Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Habitual aspect

2009-07-19T23:49:07Z

Michael.retzar: changing references

The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English.” (Dahl 1985: 97) Few languages even have tenses that are reserved for the habitual aspect.

==Comments==

The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]]. It must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1985: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeated occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single iterative situation than as a characteristic or habitual feature of the person who is coughing.

Habitual sentences can basically be categorized into three subtypes across languages: habituals, habitual-generic sentences and the habitual past. (Dahl 1985: 95-102)

==Subtypes and Examples==

===Habituals===

'''Habituals''' describe individual persons’ habits. Two types of habituals can be distinguished:

Some Languages have imperfective forms which can unambiguously be interpreted as '''exclusively habitual'''.

* North Welsh: ''Darllenwn i “Y Farner.”'' (I used to read “The Banner”.)
* Lithuanian: ''Atsikel davau anksti.'' (I used to get up early.)

The majority of languages has imperfective forms which can be interpreted as either '''habitual''' or '''progressive/conative/iterative'''. Sentences in these languages are defined as habituals if adverbs such as ''habitually'' or ''usually'' are implied in the context. The understanding of habituality is optional. (Comrie 1985: 25)

* English: ''After dinner Mr. and Mrs. Cooper go for a walk.''
* German: ''Vor dem Schlafengehen lese ich ein Buch.'' (Before going to bed I read a book.)
* Ancient Greek: ''Ὁ γεωργός πωλεί το σιτίον.'' (The farmer sells his corn.)

===Habitual-generics===

'''Habitual-generic''' sentences describe the “typical or characteristic properties of a species, a kind, or an individual.” (Dahl 1985: 99) Their “lawlikeness” (Dahl 1985: 97) raises them to eternal truths or generalizations.

* When cats are hungry they meow.
* Children like ice cream.
* Competitive athletes pay great attention to a well-balanced supply of essential nutrients.

===Habitual past===

The '''habitual past''' is found in habitual sentences with past time reference. English, Alawa, Oneida and Seneca belong to the group of languages which have a distinct habitual past. This particular instance of habituality is sometimes misleading because it does not exist in the present tense: It is unclear whether the situation described still holds. (Comrie 1985: 28)
* English: He used to swim every morning.

==Habituality markers in English==

* be used to: ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''
* would: ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''
* adverbials like usually, always etc.: ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
* like to: ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
* subordinate clauses beginning with (always) when: ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service. ''
* the do-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)

==Synonyms==

* [[habitualis]]
* [[usitative]]

==References==

* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X
* Binnick, Robert I. 2005. The Markers of Habitual Aspect in English. ''Journal of English Linguistics'' 33(4). 339-369. [http://eng.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/4/339 Full Text]
* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1985. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' ''' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3 [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]
* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3
* '''Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' ''' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]
* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' ''' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2 [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search]
* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1
* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4

==Other languages==
German [[Habitualis (de)]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-07-19T23:11:32Z

Michael.retzar: changing definition, comment & examples; adding subtypes; correcting minor mistakes

The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English.” (Dahl 1985: 97) Few languages even have tenses that are reserved for the habitual aspect.

==Comments==

The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]]. It must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1985: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeated occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single iterative situation than as a characteristic or habitual feature of the person who is coughing.

Habitual sentences can basically be categorized into three subtypes across languages: habituals, habitual-generic sentences and the habitual past. (Dahl 1985: 95-102)

==Subtypes and Examples==

===Habituals===

'''Habituals''' describe individual persons’ habits. Two types of habituals can be distinguished:

Some Languages have imperfective forms which can unambiguously be interpreted as '''exclusively habitual'''.

* North Welsh: ''Darllenwn i “Y Farner.”'' (I used to read “The Banner”.)
* Lithuanian: ''Atsikel davau anksti.'' (I used to get up early.)

The majority of languages has imperfective forms which can be interpreted as either '''habitual''' or '''progressive/conative/iterative'''. Sentences in these languages are defined as habituals if adverbs such as ''habitually'' or ''usually'' are implied in the context. The understanding of habituality is optional. (Comrie 1985: 25)

* English: ''After dinner Mr. and Mrs. Cooper go for a walk.''
* German: ''Vor dem Schlafengehen lese ich ein Buch.'' (Before going to bed I read a book.)
* Ancient Greek: ''Ὁ γεωργός πωλεί το σιτίον.'' (The farmer sells his corn.)

===Habitual-generics===

'''Habitual-generic''' sentences describe the “typical or characteristic properties of a species, a kind, or an individual.” (Dahl 1985: 99) Their “lawlikeness” (Dahl 1985: 97) raises them to eternal truths or generalizations.

* When cats are hungry they meow.
* Children like ice cream.
* Competitive athletes pay great attention to a well-balanced supply of essential nutrients.

===Habitual past===

The '''habitual past''' is found in habitual sentences with past time reference. English, Alawa, Oneida and Seneca belong to the group of languages which have a distinct habitual past. This particular instance of habituality is sometimes misleading because it does not exist in the present tense: It is unclear whether the situation described still holds. (Comrie 1985: 28)
* English: He used to swim every morning.

==Habituality markers in English==

* be used to: ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''
* would: ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''
* adverbials like usually, always etc.: ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
* like to: ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
* subordinate clauses beginning with (always) when: ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service. ''
* the do-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)

==Synonyms==

* [[habitualis]]
* [[usitative]]

==References==

* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X
* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1985. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3''' [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]
* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3
* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]
* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2''' * [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search]
* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1
* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4

==Other languages==
German [[Habitualis (de)]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-06-30T11:25:31Z

Michael.retzar: adding comment & glottopedia categories & more references & more links

Habitual aspect

2009-06-29T19:24:42Z

Michael.retzar: adding definition, categorization, examples, links --~~~~

Habitual aspect

2009-06-29T16:23:42Z

Michael.retzar: changing references, adjusting to glottopedia standards

{{stub}}

'''Habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes an [[event]] as occurring regularly or habitually.

==Synonyms==
* ''Habitualis''

==References==
* Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. (Link to [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search])
* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. (Link to [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Stockholm University])
* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. 1972. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21.
* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422.

{{wb}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-06-29T16:12:26Z

Michael.retzar: deleting initial headline

{{stub}}

'''Habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes an [[event]] as occurring regularly or habitually.

==Synonyms==
* ''Habitualis''

==Literature==
* Comrie, Bernard. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1976. 26-32. (Link to [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search])
* Dahl, Östen. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. 95-102. (Link to [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Stockholm University])
* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science, 1972. 21.
* Crystal, David. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1987. 422.

{{wb}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-06-29T16:09:38Z

Michael.retzar: adding web links to relevant articles

{{stub}}

==Definition==

'''Habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes an [[event]] as occurring regularly or habitually.

==Synonyms==
* ''Habitualis''

==Literature==
* Comrie, Bernard. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1976. 26-32. (Link to [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search])
* Dahl, Östen. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. 95-102. (Link to [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Stockholm University])
* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science, 1972. 21.
* Crystal, David. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1987. 422.

{{wb}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-06-29T15:50:28Z

Michael.retzar: changing page numbers in bibliography

{{stub}}

==Definition==

'''Habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes an [[event]] as occurring regularly or habitually.

==Synonyms==
* ''Habitualis''

==Literature==
* Comrie, Bernard. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1976. 26-32.
* Dahl, Östen. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. 95-102.
* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science, 1972. 21.
* Crystal, David. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1987. 422.

{{wb}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-06-29T15:45:28Z

Michael.retzar: changing page numbers in bibliography

{{stub}}

==Definition==

'''Habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes an [[event]] as occurring regularly or habitually.

==Synonyms==
* ''Habitualis''

==Literature==
* Comrie, Bernard. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1976. 26-32.
* Dahl, Osten. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. 97.
* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science, 1972. 21.
* Crystal, David. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1987. 422.

{{wb}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-06-29T14:52:31Z

Michael.retzar: bibliography

{{stub}}

==Definition==

'''Habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes an [[event]] as occurring regularly or habitually.

==Synonyms==
* ''Habitualis''

==Literature==
* Comrie, Bernard. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1976. 27-28.
* Dahl, Osten. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. 97.
* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science, 1972. 21.
* Crystal, David. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 1987. 422.

{{wb}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Aspect]]

Habitual aspect

2009-06-28T20:07:45Z

Michael.retzar: Creating the entry (still without content)

This page is currently under construction in charge of the University of Jena. A first release is planned for the end of July, 2009.