkort]] · [[Karl Erich Heidolph]] · [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]] · [[Georg Friedrich Meier]] · [[Harry L. Shorto]] · [[John Sinclair]] · [[Sergej A. Starostin]] · [[Jost Winteler]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Glottopedia]]

=Other Languages=
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]

Rif Berber

2007-09-23T16:58:27Z

Maarten Kossmann: /* References */

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Rif Berber
|Autonym=Tamazight, Tarifiyt
|WALSname=[[Berber (Rif)]]
|Ethn15name=[[Tarifit]]
|Countries= Morocco
|WALSLoc= 4dW 34d30N [http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=+4°W+++34°30N&ie=UTF8&z=6 map]
|Family=[[Afro-Asiatic]]
|Genus=[[Berber]]
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=--
|Ethn15=rif
|MPIExt1=
}}

'''Rif Berber''' is an [[Afro-Asiatic]] language that is spoken in Morocco.

===Name===
The name consists of the modifier ''Rif'' and the head ''Berber''. The Rif is the name of a mountainous range in Northern Morocco, in part of which Rif Berber is spoken. The most generally used autonym is ''Tamazight'' (or ''Tmazight''), a term which is also used as an autonym in several other Berber languages. The term ''Tarifiyt'' (also spelled ''Tarifit'') is often used to disambiguate terminology. In regional usage, however, ''Tarifiyt'' is often only used for the dialects spoken west of the Oued Kert as opposed to the dialects spoken east of this river. The language of the Beni Iznasen, which is included in Rif Berber on linguistic grounds, is regarded locally as a variety which does not belong to Rif Berber at all.

===Dialects===
There is a large amount of dialectal variation in Rif Berber. The most western varieties - the so-called dialects of the Senhaja de Sraïr and Ghomaran - are so different from the rest of Rif Berber that they should be regarded a different language (e.g. Kossmann 1999:31 excludes them from his "Zenatic" group, while Rif Berber proper is included). Even within Rif Berber proper, there exist important differences; this can easily be seen using the dialect Atlas (Lafkioui 1997).

===Location===
Rif Berber is spoken in the north-eastern part of Morocco. The easternmost dialects which are usually included in this group are spoken by the Beni Iznasen north of the city of Oujda, and near the Algerian border. Rif Berber proper extends to the west until the region immediately west of Elhoceima. It reaches to the south until the plains. In the high mountains around Ketama and Targuist the varieties of the Senahja de Sraïr are spoken, which may belong to a different linguistic group inside Berber. In the beginning of the 20th century there was still a small Rif Berber speaking immigrant community in the Algerian town of Vieil Arzew. As the language was moribund around 1910 (Biarnay 1911), the probability of its survival is very low. Sources claiming that Rif Berber is also spoken in Algeria, such as the Ethnologue, are simply wrong. There exist a few Berber varieties spoken across the Algerian border, such as the dialect of the Beni Snous. Despite many similarities to Rif Berber, these varieties are not included in Rif Berber.

===Speakers===
Based on census data of the number of inhabitants of the provinces where Rif Berber is spoken the number of speakers would add up to about one million. There are many Rif Berber speakers who migrated from their home region to other parts of Morocco and to Europe, esp. the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany (esp. Duisburg and Frankfurt am Main).

===Classification===
*[[Afro-Asiatic]]
:*[[Berber]]

===Validity of classification===
There is no doubt that Rif Berber belongs to the Berber language family.

===References===
*Kossmann, Maarten. 1999. ''Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.

===Works on the language===
*Biarnay, Samuel. 1911. ''Etude sur le dialecte des Bet't'ioua du Vieil-Arzeu''. Alger: Carbonel.
*Biarnay, Samuel. 1917. ''Etude sur les dialectes berbères du Rif''. Paris: Leroux.
*Cadi, Kaddour. 1987. ''Système verbal rifain. Forme et sens.'' Paris: Peeters.
*Colin, Georges Séraphin. 1929. "Le parler berbère des Gmara." ''Hespéris'' 9: 43-58.
*Kossmann, Maarten. 2000. ''Esquisse grammaticale du rifain oriental''. Paris: Peeters.
*Lafkioui, Mena. 2007. ''Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
*Renisio, A. 1932. ''Etude sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr''. Paris: Leroux.

===Other languages===
...

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category: Afro-Asiatic]]

Rif Berber

2007-09-23T16:56:23Z

Maarten Kossmann:

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Rif Berber
|Autonym=Tamazight, Tarifiyt
|WALSname=[[Berber (Rif)]]
|Ethn15name=[[Tarifit]]
|Countries= Morocco
|WALSLoc= 4dW 34d30N [http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=+4°W+++34°30N&ie=UTF8&z=6 map]
|Family=[[Afro-Asiatic]]
|Genus=[[Berber]]
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=--
|Ethn15=rif
|MPIExt1=
}}

'''Rif Berber''' is an [[Afro-Asiatic]] language that is spoken in Morocco.

===Name===
The name consists of the modifier ''Rif'' and the head ''Berber''. The Rif is the name of a mountainous range in Northern Morocco, in part of which Rif Berber is spoken. The most generally used autonym is ''Tamazight'' (or ''Tmazight''), a term which is also used as an autonym in several other Berber languages. The term ''Tarifiyt'' (also spelled ''Tarifit'') is often used to disambiguate terminology. In regional usage, however, ''Tarifiyt'' is often only used for the dialects spoken west of the Oued Kert as opposed to the dialects spoken east of this river. The language of the Beni Iznasen, which is included in Rif Berber on linguistic grounds, is regarded locally as a variety which does not belong to Rif Berber at all.

===Dialects===
There is a large amount of dialectal variation in Rif Berber. The most western varieties - the so-called dialects of the Senhaja de Sraïr and Ghomaran - are so different from the rest of Rif Berber that they should be regarded a different language (e.g. Kossmann 1999:31 excludes them from his "Zenatic" group, while Rif Berber proper is included). Even within Rif Berber proper, there exist important differences; this can easily be seen using the dialect Atlas (Lafkioui 1997).

===Location===
Rif Berber is spoken in the north-eastern part of Morocco. The easternmost dialects which are usually included in this group are spoken by the Beni Iznasen north of the city of Oujda, and near the Algerian border. Rif Berber proper extends to the west until the region immediately west of Elhoceima. It reaches to the south until the plains. In the high mountains around Ketama and Targuist the varieties of the Senahja de Sraïr are spoken, which may belong to a different linguistic group inside Berber. In the beginning of the 20th century there was still a small Rif Berber speaking immigrant community in the Algerian town of Vieil Arzew. As the language was moribund around 1910 (Biarnay 1911), the probability of its survival is very low. Sources claiming that Rif Berber is also spoken in Algeria, such as the Ethnologue, are simply wrong. There exist a few Berber varieties spoken across the Algerian border, such as the dialect of the Beni Snous. Despite many similarities to Rif Berber, these varieties are not included in Rif Berber.

===Speakers===
Based on census data of the number of inhabitants of the provinces where Rif Berber is spoken the number of speakers would add up to about one million. There are many Rif Berber speakers who migrated from their home region to other parts of Morocco and to Europe, esp. the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany (esp. Duisburg and Frankfurt am Main).

===Classification===
*[[Afro-Asiatic]]
:*[[Berber]]

===Validity of classification===
There is no doubt that Rif Berber belongs to the Berber language family.

===References===
*Kossmann, Maarten. 1999. Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère. Kölm: Rüdiger Köppe.

===Works on the language===
*Biarnay, Samuel. 1911. ''Etude sur le dialecte des Bet't'ioua du Vieil-Arzeu''. Alger: Carbonel.
*Biarnay, Samuel. 1917. ''Etude sur les dialectes berbères du Rif''. Paris: Leroux.
*Cadi, Kaddour. 1987. ''Système verbal rifain. Forme et sens.'' Paris: Peeters.
*Colin, Georges Séraphin. 1929. "Le parler berbère des Gmara." ''Hespéris'' 9: 43-58.
*Kossmann, Maarten. 2000. ''Esquisse grammaticale du rifain oriental''. Paris: Peeters.
*Lafkioui, Mena. 2007. ''Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
*Renisio, A. 1932. ''Etude sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr''. Paris: Leroux.

===Other languages===
...

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category: Afro-Asiatic]]

Rif Berber

2007-09-23T16:54:20Z

Maarten Kossmann: adding information to a stub

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Rif Berber
|Autonym=Tamazight, Tarifiyt
|WALSname=[[Berber (Rif)]]
|Ethn15name=[[Tarifit]]
|Countries= Morocco
|WALSLoc= 4dW 34d30N [http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=+4°W+++34°30N&ie=UTF8&z=6 map]
|Family=[[Afro-Asiatic]]
|Genus=[[Berber]]
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=--
|Ethn15=rif
|MPIExt1=
}}

'''Rif Berber''' is an [[Afro-Asiatic]] language that is spoken in Morocco.

===Name===
The name consists of the modifier ''Rif'' and the head ''Berber''. The Rif is the name of a mountainous range in Northern Morocco, in part of which Rif Berber is spoken. The most generally used autonym is ''Tamazight'' (or ''Tmazight''), a term which is also used as an autonym in several other Berber languages. The term ''Tarifiyt'' (also spelled ''Tarifit'') is often used to disambiguate terminology. In regional usage, however, ''Tarifiyt'' is often only used for the dialects spoken west of the Oued Kert as opposed to the dialects spoken east of this river. The language of the Beni Iznasen, which is included in Rif Berber on linguistic grounds, is regarded locally as a variety which does not belong to Rif Berber at all.

===Dialects===
There is a large amount of dialectal variation in Rif Berber. The most western varieties - the so-called dialects of the Senhaja de Sraïr and Ghomaran - are so different from the rest of Rif Berber that they should be regarded a different language (e.g. Kossmann 1999:31 excludes them from his "Zenatic" group, while Rif Berber proper is included). Even within Rif Berber proper, there exist important differences; this can easily be seen using the dialect Atlas (Lafkioui 1997).

===Location===
Rif Berber is spoken in the north-eastern part of Morocco. The easternmost dialects which are usually included in this group are spoken by the Beni Iznasen north of the city of Oujda, and near the Algerian border. Rif Berber proper extends to the west until the region immediately west of Elhoceima. It reaches to the south until the plains. In the high mountains around Ketama and Targuist the varieties of the Senahja de Sraïr are spoken, which may belong to a different linguistic group inside Berber. In the beginning of the 20th century there was still a small Rif Berber speaking immigrant community in the Algerian town of Vieil Arzew. As the language was moribund around 1910 (Biarnay 1911), the probability of its survival is very low. Sources claiming that Rif Berber is also spoken in Algeria, such as the Ethnologue, are simply wrong. There exist a few Berber varieties spoken across the Algerian border, such as the dialect of the Beni Snous. Despite many similarities to Rif Berber, these varieties are not included in Rif Berber.

===Speakers===
Based on census data of the number of inhabitants of the provinces where Rif Berber is spoken the number of speakers would add up to about one million. There are many Rif Berber speakers who migrated from their home region to other parts of Morocco and to Europe, esp. the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany (esp. Duisburg and Frankfurt am Main).

===Classification===
*[[Afro-Asiatic]]
:*[[Berber]]

===Validity of classification===
There is no doubt that Rif Berber belongs to the Berber language family.

===References===
*Kossmann, Maarten. 1999. Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère. Kölm: Rüdiger Köppe.

===Works on the language===
*Biarnay, Samuel. 1911. Etude sur le dialevye des Bet't'ioua du Vieil-Arzew. Alger: Carbonel.
*Biarnay, Samuel. 1917. Etude sur les dialectes berbères du Rif. Paris: Leroux.
*Cadi, Kaddour. 1987. Système verbal rifain. Forme et sens. Paris: Peeters.
*Colin, Georges Séraphin. 1929. "Le parler berbère des Gmara." ''Hespéris'' 9: 43-58.
*Kossmann, Maarten. 2000. Esquisse grammaticale du rifain oriental. Paris: Peeters.
*Lafkioui, Mena. 2007. Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
*Renisio, A. 1932. Etude sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr. Paris: Leroux.

===Other languages===
...

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category: Afro-Asiatic]]