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Huddleston and Pullum's (2002) analysis of tense

2011-03-27T18:20:41Z

Oesten:

According to Huddelston and Pullum (2002), English has a two-dimensional systems of temporal reference which comprises the categories [[primary tense]] and [[secondary tense]]. [[Primary tense]]s express the distinction between past and present time. For example, "She went to school" contains a verb in the preterite tense (''went''). In "She goes to school" the tense of the verb is present (cf. Huddleston and Pullum 20022: 116).

[[Secondary tense]] distinguishes perfect from non-perfect forms, the former being marked with the auxiliary ''have''. For example, "He may have known her" is a perfect form, whereas "He may know her" is unmarked (Huddleston and Pullum 20022: 116).

Tense is regarded as a relationship between the time referred to and the time of orientation.

==Primary Tense==
===Parameters of analysis===
* Time referred to (Tr): time span about which information is provided
* Time of orientation (To): reference point, usually time of utterance/ moment of speech
* Time of the situation (Tsit): time span covered by the situation
* Deictic time (Td): type of encoding or decoding, normally the moment of utterance

====Relationship between Tr and T0====
* past time Tr < To (anterior)
* present time Tr = To (simultaneous)
* future time Tr > To (posterior)

====Examples====
(1) I met Michael at seven in the morning. (Tr < To)

(2) I hereby confirm you husband and wife. (Tr = To)

(3) I’ll take a nap at ten. (Tr > To)

* Time of situation (Tsit) is not necessarily identical to time referred to (Tr)

(4) What did you do between four and five o’clock? 
(4a) I was sleeping. 
(4b) I slept.

* Present tense: In most cases To is contained in Tsit

(5) I live in Jena.

* Deictic time is usually the moment of utterance. Under specific circumstances it can be shifted to the ‘decoding time’:

(6) You are now leaving West Berlin.

==Secondary Tense: The perfect ==

Parameters of analysis: the same parameters as for primary tense

===The perfect as a ‘non-deictic past tense’===

* it is a past tense because it is used when Tr <To;
* it is non-deictic because To is not (necessarily) identified with Td.

(1) He was believed [to have written it the previous week]. Tr <To (past)

(2) He is believed [to have written it last week] Tr <To (present)

(3) He hopes [to have written it by next week]. Tr <To (future)

* One To functions as a time of orientation for a given Tr; this Tr is at the same time the To for another Tr.

(4) Yesterday, he was believed to have written it the previous week. (Huddelston and Pullum 2002: 140).

===Uses the of the perfect===

* The continuative perfect/universal (=states)

(5) She has lived in Berlin ever since she married.

* The experiential perfect/existential (= occurrences within the time span up to now)

(6) His sister has been up Mont Blanc twice.

* The resultative perfect (=change of state)

(7) She has broken her leg.

* The perfect of recent past (=news announcements)

(8) She has recently/just been to Paris. (Huddleston and Pullum 2002: 141f).

==Literature==
* Huddleston, Rodney D., Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.'' Cambridge: CUP.

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[[Category:Tense]]

User:Oesten

2007-07-01T21:51:56Z

Oesten: New page: Östen Dahl Department of Linguistics Stockholm University 106 91 Stockholm Sweden

Östen Dahl

Department of Linguistics

Stockholm University

106 91 Stockholm

Sweden

Main Page

2007-06-30T21:21:10Z

Oesten:

'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''

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===Syntax===
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])

[[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[rich agreement]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]

===Morphology===
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])

[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[flag]], [[infinitive]], [[lexeme]], [[morpheme]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[prefix]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]

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(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])

[[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[velarization]]

===Semantics===
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])

[[ambiguity]], [[agent]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[meaning]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[vagueness]]

===Computational Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])

[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[ID/LP-Syntax]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-Level Morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]]

===Quantitative Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])

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[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]],
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(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])

[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]] ·[[Johannes Benzing]] · [[Simon C. Dik]] ·[[Dionysius Thrax]] · [[Stefan Elders]] · [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]] · [[Einar Haugen]] · [[Marco Haverkort]] · [[Karl Erich Heidolph]] · [[Georg Friedrich Meier]] · [[Harry L. Shorto]] · [[John Sinclair]] ·[[Sergej A. Starostin]] ·[[Jost Winteler]]

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* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]

Synchronie und Diachronie

2007-06-30T21:19:56Z

Oesten:

{{stub}}

'''Synchronie''' und '''Diachronie''' sind zwei Perspektiven auf die Sprache: Die synchrone Perspektive betrachtet die Sprache zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt, während die diachrone Perspektive die Sprcahe in ihrer Veränderung im Laufe der Zeit betrachtet.

===Ursprung===
Die Terminologie geht auf [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] zurück.

===Link===
[http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/personal/lehmann/Fundus/Synchronie_Diachronie.html Christian Lehmann, Synchronie und Diachronie]

===Andere Sprachen===
*Englisch [[synchrony and diachrony]]
*Französisch [[synchronie et diachronie]]
*Swedish [[synkroni och diakroni]]

{{wb}}
[[Category:General]]

Part of speech

2007-06-30T21:18:22Z

Oesten:

The term '''part of speech''' is a synonym of [[word class]].

===Comments===
This old term has long been opaque and has tended to be supplanted by other terms in the 20th century, especially [[word class]]. However, there are of course many criteria by which one could classify words, so ''word class'' is not fully transparent either. It is perhaps for this reason that many linguists continue to use this term, especially in typology (e.g. Hengeveld et al. 2004, van Lier 2006).

===Origin===
''Part of speech'' is a [[loan translation]] of Latin ''pars orationis'', which has been the main Latin term for word classes since antiquity. ''Oratio'' means 'speech', but can also be used for 'sentence'.

===References===
*Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff & Anna Siewierska (2004). Parts-of-speech systems and word order. ''Journal of Linguistics'' 40. 527—570.
*van Lier, Eva 2006. Parts-of-Speech systems and dependent clauses: A typological study. ''Folia Linguistica''

===Other languages===
French [[partie du discours]]
German [[Redeteil]]
Swedish [[ordklass]]

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[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Part of speech|!]]

Experiencer

2007-06-30T21:16:15Z

Oesten:

{{stub}}

'''Experiencer''' is a [[semantic role]] denoting a participant in an experiential situation that undergoes an experience.

===Examples===
the subject of ''fear, love, hear'', the object of ''please''

===Other languages===
*French [[expérient]]
*German [[Experiens]]
*Swedish [[upplevare]]

{{dc}}
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Semantic role]]

Semantic role

2007-06-30T21:15:31Z

Oesten:

A '''semantic role''' is the role played by a [[participant]] in a [[situation]].

=== Examples ===
In ''The boy cut the string with a knife'', the boy has the semantic role [[agent]], ''the string'' has the role [[patient]], and ''a knife'' has the role [[instrument]].

=== Comments ===

This term is not very widely used in the theoretical literature, but it is the most neutral term, being maximally transparent (not incorporating confusing components like "thematic", "case", etc.) (e.g. Quirk et al. 1985:740ff.)

=== Subtypes ===
*[[agent]]
*[[patient]]
*[[experiencer]]
*[[stimulus]]
*[[theme]]
*[[recipient]]
*[[location]]
*[[goal]]
*[[source]]

=== Synonyms ===
*[[thematic relation]]
*[[thematic role]]
*[[Θ-role (Theta role)]]
*[[deep case]], [[case role]], [[case relation]]
*[[semantic function]] (Simon Dik's Functional Grammar)
*[[kāraka]] (Panini)

=== Reference ===

*Quirk, Randolph & Sidney Greenbaum & Geoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik. 1985. ''A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.'' Longman, Harcourt.

===Other languages===
*German [[semantische Rolle]]
*Swedish [[semantisk roll]]

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[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Semantic role|!]]

Deep case

2007-06-30T21:14:25Z

Oesten:

The term '''deep case''' denotes a [[semantic role]] and is used especially in work influenced by Fillmore (1968).

=== Synonyms ===
*[[semantic role]]
*[[thematic relation]]
*[[thematic role]]
*[[Θ-role]]
*[[semantic function]]
*[[kāraka]]

=== Origin ===
Fillmore (1968) uses the terms ''deep structure cases'' (1968:21), ''case relationships'' (1968:21), ''deep cases'' (1968:32), which became widely known.

=== References ===
*Fillmore, Charles. 1968. ''The case for case.'' In Bach, Emmon & Harms, R. (eds.) ''Universals in linguistic theory'' New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1-90.

===Other languages===
*German [[Tiefenkasus]]
*Swedish [[djupkasus]]
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[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Semantic role|!]]
[[Category:Case]]