Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Property

2009-07-02T21:38:15Z

Rk:

Quantitative properties, as opposed to qualitative ones, are defined in a way which makes possible to measure them and to operate with the results, i.e. to use mathematical methods. Qualitative properties are defined on a so-called nominal, or categorial scales, which means that the only possible operation is to compare them with respect to identity or non-identity. Every day color terms are an example of qualitative values, they constitute the qualitative property color. An object can be compared to other objects with respect to color only by qualitative means, i.e. by determining whether both objects share their color or not.

Quantitative properties can be defined on three different scales. The first one is the ordinal or comparative scale. An exaple of such a property is the way school-boys may determine which of them is the strongest one, the second strongest etc. The values of such a scale allows to arrange objects according to the corresponding order but they do not allow to give more precise information. They allow us to determine that an object possesses more or less of a given property than another one, or the same amount of it – formally: P(A) > P(B), P(A) = P(B) or P(A) < P(B). Applying this kind of concept yields a higher degree of order, viz. a ranking of the objects with respect to a given property. A linguistic example is the grammatical acceptability of sentences. The highest degree of order is achieved with the help of metrical concepts, which are needed if the difference between the amounts of a given property object a and b possess plays a role. In this case, the values of the property are mapped to the elements of an appropriate set of numbers, i.e. a set of numbers in which the relations between these numbers correspond to the relations between the values of the properties of the objects. In this way, specific operations such as subtraction correspond to specific differences or distances in the properties between the objects – formally: P(A) – P(B) = d. This enables the researcher to establish an arbitrarily fine conceptual grid within his field of study. Concepts which allow determining distances or similarities between objects are called interval-scale concepts. If another feature is added, viz. a fixed point of reference (e.g. an absolute zero) ratio-scaled concepts are obtained, which allow the operation of multiplication and division, formally: P(A) = aP(B) + d. Only the latter scale enables to formulate how many times object A has more than B of a property.

Often, quantitative concepts are introduced indirectly. Quantification can start from established (or potential) quantitative concepts and adding the needed features. One has to make sure that the conceptual scale is chosen properly, i.e. the concepts must be formed according to the mathematical operations which correspond to the properties and relations of the objects. The polysemy of words may serve as a linguistic example of an indirectly introduced quantitative concept. Polysemy is originally a qualitative concept in traditional linguistics which identifies or differentiates words with respect to lexical ambiguity. Taking this as a starting point, a quantitative variant of this concept can easily be created: It may be defined as the number of meanings of a linguistic expression; the values admitted are cardinal numbers in the interval [1,∞), i.e. the smallest possible value is 1 whereas an upper limit cannot be specified. This is a well-defined ratio-scale concept: using basic mathematical operations, differences in polysemy between words can be expressed (e.g. word x has three meanings more than word y) and even the ratio between the polysemy of two words values can be specified (word x has twice as many meanings as word y), since we have a fixed reference point: the minimum polysemy 1. Only by means of concepts on higher scales, i.e. quantitative ones is it possible to pose deeper-reaching questions and even to make corresponding observations. Thus, without our quantitative concept of polysemy no-one could even notice that there is a lawful relation between the number of meanings of a word and its length).

Property

2009-07-02T21:36:58Z

Rk: Created page with 'Quantitative properties, as opposed to qualitative ones, are defined in a way which makes possible to measure them and to operate with the results, i.e. to use mathematical metho...'

Quantitative properties, as opposed to qualitative ones, are defined in a way which makes possible to measure them and to operate with the results, i.e. to use mathematical methods. Qualitative properties are defined on a so-called nominal, or categorial scales, which means that the only possible operation is to compare them with respect to identity or non-identity. Every day color terms are an example of qualitative values, they constitute the qualitative property color. An object can be compared to other objects with respect to color only by qualitative means, i.e. by determining whether both objects share their color or not.
Quantitative properties can be defined on three different scales. The first one is the ordinal or comparative scale. An exaple of such a property is the way school-boys may determine which of them is the strongest one, the second strongest etc. The values of such a scale allows to arrange objects according to the corresponding order but they do not allow to give more precise information. They allow us to determine that an object possesses more or less of a given property than another one, or the same amount of it – formally: P(A) > P(B), P(A) = P(B) or P(A) < P(B). Applying this kind of concept yields a higher degree of order, viz. a ranking of the objects with respect to a given property. A linguistic example is the grammatical acceptability of sentences. The highest degree of order is achieved with the help of metrical concepts, which are needed if the difference between the amounts of a given property object a and b possess plays a role. In this case, the values of the property are mapped to the elements of an appropriate set of numbers, i.e. a set of numbers in which the relations between these numbers correspond to the relations between the values of the properties of the objects. In this way, specific operations such as subtraction correspond to specific differences or distances in the properties between the objects – formally: P(A) – P(B) = d. This enables the researcher to establish an arbitrarily fine conceptual grid within his field of study. Concepts which allow determining distances or similarities between objects are called interval-scale concepts. If another feature is added, viz. a fixed point of reference (e.g. an absolute zero) ratio-scaled concepts are obtained, which allow the operation of multiplication and division, formally: P(A) = aP(B) + d. Only the latter scale enables to formulate how many times object A has more than B of a property.
Often, quantitative concepts are introduced indirectly. Quantification can start from established (or potential) quantitative concepts and adding the needed features. One has to make sure that the conceptual scale is chosen properly, i.e. the concepts must be formed according to the mathematical operations which correspond to the properties and relations of the objects. The polysemy of words may serve as a linguistic example of an indirectly introduced quantitative concept. Polysemy is originally a qualitative concept in traditional linguistics which identifies or differentiates words with respect to lexical ambiguity. Taking this as a starting point, a quantitative variant of this concept can easily be created: It may be defined as the number of meanings of a linguistic expression; the values admitted are cardinal numbers in the interval [1,∞), i.e. the smallest possible value is 1 whereas an upper limit cannot be specified. This is a well-defined ratio-scale concept: using basic mathematical operations, differences in polysemy between words can be expressed (e.g. word x has three meanings more than word y) and even the ratio between the polysemy of two words values can be specified (word x has twice as many meanings as word y), since we have a fixed reference point: the minimum polysemy 1. Only by means of concepts on higher scales, i.e. quantitative ones is it possible to pose deeper-reaching questions and even to make corresponding observations. Thus, without our quantitative concept of polysemy no-one could even notice that there is a lawful relation between the number of meanings of a word and its length).

Frequency (Quantitative linguistics)

2009-07-02T20:37:21Z

Rk: Created page with 'Frequency is one of the most prominent quantitative properties of linguistic units among others, such as length, comlexity, polysemy, age, polytextuality, and homonymy. Laws and...'

Frequency is one of the most prominent quantitative properties of linguistic units among others, such as length, comlexity, polysemy, age, polytextuality, and homonymy.

Laws and hypotheses concerning frequency are based on

(1) distributional analyses (in form of rank-frequency distributions, cf. the well-known Zipf (Zipf-Mandelbrot) law, or in the spectral form, which represents the number of units with a given frequency;

(2) functional interrelations such as the dependence of the length of many types of units on their frequency or the dependence of frequency on polytextuality;

(3) the development of the frequency of a given unit (type) over the time.

There are several linguistic units which can be investigated according to their frequency of occurrence: sounds or phonemes, letters, syllables, morph(em)s, words, word classes such as part-of-speech, and even higher units such as syntactic constructions.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:DICT]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2009-07-02T20:34:19Z

Rk: /* Concepts and Terms */

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation in linguistics]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[property_frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]] – [[Ngram frequency]] – [[syntactic complexity]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
Journals: [[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]] - [[Glottometrics]]

Book series: [[book series Quantitative Linguistics|Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[Bibliographien]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>
[[Hans Arens]] - [[Adolf Lucas Bacmeister]] - [[Siegfried Behn (de)]] - [[Anton Semënovič Budilovič]] - [[Viktor Jakovlevič Bunjakovskij]] - [[Sergej Grigor'evič Čebanov]] - [[Nikolaj Gavrilovič Černyševskij]] - [[Jan Czekanowski]] - [[Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann]] - [[Georg von der Gabelentz]] - [[Georg Philipp Harsdörffer]] - [[Gustav Herdan (engl.)]] - [[Gustav Herdan]] - [[Jean Paul]] - [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]] - [[Karl Knauer (de)]] - [[Reinhard Köhler]] - [[Jiří Krámský]] - [[Dmitrij Nikolaevič Kudrjavskij]] - [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] - [[Wincenty Lutosławski]] - [[Andrei Andrejewitsch Markow]] - [[Helmut Meier]] - [[August Friedrich Pott]] - [[August Schleicher]] - [[Albert Thumb (de)]] - [[Bohumil Trnka]]  <div style="font-size:80%;">

== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics|!]]

Polytextuality

2009-07-02T20:21:59Z

Rk:

'''Polytextuality''' is a measure of the degree of independence of a linguistic unit from its context (or co-text).

This concepts can be oprationalised, depending on the unit under study, in different ways. The P. of a word is usually measured by determining the number of different texts in a corpus, in which the given word occurs at least once (in informations retrieval, this measure is nowadays called "document frequency", which might be considered as a rather misleading term). The P. of a morpheme might be measured in terms of the number of different words it occurs in (by some authors confused with the term "productivity").

Word P. morpheme P. and other units have been investigated with respect to their distributions and to their interrelations to some other properties of these units.

==References==

'''Köhler, Reinhard''' (1986): ''Zur linguistischen Synergetik. Struktur und Dynamik der Lexik''. Bochum: Brockmeyer.

http://www-alt.uni-trier.de/uni/fb2/ldv/lql_wiki/index.php/Frequency_and_polytextuality

{{Dc}}
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]

Syntactic complexity

2009-03-03T16:07:39Z

Rk: New page: '''syntactic complexity''' can be measured in terms of the number of immediate constituents of a syntactic construction. This property has been shown to depend on the frequency of a const...

'''syntactic complexity''' can be measured in terms of the number of immediate constituents of a syntactic construction.

This property has been shown to depend on the frequency of a construction type and vice versa. In the framework of [[synergetic linguistics]], it is also connected with [[position]] (within a mother constituent) and [[length]] (measured in terms of the number of terminal nodes.

This dependency models a hypothesis which is a modified version of Hawkins' Early Immediate Constituent principle.

==References==

'''Hawkins, John''' (1994): ''A performance theory of order and constituency''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

'''Köhler, Reinhard''' (1986): ''Zur linguistischen Synergetik. Struktur und Dynamik der Lexik''. Bochum: Brockmeyer.

'''Köhler, Reinhard''' (1999): ''Syntactic structures: properties and interrelations''. In Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 6, 46-57.

'''Köhler, Reinhard/Altmann, Gabriel''' (2000): ''Probability
distributions of syntactic units and properties''.
In: Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 7,
189-200.

{{Dc}}
[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2009-03-03T15:40:34Z

Rk:

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation in linguistics]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]] – [[Ngram frequency]] – [[syntactic complexity]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
Journals: [[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]] - [[Glottometrics]]

Book series: [[book series Quantitative Linguistics|Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[Bibliographien]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>
[[Hans Arens]] - [[Adolf Lucas Bacmeister]] - [[Siegfried Behn (de)]] - [[Anton Semënovič Budilovič]] - [[Viktor Jakovlevič Bunjakovskij]] - [[Sergej Grigor'evič Čebanov]] - [[Nikolaj Gavrilovič Černyševskij]] - [[Jan Czekanowski]] - [[Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann]] - [[Georg von der Gabelentz]] - [[Georg Philipp Harsdörffer]] - [[Gustav Herdan (engl.)]] - [[Gustav Herdan]] - [[Jean Paul]] - [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]] - [[Karl Knauer (de)]] - [[Reinhard Köhler]] - [[Jiří Krámský]] - [[Dmitrij Nikolaevič Kudrjavskij]] - [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] - [[Wincenty Lutosławski]] - [[Andrei Andrejewitsch Markow]] - [[Helmut Meier]] - [[August Friedrich Pott]] - [[August Schleicher]] - [[Albert Thumb (de)]] - [[Bohumil Trnka]]  <div style="font-size:80%;">

== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics|!]]

QUALICO-Konferenzen

2009-03-01T00:37:45Z

Rk:

Seit 1991 wird auf einer regelmäßigen Basis eine internationale, weltweite Konferenz veranstaltet. Die ersten dieser Konferenzen zur quatitativen Linguistik (QUALICO) fand an der Universität Trier, Deutschland, statt. Seit 1997 wird die Konferenz von der International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA) organisiert.

Die Ergebnisse der ersten Konferenz (1991 in Trier) wurden als Buch veröffentlicht:<br>
Reinhard Köhler/Burghard Rieger (eds.) (1993), Contributions to quantitative linguistics. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer.

Die Ergebnisse der folgenden Konferenzen (1994 in Moskau, 1997 in Helsinki, 2000 in Prag, 2003 in Athens (Georgia, USA)) wurden vom Journal of Quantitative Linguistics publiziert.

Die nächste QUALICO findet in Graz vom 17. bis 20. September 2009 statt. Anmeldung zur Teilnahme und Einreichung von Beiträgen: http://www.iqla.org/qualico_2009/

[[Category:De]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistik]]
[[Category:LING]]
[[Category:Conference]]

QUALICO conference

2009-03-01T00:34:04Z

Rk:

Since 1991, an international, world-wide conference is held on a regular basis. The first of these quantitative linguistic conferences (QUALICO) was held at the University of Trier, Germany. Since 1997, it is organised by the International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA).

The proceedings of the first conference in Trier, 1991, were published as a book:
Reinhard Köhler/Burghard Rieger (eds.) (1993), Contributions to quantitative linguistics. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer.

The proceedings of the subsequent conferences (1994 in Moscow, 1997 in Helsinki, 2000 in Prague, 2003 in Athens, Georgia, USA) were published by the Journal of Quantitative Linguistics

The next international quantitative linguistics conference (QUALICO 2009) will be held in Graz (Austria), sept. 17-20, 2009. Call for Papers and Pre-Registration are open: http://www.iqla.org/qualico_2009/

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]
[[Category:LING]]
[[Category:Conference]]

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2007-11-02T14:56:59Z

Rk: /* '''Biographical Articles''' */

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation in linguistics]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
Journals: [[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]] , [[Glottometrics]] – Book series: [[book series Quantitative Linguistics|Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>
[[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]] - [[Gustav Herdan (engl.)]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]
[[Category:Quantitative linguistics|!]]

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2007-11-02T14:56:25Z

Rk: /* '''Biographical Articles''' */

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation in linguistics]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
Journals: [[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]] , [[Glottometrics]] – Book series: [[book series Quantitative Linguistics|Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>
[[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]] - [[Gustav Herdan]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]
[[Category:Quantitative linguistics|!]]

Gustav Herdan (de)

2007-10-26T14:47:28Z

Rk:

Geb. 21.1.1897 in Brünn (Mähren; Mutter Anna, Vater Adolf, Kaufmann); gest. 16.11.1968 (Bournemouth). Jurist, Statistiker und Linguist.
Besuch der ersten deutschen Staatsrealschule in Brünn, Reifezeugnis 1915, Maturitätszeugnis Staatsgymnasium Brünn 1916, Studium der Rechtswissenschaft ab WS 1917/18 in Wien und Prag (deutsche Universität), dazwischen 2 Jahre Militärdienst; Promotion 1923 an der deutschen Universität Prag; zu dieser Zeit wurden von Jura-Promovenden keine Disser-tationen verfasst. Danach Tätigkeit am Landesgericht Brünn; ab 1933 Studium vor allem des Chinesischen in Berlin, London (Diplom für klassisches Chinesisch), Prag und Wien, 1937 in Wien abgeschlossen mit Promotion in Sinologie (ostasiatische Sprachen) und englischer Philologie. 1938 Emigration nach England; Studium der Mathematik und Statistik; stellt 1939-1945 seine Kenntnisse der Statistik in den Dienst der englischen Kriegswirtschaft. Arbeit als Statistiker in der Industrie. Ab 1948 „Lecturer in Statistics“ in der Faculty of Medicine der Universität Bristol.
Mitglied der American Statistical Society, Fellow der Royal Statistical Society, Mitglied der Linguistic Society of America.
Herdans große Bedeutung für die Sprachwissenschaft besteht darin, dass er wohl als erster eine Gesamtdarstellung der Quantitativen Linguistik vorgelegt hat. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt seiner Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Überprüfung von mathematisch formulierten Sprachgesetzen („statistical laws“). Seine Auffassung hierzu kommt u.a. im folgenden Zitat zum Ausdruck: „The masses of linguistic forms...are a part of the physical universe, and as such are subject to the laws which govern mass assemblies of any kind... This is how the need for statistical linguistics arises“ (Herdan 1960a: 3).
In Anknüpfung an Saussures Dichotomie von langue und parole sowie an die Informationstheorie und Kybernetik steht er zusammen mit Pierre Guiraud und Charles Muller für den Aufschwung der Quantitativen Linguistik in den 1950er/ 1960er Jahren (Aichele 2005: 18). Dabei behandelt er eine große Vielfalt von Themen: Fragen der Identifikation anonymer Autoren, Stilometrie, Sprachwandel und -mischung, Anwendung der Informationstheorie, Type-token-Relation, Wortlängen- und Wortfrequenzverteilungen, Zusammenhang zwischen Textlänge und Vokabularumfang sowie zwischen Stilistik und Sprachtypologie. Ein weiteres Thema ist ihm das Deutsch der Nationalsozialisten (Herdan 1960a: 263ff.). In seinen Werken werden etliche Sprachgesetze vorgestellt, darunter die Zipf- bzw. Zipf-Mandelbrot-Verteilung, Poisson-Verteilung, Lognormalverteilung. Auch wenn nicht jedes Detail heute genau so gesehen wird wie von ihm, ist Herdan doch einer der Pioniere der Quantitativen Linguistik. Zu vielen dieser Theman hat er mit der Unterstützung seiner Studenten eine Fülle von Daten erarbeitet, die man auch aus dem Blickwinkel neuer theoretischer Überlegungen nutzen kann (vgl. z.B. Best & Zhu 2001: 103ff.).
Herdan studierte eher Philologie als Linguistik und haftete – wie zu seiner Zeit alle Linguisten – an den Lehren von F. de Saussure und denen des Prager Strukturalismus. Dieser Hintergrund öffnete ihm einige Tore, auf der anderen Seite hinderte er ihn, einen Schritt weiter zu gehen. 40 Jahre nach seinem Tod und in Anbetracht der Entwicklung in der Quantitativen Linguistik ist es nicht schwer, die Irrtümer zu sehen, denen er unterlag. Seine Kritiker, die ihn eher vom linguistischen Standpunkt aus rezensiert haben, kritisierten mehr seinen „nichtlinguistischen“ Blick auf Sprachphänomene und ihre Interpretationen, seltener seine Methoden. Nichtsdestoweniger brachte er eine ganze Reihe von Problemen zum Vorschein, deren konsequente Weiterführung neue Bereiche der Linguistik eröffnen könnte.
Herdan nahm den Kampf mit „qualitativen“ Linguisten betont engagiert auf und griff besonders die Vertreter der damals sich neu entwickelnden generativen Grammatik bei jeder Gelegenheit an. Diplomatie war nicht gerade seine starke Seite. In damaliger Zeit konnte er die Auseinandersetzung nicht für sich entscheiden; heute hat sich die Situation jedoch beträchtlich geändert. Es ist zu bedauern, dass er auch gegen Vertreter der Quantitativen Linguistik eine negative Einstellung hatte. Zipf und sein Prinzip der geringsten Anstrengung sowie sein Gesetz, das heutzutage in mindestens 20 wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen seinen Platz gefunden hat, lehnte er schroff ab. Heute sind Zipfs Entdeckungen die Grundlage der synergetischen Linguistik und sein Prinzip, das axiomatisch gilt, wurde in zahlreiche Spezialfälle aufgespalten.
Von Herdan kann man jedoch sehr viel lernen. Es sind nicht so sehr die Methoden und Ansätze, die er benutzte, bzw. die Interpretationen, die er ihnen gab, sondern eher die Fülle der Probleme, die er in die Diskussion brachte. Sicherlich sind manche von ihnen Pseudoprobleme oder nicht gerade adäquat gelöste Ansätze, aber man kann aus ihnen ersehen, welche Richtungen möglich sind. Er wird heute noch immer oft zitiert, im positiven Sinne (vgl. u.a. Köhler, Altmann & Piotrowski 2005; Nikitopoulos 1980). Vielleicht hat er sich in seinen linguistischen Bemühungen allzusehr auf seine eigenen linguistischen Kenntnisse verlassen und jegliche Kooperation mit Linguisten vermieden, im Gegensatz zur Medizin, wo er nur als Statistiker wirkte und mit anderen kooperierte.

==Literatur==
*Aichele, Dieter (2005). Quantitative Linguistik in Deutschland und Österreich. In: Köhler, Reinhard, Altmann, Gabriel, & Piotrowski, Rajmund G. (Hrsg.), Quantitative Linguistik - Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch:. 16-23. Berlin/ N.Y.: de Gruyter.

*Best, Karl-Heinz, Altmann, Gabriel (2007). XXX. Gustav Herdan (1897-1968). Glottometrics 15, 92-96.

*Best, Karl-Heinz, & Zhu, Jinyang (2001). Wortlängenverteilungen in chinesischen Texten und Wörterbüchern. In: Best, Karl-Heinz (Hrsg.), Häufigkeitsverteilungen in Texten: 101-114. Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.

*Chrétien, C. Douglas (1962/63). A New Statistical Approach to the Study of Language? Romance Philology 16, 290-301. (Review Article zu Herdan, Language as Choice and Chance, 1956).

*Grayston, K., & Herdan, G. (1959/60). The Authorship of the Pastorals in the Light of Statistical Linguistics. New Testament Studies VI, 1-15.

*Heilmann, Luigi (1969). Gustav Herdan. Lingua e Stile 4, 93-96.

*Herdan, Gustav (1937). Die Reduplikationen des Chih Ching (Diss.phil., Wien, nur 1 Ex., das lt. Mitteilung v. 14.2.07 in der Fachbereichsbibliohtek Ostasienwissenschaften der Universität Wien noch vorhanden ist.).

*Herdan, Gustav (1940). The Mathematical Analysis of Linguistic Behavior. Thesis.

*Herdan, Gustav (1941). Factorial Analysis of Recorded Speech. Thesis.
*Herdan, Gustav (1952). Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation as a case of stochastic dependence. Die Naturwissenschaften 39, 350.
*Herdan, Gustav (1953). Language in the Light of Information. Metron XVII, 89-125.
*Herdan, Gustav (1953). Language in the Light of Information II. Metron XVII, 93-122.
*Herdan, Gustav (1954). Informationstheoretische Analyse als Werkzeug der Sprach¬for-schung. Die Naturwissenschaften 41, 293-295.
*Herdan, Gustav (1955). A new derivation of Yule’s characteristic K. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik/ Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics/ Journal de Mathématiques et de Physique appliqées VI, 332-334.
*Herdan, Gustav (1956). Chaucer’s Authorship of the Equantorie of the Planets. The Use of Romance Vocabulary as Evidence. Language 32, 254-259.
*Herdan, Gustav (1956). Language as Choice and Chance. Groningen: Noordhoff.
*Herdan, Gustav (1957). The Numerical Expression of Selective Variation in the Vowel-Consonant Sequence in English and Russian. In: Pulgram, Ernst (ed.), Studies presented to Joshua Whatmough on his sixtieth birthday (S. 91-104). ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). An Inequality Relation between Yule’s Characteristic K and Shannon’s Entropy H. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik/ Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics/ Journal de Mathématiques et de Physique appliqées IX, 69-73.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The mathematical relation between Greenberg’s index of linguistic diversity and Yule’s characteristic. Biometrika 45, 268-270.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The Relation between the Functional Burdening of Phonemes and the Frequency of Occurrence. Language and Speech 1, 8-13.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The relation between the dictionary distribution and the occurrence distribution of word length and its importance for the study of quantitative linguistics. Biometrika 45, 222-228.
*Herdan, Gustav (1959). The Hapax Legomenon: A Real or Apparent Phenomenon? Language and Speech 2, 26-36.
*Herdan, Gustav (1960). Linguistic Philosophy in the Light of Modern Linguistics. Language and Speech 3, 78-83.
*Herdan, Gustav (1960a). Type-Token Mathematics. A Textbook of Mathematical Linguistics. ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). A Critical Examination of Simon’s Model of Certain Distribution Functions in Linguistics. Applied Statistics 10, 65-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). Rev. zu: Pierre Guiraud, Problèmes et méthodes de la statistique linguistique. Language 37, 120-125.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). Vocabulary statistics and Phonology: A Parallel. Language XXXVII, 247-255.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). The Calculus of Linguistic Observations. ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). The Patterning of Semitic Verbal Roots Subjected to Combinatory Analysis. Word XVIII, 262-268.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). Statistics of phonemic systems. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences held at the university of Helsinki, 4-9 September 1961 (S. 435-439). Ed by Antti Sovijärvi & Pentti Aalto. The Hague: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1963). Mathematical models of linguistic distribution functions. Études de Linguistique Appliquée II, 47-64.
*Herdan, Gustav (1963). A method for the quantitative analysis of language mixture. Statistical Methods in Linguistics 2, 110-123.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). The Structuralistic Approach to Chinese Grammar and Vocabulary. Two Essays. The Hague: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). On communication between linguists. Linguistics 9, 71-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Mathematics of genealogical relationship beween languages. Proceedings of the 9th international Congress of Linguistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (S. 51-60). Ed. by Horace G. Lunt. London/ The Hague/ Paris: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Quantitative Linguistics. London: Butterworths. (ital.: Linguistica quantitativa. Bologna: Il Mulino 1971)
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Quantitative linguistics or generative grammar? Linguistics 4, 56-65.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Reply. Archivum Linguisticum XVI, 82-84.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965, 41971). Eine Gesetzmäßigkeit der Sprachenmischung. Mit einem Exkurs über Goethes ‚West-östlichen Divan‘. Mathematik und Dichtung. Versuche zur Frage einer exakten Literaturwissenschaft: 85-106. Zusammen mit Rul Gunzenhäuser hrsg. von Helmut Kreuzer. 4. durchgesehene Auflage. München: Nymphenburger.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965). Lexicality and its statistical reflection. Language and Speech VIII, 190-196.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965). Suitable and unsuitable mathematical models in language statistics, and their consequences. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, held at the University of Münster. Ed. by Eberhard Zwirner & Wolfgang Bethge (S. 61-81). Basel: Karger.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). The advanced theory of language as choice and chance. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Chinese – a conceptual or a notational language? Linguistics 28, 59-73.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Haeckels biogenetisches Grundgesetz in der Sprachwissenschaft. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 19, 321-338.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). La lessicalità e il suo riflesso statistico. Lingua e Stile 1, 135-142.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Letter to the editor. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique XI, 401-402.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). How can quantitative methods contribute to our understanding of lan¬¬guage mixture and language borrowing? In: Statistique et analyse linguistique. Colloque de Strasbourg (20-22 avril 1964) (S. 17-39). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Il calcolo della frequenza delle parole. Forme della parola o lem-matizzatione? Lingua e Stile 2, 47-50.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Chinese – A conceptual or a notational language? Monumenta Serica 26, 47-75.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). The crisis in modern general linguistics. La Linguistique 2, 27-37.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). L’elemento formale matematico nelle lingue naturali. Lingua e Stile 2, 277-289.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). The jig-saw puzzle of Saussurian and quantitative linguistics. Lingua e Stile 4, 69-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Principi generali e metodi della linguistica matematica. Il Verri. Rivista di Letteratura 24, 87-99.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). „Götzendämmerung“ at M.I.T. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 21, 223-231.
*(Herdan) Cherdan, Dž. (1968). Krisis sovremennogo obščego jazykoznanija. Voprosy jazy-koznanija, H. 2, 112-117.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). Rezension zu: Charles Muller, Étude de statistique lexicale: le vocabulaire du théâtre de Pierre Corneille. Language 44, 659-664.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). Zur Verfasserfrage in den Isländersagas. Zeitschrift für Deutsche Philologie 87, 97-99.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). Mathematical models of language. Studium Generale 22, 191-196.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). About some controversial results of the quantitative method in linguistics. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 85, 376-384.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). The mathematical theory of verse. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 22, 225-234.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). Vokabularstruktur und Semantik. Phonetica 19, 142-155.
*Köhler, Reinhard, Altmann, Gabriel, & Piotrowski, Rajmund G. (Hrsg.), Quantitative Linguistik - Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. Berlin/ N.Y.: de Gruyter.
*Krallmann, Dieter. (1969). Necrologium: Gustav Herdan 1898-1968. Phonetica 20, 232-233.
*Krámský, Jiří (1969). Gustav Herdan – An Obituary. Philologia Pragensia 12, 175.
*Meier, Georg F. (1970). Nachruf: Gustav Herdan. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 23, 110-111.
*Nikitopoulos, Pantelis (1980). Sprachstatistik. In: Althaus, Hans Peter, Henne, Helmut, & Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (Hrsg.), Lexikon der germanistischen Linguistik. 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. S. 792-797. Tübingen: Niemeyer 1980.
*Zasorina, L.N., & Tisenko, E.V. (1972). Statističeskaja koncepcija G. Cherdana. Naučnye Doklady Vysšej Školy - Filologičeskie nauki 15, H. 2 (68), 99-109.

Hinweis: Herdan hat allein oder mit anderen zusammen eine ganze Reihe weiterer Untersuchungen veröffentlicht, vor allem zu medizinischen Themen.

Für Unterstützung bei den Recherchen ist herzlich zu danken: Fachbereichsbibliothek Ostasienwissenschaften der Universität Wien (Maja Fuchs), Svitlana Kiyko (Czernowitz), Jürgen Udolph (Leipzig), Ludmila Uhlířová (Prag), Universitätsarchiv Wien (Johannes Seidl), Universitätsbibliothek Wien (Ingrid Ramirer), Andrew Wilson (Lancaster).

Karl-Heinz Best, Göttingen

Gabriel Altmann, Lüdenscheid

[[Category:De]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistik]]
[[Category:BIOG]]

Boris Isaakovič Jarcho

2007-10-26T10:04:46Z

Rk:

[[Image:Jarcho.jpg|127px|left|B.I. Jarcho (1889-1942)]]
The Russian philologist Boris Isaakovič Jarcho (Engl. transliteration also: Yarkho) (1889-1942) holds a prominent position in the history of quantitative approaches. He was born in Moscow, on March 14th (26th), where he studied at the historical-philological faculty, graduating in 1912. After his graduation he spent some time in Heidelberg and Berlin to broaden his knowledge in the field of classical philology. Returning to Moscow in 1916, he worked as an assistant professor at Lomonosov Moscow State University and became a member of the well-known Moscow Linguistic Circle MLK (Moskovskij lingvističeskij kružok) in 1921.
In 1921 he was accepted as a full member of the Russian Academy of the Science of Arts (“Rossijskaja Akademija Chudožestvennych Nauk” – RACHN, later, in 1925, renamed in “Gosudarstvennaja Akademija Chudožestvenych Nauk“ – GACHN). In the academy, he headed “The Cabinet for Theoretical Poetics” and “The Commission for Literary Translation”. After the liquidation of the GACHN in 1930, Jarcho was mainly engaged with the translations of literary texts. In the context of the affair of the „nemcy-slovarniki“ he was arrested in 1935 and sentenced to three years of prison, which was later changed to a banishment to Omsk.
He died in 1942 – completely isolated from the acad¬emic life – in the town of Sarapul (cf. 1969, Šapir 1990, Akimova/ Šapir 2006).

In addition to his main scientific foci in medieval literature, stylistics, metrics, poetics and theory of the drama, his theoretical and methodological contribution to the exact analysis of literary text should be emphasized. His concept of an exact analysis of literary texts can be integrated into the Russian history of quantitative approaches in the study of literature and linguistics (cf. Grzybek/Kelih 2005, Kelih 2007). Furthermore, Jarcho’s contribution is to be understood as a scientific link between the linguistic-orientated Moscow Linguistic Circle (a main institution of the Russian Formalism) and the phenomenologically orientated formal-philosophical school (located at the above-mentioned GACHN), headed by Gustav G. Špet, an important Russian follower of Edmund Husserl.

Along with A. Belyj, B.V. Tomaševskij and G.A. Šengeli, B.I. Jarcho made one of the most comprehensive and important contributions to the application of quantitative methods in the analysis of literary texts. It should also be noted that his contribution has been adequately appreciated only in the last years, after the publication of his main monograph “Methodology of a Precise Science of Literature [Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija]” in 2006 by Russian philologists M.V. Akimova and M.L. Šapir (cf. Jarcho 2006). It is impossible to discuss all his ideas and considerations in the field of qualitative and quantitative text analysis (cf. Margolin 1979, Šapir 2005, Kelih 2007a: 122f) in this article; therefore, we will focus our attention on his main contributions in statistical and empirical text analysis, based on his works (Jarcho 1925, 1927, 1935, 1969, 1984, 2006).

Jarcho defined the study of literature as a nomothetic science with linguistics and stat-istics as their main auxiliary disciplines. For him, the main precondition for an empirical and statistic-based analysis of literary texts is the definition of the used literary terms. Following Jarcho (1984: 198) “there is no statistical analysis without a ‘morphological’ [in the sense of linguistic] analysis.” The second auxiliary discipline, statistics, has the function to support the exact and „objective“ analysis of the underlying morphological categories. In this respect – according to Jarcho – it is possible and reasonable to build up the study of literature in analogy to natural sciences as an exact science. His concept should not be understood as a visionary project, but rather as a partly realized project by Jarcho and his colleagues (N.V. Lapšina, I.K. Romanovič).

The frequency of formal text characteristics is considered to be the central component of his exact text analysis. This approach has been justified by his understanding of the “literaricity”[literaturnost’] of a text. He defined the “literaricity” as the totality of text elements, which have the potential capacity to “inspire” the readers’ aesthetic perception. An aesthetic perception – according to Jarcho – is mainly supported by the frequency of text elements, if a certain frequency occurs in a specific proportion. He assumes that the aesthetic effect of unusualness is triggered by a specific occurrence of elements, which a reader perceives as unusual.
In addition to this quantitatively based „reception aesthetics“ Jarcho developed an analysis of literary text on manifold structural levels. This analysis contains a statistical “phonic” analysis of metrical forms (“slovesnaja instrumentovka”, cesura, pause, strophe and rhythm), stylistics (occurrence of figures of speech, alliterations, metaphors, metonymies), a quantitative text typology, including a quantitative style-comparison of literary texts as well as poetics (frequency of motifs and sujets, quantification of the “nearness” of the content of literary works). Moreover, his aim was to point out interrelations between the above-mentioned formal text characteristics.

Jarcho’s exceedingly comprehensive statistical analysis of the formal text structure has been designed to be applied not only to a synchronic, but also to a diachronic level. The diachronic approach includes a quantitative analysis of the historical changes within literature (cf. Jarcho 1984a: 22). The primary function of the analysis of text characteristics aims at an exact description of changes in literary text types and schools.
At first glance, the framework for an exact text analysis presented above could be understood as an atomistic and positivistic collection of facts. However, it should be stressed that an analysis of frequencies and occurrences of text characteristics is only the first step. The second, and more im¬portant step, is the discovery of statistical laws and regularities, e.g. the interactions and interrelations between formal elements in literary works. But these interrelations and interactions are only of interest, if they occur frequently.
At this point, the nomothetic character of Jarcho’s exact text analysis is obvious. In other words, it includes the inductive discovery of textual interrelations and laws, which are not interpreted in a deterministic way, but rather in a statistical and empirical way: The postulated laws and regularities must be validated by further research, and for Jarcho, the validity of a law depends on the number of observed empirical exceptions.

The above-mentioned ideas and concepts are the basis for an exact text analysis. It must be emphasized that Jarcho and his colleagues from GACHN made quite a number of empirical-statistical analyses on several aspects of the structure of literary texts. Their studies include analyses of the frequency of metrical forms in poems (cf. Timofeev 1928a, 1928b, Lapšina/Romanovič/Jarcho 1934, Lapšina/Romanovič/Jarcho 1966), the rhythm in verses and prose (cf. Jarcho 1928a, 1928b), as well as the quantitative analysis of the historical changes of literature, in which Jarcho (1997) tried to distinguish classicism from romanticism, based on the frequency of entries in French tragedies. Moreover, his attempt to measure the “distance of ideas” between French comedies and tragedies (cf. Jarcho 1999/2000) should be mentioned.
In addition to these numerous empirical studies, Jarcho’s exact analysis of literary texts have a high statistical and methodological standard. It is more or less reliable that Jarcho is the first, who – relating to the history of quantitative approaches in Russian linguistics and study of literature – discussed and used the analysis of correlation (cf. Jarcho 1935: 59ff.; Jarcho 2006: 225ff.). In the context of correlation analysis his principle of compensation must be particularly highlighted. For Jarcho, the principle of compensation is a balancing mechanism, which is based on the frequency of formal features in poetical and folkloristic texts: The increase of the frequency of a certain text characteristic (1) implies the decrease of the frequency of another text feature (2).
In Jarcho (1935), he demonstrated the principle of compensation on German, Russian and Spanish častuška: The high frequency of rhetorical devices (anaphora, epanaphora, epiphora, etc.) results in a lower occurrence of rhythmical structures. A similar interrelation has been observed between the frequency of rhyme and the „strength“ of the syntactical conjunction of the analyzed častuškas. Seen from this perspective, Jarcho pointed out an important interrelation in the structure of text, related to the frequency of textual characteristics. This basic principle (compensation) is of utmost relevance still today (for more details see Kelih 2007b).
A further important contribution to the field of statistical text analysis is his extended discussion on the relevance of frequency distributions for linguistics and literary studies (cf. Jarcho 2006: 158ff). Jarcho realized the importance of calculating descriptive parameters like the mean and the standard deviation, which, for Jarcho, give a more detailed insight into the frequency distribution of textual data. Moreover, he discusses the normal distribution (referred to by Jarcho as „krivaja-Ketle/Quetelet-curve") and some other distributions of Pearson’s type. Jarcho considered the normal distribution to be irrelevant for the study of literary texts (e.g. the frequency of accents in verse texts), and he assumed that rather asymmetrical distributions come into play. However, Jarcho neither postulated appropriate distributions, nor discussed he statistical methods, which yield information about the significance or non-significance of the normal distribution. Nevertheless, according to Jarcho, it should be taken into account that normally distributed data potentially do not reflect data from literary texts but rather from „ordinary“ language. Whether this claim can be confirmed from today’s point of view – linguistic and literary text data are mainly not normally distributed (cf. Köhler 2005) – Jarcho’s assumption can be understood as a first qualitative interpretation of the specific shape of language and speech distributions.
Coming to an end with our survey of Jarcho’s contributions, the question of modeling the history of literature should be mentioned. It can be claimed that Jarcho may be recognized as a pioneer in this field. He assumed the history of literature to be a process which can be mathematically described. In his study of the frequency of acts in French tragedies (cf. Jarcho 1999/2000) he showed that the changes in the frequency of speaking characters in relation to the actors on the scene are not only a specific characteristic of a literary era, but also obey a mathematically describable development. The mentioned relation between speaking characters and actors on the scene has the form of an S-shaped development, which Jarcho termed „zakon regressii/regression law“.

Even if Jarcho did not investigate this question with specific statistical methods, e.g. nonlinear regression models, his “regression law” is a first empirical attempt to find some statistical laws in the development of the history of literature. According to Jarcho (1997: 257) the S-shaped curve can also be obtained in physical, chemical and economical processes. It would be of interest for further research to integrate Jarcho’s “regression law” into the well known “Piotrovskij Law”.
Taking into account B.I. Jarcho’s numerous theoretical, methodological and empirical contributions to the application of statistical methods in text analysis, it is justified to regard him not only as a pioneer of Russian quantitative text analysis, but also as a central proponent of quantitative linguistics and study of literature.

==References==

*Akimova, M.V.; Šapir, M.I. (2006). Boris Isaakovič Jarcho i strategija »točnogo litera-turovedenija«. In: Jarcho, B.I. (2006), vii-xxxii.
*Gasparov, M.L. (1969). Raboty B.I. Jarcho po teorii literatury. In: Trudy po znakovym sistemam 4, 504-514. [= Učenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 236]
*Grzybek, P.; Kelih, E. (2005). Zur Vorgeschichte quantitativer Ansätze in der russischen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. In: Köhler, R.; Altmann, G.; Piotrowski, R.G. (eds.) (2005), Quantitative Linguistik. Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. An International Hand¬book. Berlin u.a.: Walter de Gruyter, 23-64. [= Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 27]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1925). Granicy naučnogo literaturovedenija. Isskustvo. Žurnal gosudarstvennoj akademii chudožestvennych nauk 2, 45-60.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1927). Granicy naučnogo literaturovedenija. Isskustvo. Žurnal gosudarstvennoj akademii chudožestvennych nauk 3, 16-38.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1928a). Ritmika tak naz. ’Romana v stichach’. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (ed.) (1928), 9-35.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1928b). Svobodnye zvukovye formy u Puškina. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (eds.) (1928), 169-181.
*Jarcho, B.J. (1935). Organische Struktur des russischen Schnaderhüpfels (Častuška). (Mit Ausblicken auf das deutsche Schnaderhüpfel). Germanoslavica 1/2, 31-64. Russian translation in Jarcho (1984b)]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1969). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija (nabrosok plana). Trudy po znakovym sistemam 4, 515-526. [= Učenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 236] [English translation in: *Yarkho, B.I. (1977) A Methodology for a Precise Science of Literature: (Outline). Translated by L.M. O'Toole. In: O'Toole, L.M.; Shukman, A. (eds.) (1977): Formalist Theory: 52-70. Oxford: Holdan Books (= Russian Poetics in Translation; 4)]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1984). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija (nabrosok plana). Kontekst 1983, 197-237.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1997). Raspredelenie reči v pjatiaktnoj tragedii (K voprosu o klassicizme i romantizme). Primečanija M.V. Akimovoj; s predisloviem M.I. Šapira. Philologica 4, 8/10; 201-288.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1999/2000). Komedii i tragedii Kornelja (Ėtjud po teorii žanra (1937). Pod-gotovka teksta, publikacija i primečanie M.V. Akimovoj. Philologica 6, 14/16, 143-319.
*Jarcho, B.I. (2006). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija.Izbrannye trudy po teorii literatury. Izdanie podgotovili M.V. Akimova, I.A. Pil'ščikov i M.I. Šapir. Pod obščej redakciej M.I. Šapira. Moskva: Jazyki slavjanskich kul'tur. [= Philologica russica et speculativa, V]
*Kelih, E. (2007a). Geschichte der Anwendung quantitativer Verfahren in der russischen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Graz: Univ.Diss.
*Kelih, E. (2007b). Überlegungen zum Kompensationsprinzip. [in press]
*Kelih, E. (2007c). XXXI. B.I. Jarcho as a pioneer of the exact study of literature. Glottometrics 15, 96-100.
*Köhler, R. (2005). Gegenstand und Arbeitsweise der Quantitativen Linguistik. In: Köhler, R.; Altmann, G.; Piotrowski, R.G. (eds.) (2005): Quantitative Linguistik. Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. An International Handbook: 1-16.. Berlin u.a.: Walter de Gruyter, [= Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 27]
*Lapšina, N.V.; Romanovič, I.K.; Jarcho, B.I. (1934). Metričeskij spravočnik k stich¬otvo-renijam A.S. Puškina. Moskva-Leningrad: Academia.
*Lapšina, N.V.; Romanovič, I.K.; Jarcho, B.I. (1966). Iz materialov ’Metričeskogo spravočnika’ k stichotvorenijam M.Ju. Lermontova. Voprosy jazykoznanija 2, 125-137.
*Margolin, U. (1979). B. I. Yarkho’s Programme for a Scientifically Valid Study of Literature“. Essays in Poetics 4, 2; 1-37.
*Šapir, M.I. (1990). B.I Jarcho: štrichi k portretu. Izvestija Akademii Nauk (Serija literatury i jazyka) 49, 3; 279-285.
*Šapir, M.I. (2005).’Tebe čisla i mery net’. O vozmožnostjach i granicach “točnych metodov“ v gumanitarnych naukach“. Voprosy jazykoznanija 1, 43-62.
*Timofeev, L.I. (1928a). Sillabičeskij stich. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (ed.) (1928), 37-71. [quoted according to Russian titles for the specialist, 97]
*Timofeev, L.I. (1928b). Vol’nyj stich XVIII veka. In: Jarcho, B.I.; Timofeeva, L.I.; Štokmar, M.P. (Pod redakciej M.A. Petrovskogo), 73-115. [see also: Russian titles for the specialist, 97]

Emmerich Kelih, Graz

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|Heidolph, Karl Erich]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]

Boris Isaakovič Jarcho

2007-10-26T10:03:26Z

Rk:

[[Image:Jarcho.jpg|127px|left|B.I. Jarcho (1889-1942)]]
The Russian philologist Boris Isaakovič Jarcho (Engl. transliteration also: Yarkho) (1889-1942) holds a prominent position in the history of quantitative approaches. He was born in Moscow, on March 14th (26th), where he studied at the historical-philological faculty, graduating in 1912. After his graduation he spent some time in Heidelberg and Berlin to broaden his knowledge in the field of classical philology. Returning to Moscow in 1916, he worked as an assistant professor at Lomonosov Moscow State University and became a member of the well-known Moscow Linguistic Circle MLK (Moskovskij lingvističeskij kružok) in 1921.
In 1921 he was accepted as a full member of the Russian Academy of the Science of Arts (“Rossijskaja Akademija Chudožestvennych Nauk” – RACHN, later, in 1925, renamed in “Gosudarstvennaja Akademija Chudožestvenych Nauk“ – GACHN). In the academy, he headed “The Cabinet for Theoretical Poetics” and “The Commission for Literary Translation”. After the liquidation of the GACHN in 1930, Jarcho was mainly engaged with the translations of literary texts. In the context of the affair of the „nemcy-slovarniki“ he was arrested in 1935 and sentenced to three years of prison, which was later changed to a banishment to Omsk.
He died in 1942 – completely isolated from the acad¬emic life – in the town of Sarapul (cf. 1969, Šapir 1990, Akimova/ Šapir 2006).

In addition to his main scientific foci in medieval literature, stylistics, metrics, poetics and theory of the drama, his theoretical and methodological contribution to the exact analysis of literary text should be emphasized. His concept of an exact analysis of literary texts can be integrated into the Russian history of quantitative approaches in the study of literature and linguistics (cf. Grzybek/Kelih 2005, Kelih 2007). Furthermore, Jarcho’s contribution is to be understood as a scientific link between the linguistic-orientated Moscow Linguistic Circle (a main institution of the Russian Formalism) and the phenomenologically orientated formal-philosophical school (located at the above-mentioned GACHN), headed by Gustav G. Špet, an important Russian follower of Edmund Husserl.

Along with A. Belyj, B.V. Tomaševskij and G.A. Šengeli, B.I. Jarcho made one of the most comprehensive and important contributions to the application of quantitative methods in the analysis of literary texts. It should also be noted that his contribution has been adequately appreciated only in the last years, after the publication of his main monograph “Methodology of a Precise Science of Literature [Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija]” in 2006 by Russian philologists M.V. Akimova and M.L. Šapir (cf. Jarcho 2006). It is impossible to discuss all his ideas and considerations in the field of qualitative and quantitative text analysis (cf. Margolin 1979, Šapir 2005, Kelih 2007a: 122f) in this article; therefore, we will focus our attention on his main contributions in statistical and empirical text analysis, based on his works (Jarcho 1925, 1927, 1935, 1969, 1984, 2006).

Jarcho defined the study of literature as a nomothetic science with linguistics and stat-istics as their main auxiliary disciplines. For him, the main precondition for an empirical and statistic-based analysis of literary texts is the definition of the used literary terms. Following Jarcho (1984: 198) “there is no statistical analysis without a ‘morphological’ [in the sense of linguistic] analysis.” The second auxiliary discipline, statistics, has the function to support the exact and „objective“ analysis of the underlying morphological categories. In this respect – according to Jarcho – it is possible and reasonable to build up the study of literature in analogy to natural sciences as an exact science. His concept should not be understood as a visionary project, but rather as a partly realized project by Jarcho and his colleagues (N.V. Lapšina, I.K. Romanovič).

The frequency of formal text characteristics is considered to be the central component of his exact text analysis. This approach has been justified by his understanding of the “literaricity”[literaturnost’] of a text. He defined the “literaricity” as the totality of text elements, which have the potential capacity to “inspire” the readers’ aesthetic perception. An aesthetic perception – according to Jarcho – is mainly supported by the frequency of text elements, if a certain frequency occurs in a specific proportion. He assumes that the aesthetic effect of unusualness is triggered by a specific occurrence of elements, which a reader perceives as unusual.
In addition to this quantitatively based „reception aesthetics“ Jarcho developed an analysis of literary text on manifold structural levels. This analysis contains a statistical “phonic” analysis of metrical forms (“slovesnaja instrumentovka”, cesura, pause, strophe and rhythm), stylistics (occurrence of figures of speech, alliterations, metaphors, metonymies), a quantitative text typology, including a quantitative style-comparison of literary texts as well as poetics (frequency of motifs and sujets, quantification of the “nearness” of the content of literary works). Moreover, his aim was to point out interrelations between the above-mentioned formal text characteristics.

Jarcho’s exceedingly comprehensive statistical analysis of the formal text structure has been designed to be applied not only to a synchronic, but also to a diachronic level. The diachronic approach includes a quantitative analysis of the historical changes within literature (cf. Jarcho 1984a: 22). The primary function of the analysis of text characteristics aims at an exact description of changes in literary text types and schools.
At first glance, the framework for an exact text analysis presented above could be understood as an atomistic and positivistic collection of facts. However, it should be stressed that an analysis of frequencies and occurrences of text characteristics is only the first step. The second, and more im¬portant step, is the discovery of statistical laws and regularities, e.g. the interactions and interrelations between formal elements in literary works. But these interrelations and interactions are only of interest, if they occur frequently.
At this point, the nomothetic character of Jarcho’s exact text analysis is obvious. In other words, it includes the inductive discovery of textual interrelations and laws, which are not interpreted in a deterministic way, but rather in a statistical and empirical way: The postulated laws and regularities must be validated by further research, and for Jarcho, the validity of a law depends on the number of observed empirical exceptions.

The above-mentioned ideas and concepts are the basis for an exact text analysis. It must be emphasized that Jarcho and his colleagues from GACHN made quite a number of empirical-statistical analyses on several aspects of the structure of literary texts. Their studies include analyses of the frequency of metrical forms in poems (cf. Timofeev 1928a, 1928b, Lapšina/Romanovič/Jarcho 1934, Lapšina/Romanovič/Jarcho 1966), the rhythm in verses and prose (cf. Jarcho 1928a, 1928b), as well as the quantitative analysis of the historical changes of literature, in which Jarcho (1997) tried to distinguish classicism from romanticism, based on the frequency of entries in French tragedies. Moreover, his attempt to measure the “distance of ideas” between French comedies and tragedies (cf. Jarcho 1999/2000) should be mentioned.
In addition to these numerous empirical studies, Jarcho’s exact analysis of literary texts have a high statistical and methodological standard. It is more or less reliable that Jarcho is the first, who – relating to the history of quantitative approaches in Russian linguistics and study of literature – discussed and used the analysis of correlation (cf. Jarcho 1935: 59ff.; Jarcho 2006: 225ff.). In the context of correlation analysis his principle of compensation must be particularly highlighted. For Jarcho, the principle of compensation is a balancing mechanism, which is based on the frequency of formal features in poetical and folkloristic texts: The increase of the frequency of a certain text characteristic (1) implies the decrease of the frequency of another text feature (2).
In Jarcho (1935), he demonstrated the principle of compensation on German, Russian and Spanish častuška: The high frequency of rhetorical devices (anaphora, epanaphora, epiphora, etc.) results in a lower occurrence of rhythmical structures. A similar interrelation has been observed between the frequency of rhyme and the „strength“ of the syntactical conjunction of the analyzed častuškas. Seen from this perspective, Jarcho pointed out an important interrelation in the structure of text, related to the frequency of textual characteristics. This basic principle (compensation) is of utmost relevance still today (for more details see Kelih 2007b).
A further important contribution to the field of statistical text analysis is his extended discussion on the relevance of frequency distributions for linguistics and literary studies (cf. Jarcho 2006: 158ff). Jarcho realized the importance of calculating descriptive parameters like the mean and the standard deviation, which, for Jarcho, give a more detailed insight into the frequency distribution of textual data. Moreover, he discusses the normal distribution (referred to by Jarcho as „krivaja-Ketle/Quetelet-curve") and some other distributions of Pearson’s type. Jarcho considered the normal distribution to be irrelevant for the study of literary texts (e.g. the frequency of accents in verse texts), and he assumed that rather asymmetrical distributions come into play. However, Jarcho neither postulated appropriate distributions, nor discussed he statistical methods, which yield information about the significance or non-significance of the normal distribution. Nevertheless, according to Jarcho, it should be taken into account that normally distributed data potentially do not reflect data from literary texts but rather from „ordinary“ language. Whether this claim can be confirmed from today’s point of view – linguistic and literary text data are mainly not normally distributed (cf. Köhler 2005) – Jarcho’s assumption can be understood as a first qualitative interpretation of the specific shape of language and speech distributions.
Coming to an end with our survey of Jarcho’s contributions, the question of modeling the history of literature should be mentioned. It can be claimed that Jarcho may be recognized as a pioneer in this field. He assumed the history of literature to be a process which can be mathematically described. In his study of the frequency of acts in French tragedies (cf. Jarcho 1999/2000) he showed that the changes in the frequency of speaking characters in relation to the actors on the scene are not only a specific characteristic of a literary era, but also obey a mathematically describable development. The mentioned relation between speaking characters and actors on the scene has the form of an S-shaped development, which Jarcho termed „zakon regressii/regression law“.

Even if Jarcho did not investigate this question with specific statistical methods, e.g. nonlinear regression models, his “regression law” is a first empirical attempt to find some statistical laws in the development of the history of literature. According to Jarcho (1997: 257) the S-shaped curve can also be obtained in physical, chemical and economical processes. It would be of interest for further research to integrate Jarcho’s “regression law” into the well known “Piotrovskij Law”.
Taking into account B.I. Jarcho’s numerous theoretical, methodological and empirical contributions to the application of statistical methods in text analysis, it is justified to regard him not only as a pioneer of Russian quantitative text analysis, but also as a central proponent of quantitative linguistics and study of literature.

==References==

*Akimova, M.V.; Šapir, M.I. (2006). Boris Isaakovič Jarcho i strategija »točnogo litera-turovedenija«. In: Jarcho, B.I. (2006), vii-xxxii.
*Gasparov, M.L. (1969). Raboty B.I. Jarcho po teorii literatury. In: Trudy po znakovym sistemam 4, 504-514. [= Učenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 236]
*Grzybek, P.; Kelih, E. (2005). Zur Vorgeschichte quantitativer Ansätze in der russischen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. In: Köhler, R.; Altmann, G.; Piotrowski, R.G. (eds.) (2005), Quantitative Linguistik. Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. An International Hand¬book. Berlin u.a.: Walter de Gruyter, 23-64. [= Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 27]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1925). Granicy naučnogo literaturovedenija. Isskustvo. Žurnal gosudarstvennoj akademii chudožestvennych nauk 2, 45-60.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1927). Granicy naučnogo literaturovedenija. Isskustvo. Žurnal gosudarstvennoj akademii chudožestvennych nauk 3, 16-38.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1928a). Ritmika tak naz. ’Romana v stichach’. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (ed.) (1928), 9-35.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1928b). Svobodnye zvukovye formy u Puškina. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (eds.) (1928), 169-181.
*Jarcho, B.J. (1935). Organische Struktur des russischen Schnaderhüpfels (Častuška). (Mit Ausblicken auf das deutsche Schnaderhüpfel). Germanoslavica 1/2, 31-64. Russian translation in Jarcho (1984b)]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1969). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija (nabrosok plana). Trudy po znakovym sistemam 4, 515-526. [= Učenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 236] [English translation in: *Yarkho, B.I. (1977) A Methodology for a Precise Science of Literature: (Outline). Translated by L.M. O'Toole. In: O'Toole, L.M.; Shukman, A. (eds.) (1977): Formalist Theory: 52-70. Oxford: Holdan Books (= Russian Poetics in Translation; 4)]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1984). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija (nabrosok plana). Kontekst 1983, 197-237.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1997). Raspredelenie reči v pjatiaktnoj tragedii (K voprosu o klassicizme i romantizme). Primečanija M.V. Akimovoj; s predisloviem M.I. Šapira. Philologica 4, 8/10; 201-288.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1999/2000). Komedii i tragedii Kornelja (Ėtjud po teorii žanra (1937). Pod-gotovka teksta, publikacija i primečanie M.V. Akimovoj. Philologica 6, 14/16, 143-319.
*Jarcho, B.I. (2006). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija.Izbrannye trudy po teorii literatury. Izdanie podgotovili M.V. Akimova, I.A. Pil'ščikov i M.I. Šapir. Pod obščej redakciej M.I. Šapira. Moskva: Jazyki slavjanskich kul'tur. [= Philologica russica et speculativa, V]
*Kelih, E. (2007a). Geschichte der Anwendung quantitativer Verfahren in der russischen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Graz: Univ.Diss.
*Kelih, E. (2007b). Überlegungen zum Kompensationsprinzip. [in press]
*Kelih, E. (2007c). XXXI. B.I. Jarcho as a pioneer of the exact study of literature. Glottometrics 15, 96-100.
*Köhler, R. (2005). Gegenstand und Arbeitsweise der Quantitativen Linguistik. In: Köhler, R.; Altmann, G.; Piotrowski, R.G. (eds.) (2005): Quantitative Linguistik. Quantitative Lin¬guistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. An International Handbook: 1-16.. Berlin u.a.: Walter de Gruyter, [= Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 27]
*Lapšina, N.V.; Romanovič, I.K.; Jarcho, B.I. (1934). Metričeskij spravočnik k stich¬otvo-renijam A.S. Puškina. Moskva-Leningrad: Academia.
*Lapšina, N.V.; Romanovič, I.K.; Jarcho, B.I. (1966). Iz materialov ’Metričeskogo spra-vočnika’ k stichotvorenijam M.Ju. Lermontova. Voprosy jazykoznanija 2, 125-137.
*Margolin, U. (1979). B. I. Yarkho’s Programme for a Scientifically Valid Study of Literature“. Essays in Poetics 4, 2; 1-37.
*Šapir, M.I. (1990). B.I Jarcho: štrichi k portretu. Izvestija Akademii Nauk (Serija literatury i jazyka) 49, 3; 279-285.
*Šapir, M.I. (2005).’Tebe čisla i mery net’. O vozmožnostjach i granicach “točnych metodov“ v gumanitarnych naukach“. Voprosy jazykoznanija 1, 43-62.
*Timofeev, L.I. (1928a). Sillabičeskij stich. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (ed.) (1928), 37-71. [quoted according to Russian titles for the specialist, 97]
*Timofeev, L.I. (1928b). Vol’nyj stich XVIII veka. In: Jarcho, B.I.; Timofeeva, L.I.; Štokmar, M.P. (Pod redakciej M.A. Petrovskogo), 73-115. [see also: Russian titles for the specialist, 97]

Emmerich Kelih, Graz

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:BIOG|Heidolph, Karl Erich]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2007-10-26T10:01:55Z

Rk: /* '''Biographical Articles''' */

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation in linguistics]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
Journals: [[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]] , [[Glottometrics]] – Book series: [[book series Quantitative Linguistics|Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>
[[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]
[[Category:Quantitative linguistics|!]]

Boris Isaakovič Jarcho

2007-10-26T09:59:37Z

Rk: New page: B.I. Jarcho (1889-1942) The Russian philologist Boris Isaakovič Jarcho (Engl. transliteration also: Yarkho) (1889-1942) holds a prominent position in the h...

[[Image:Jarcho.jpg|127px|left|B.I. Jarcho (1889-1942)]]
The Russian philologist Boris Isaakovič Jarcho (Engl. transliteration also: Yarkho) (1889-1942) holds a prominent position in the history of quantitative approaches. He was born in Moscow, on March 14th (26th), where he studied at the historical-philological faculty, graduating in 1912. After his graduation he spent some time in Heidelberg and Berlin to broaden his knowledge in the field of classical philology. Returning to Moscow in 1916, he worked as an assistant professor at Lomonosov Moscow State University and became a member of the well-known Moscow Linguistic Circle MLK (Moskovskij lingvističeskij kružok) in 1921.
In 1921 he was accepted as a full member of the Russian Academy of the Science of Arts (“Rossijskaja Akademija Chudožestvennych Nauk” – RACHN, later, in 1925, renamed in “Gosudarstvennaja Akademija Chudožestvenych Nauk“ – GACHN). In the academy, he headed “The Cabinet for Theoretical Poetics” and “The Commission for Literary Translation”. After the liquidation of the GACHN in 1930, Jarcho was mainly engaged with the translations of literary texts. In the context of the affair of the „nemcy-slovarniki“ he was arrested in 1935 and sentenced to three years of prison, which was later changed to a banishment to Omsk.
He died in 1942 – completely isolated from the acad¬emic life – in the town of Sarapul (cf. 1969, Šapir 1990, Akimova/ Šapir 2006).

In addition to his main scientific foci in medieval literature, stylistics, metrics, poetics and theory of the drama, his theoretical and methodological contribution to the exact analysis of literary text should be emphasized. His concept of an exact analysis of literary texts can be integrated into the Russian history of quantitative approaches in the study of literature and linguistics (cf. Grzybek/Kelih 2005, Kelih 2007). Furthermore, Jarcho’s contribution is to be understood as a scientific link between the linguistic-orientated Moscow Linguistic Circle (a main institution of the Russian Formalism) and the phenomenologically orientated formal-philosophical school (located at the above-mentioned GACHN), headed by Gustav G. Špet, an important Russian follower of Edmund Husserl.

Along with A. Belyj, B.V. Tomaševskij and G.A. Šengeli, B.I. Jarcho made one of the most comprehensive and important contributions to the application of quantitative methods in the analysis of literary texts. It should also be noted that his contribution has been adequately appreciated only in the last years, after the publication of his main monograph “Methodology of a Precise Science of Literature [Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija]” in 2006 by Russian philologists M.V. Akimova and M.L. Šapir (cf. Jarcho 2006). It is impossible to discuss all his ideas and considerations in the field of qualitative and quantitative text analysis (cf. Margolin 1979, Šapir 2005, Kelih 2007a: 122f) in this article; therefore, we will focus our attention on his main contributions in statistical and empirical text analysis, based on his works (Jarcho 1925, 1927, 1935, 1969, 1984, 2006).

Jarcho defined the study of literature as a nomothetic science with linguistics and stat-istics as their main auxiliary disciplines. For him, the main precondition for an empirical and statistic-based analysis of literary texts is the definition of the used literary terms. Following Jarcho (1984: 198) “there is no statistical analysis without a ‘morphological’ [in the sense of linguistic] analysis.” The second auxiliary discipline, statistics, has the function to support the exact and „objective“ analysis of the underlying morphological categories. In this respect – according to Jarcho – it is possible and reasonable to build up the study of literature in analogy to natural sciences as an exact science. His concept should not be understood as a visionary project, but rather as a partly realized project by Jarcho and his colleagues (N.V. Lapšina, I.K. Romanovič).

The frequency of formal text characteristics is considered to be the central component of his exact text analysis. This approach has been justified by his understanding of the “literaricity”[literaturnost’] of a text. He defined the “literaricity” as the totality of text elements, which have the potential capacity to “inspire” the readers’ aesthetic perception. An aesthetic perception – according to Jarcho – is mainly supported by the frequency of text elements, if a certain frequency occurs in a specific proportion. He assumes that the aesthetic effect of unusualness is triggered by a specific occurrence of elements, which a reader perceives as unusual.
In addition to this quantitatively based „reception aesthetics“ Jarcho developed an analysis of literary text on manifold structural levels. This analysis contains a statistical “phonic” analysis of metrical forms (“slovesnaja instrumentovka”, cesura, pause, strophe and rhythm), stylistics (occurrence of figures of speech, alliterations, metaphors, metonymies), a quantitative text typology, including a quantitative style-comparison of literary texts as well as poetics (frequency of motifs and sujets, quantification of the “nearness” of the content of literary works). Moreover, his aim was to point out interrelations between the above-mentioned formal text characteristics.

Jarcho’s exceedingly comprehensive statistical analysis of the formal text structure has been designed to be applied not only to a synchronic, but also to a diachronic level. The diachronic approach includes a quantitative analysis of the historical changes within literature (cf. Jarcho 1984a: 22). The primary function of the analysis of text characteristics aims at an exact description of changes in literary text types and schools.
At first glance, the framework for an exact text analysis presented above could be understood as an atomistic and positivistic collection of facts. However, it should be stressed that an analysis of frequencies and occurrences of text characteristics is only the first step. The second, and more im¬portant step, is the discovery of statistical laws and regularities, e.g. the interactions and interrelations between formal elements in literary works. But these interrelations and interactions are only of interest, if they occur frequently.
At this point, the nomothetic character of Jarcho’s exact text analysis is obvious. In other words, it includes the inductive discovery of textual interrelations and laws, which are not interpreted in a deterministic way, but rather in a statistical and empirical way: The postulated laws and regularities must be validated by further research, and for Jarcho, the validity of a law depends on the number of observed empirical exceptions.

The above-mentioned ideas and concepts are the basis for an exact text analysis. It must be emphasized that Jarcho and his colleagues from GACHN made quite a number of empirical-statistical analyses on several aspects of the structure of literary texts. Their studies include analyses of the frequency of metrical forms in poems (cf. Timofeev 1928a, 1928b, Lapšina/Romanovič/Jarcho 1934, Lapšina/Romanovič/Jarcho 1966), the rhythm in verses and prose (cf. Jarcho 1928a, 1928b), as well as the quantitative analysis of the historical changes of literature, in which Jarcho (1997) tried to distinguish classicism from romanticism, based on the frequency of entries in French tragedies. Moreover, his attempt to measure the “distance of ideas” between French comedies and tragedies (cf. Jarcho 1999/2000) should be mentioned.
In addition to these numerous empirical studies, Jarcho’s exact analysis of literary texts have a high statistical and methodological standard. It is more or less reliable that Jarcho is the first, who – relating to the history of quantitative approaches in Russian linguistics and study of literature – discussed and used the analysis of correlation (cf. Jarcho 1935: 59ff.; Jarcho 2006: 225ff.). In the context of correlation analysis his principle of compensation must be particularly highlighted. For Jarcho, the principle of compensation is a balancing mechanism, which is based on the frequency of formal features in poetical and folkloristic texts: The increase of the frequency of a certain text characteristic (1) implies the decrease of the frequency of another text feature (2).
In Jarcho (1935), he demonstrated the principle of compensation on German, Russian and Spanish častuška: The high frequency of rhetorical devices (anaphora, epanaphora, epiphora, etc.) results in a lower occurrence of rhythmical structures. A similar interrelation has been observed between the frequency of rhyme and the „strength“ of the syntactical conjunction of the analyzed častuškas. Seen from this perspective, Jarcho pointed out an important interrelation in the structure of text, related to the frequency of textual characteristics. This basic principle (compensation) is of utmost relevance still today (for more details see Kelih 2007b).
A further important contribution to the field of statistical text analysis is his extended discussion on the relevance of frequency distributions for linguistics and literary studies (cf. Jarcho 2006: 158ff). Jarcho realized the importance of calculating descriptive parameters like the mean and the standard deviation, which, for Jarcho, give a more detailed insight into the frequency distribution of textual data. Moreover, he discusses the normal distribution (referred to by Jarcho as „krivaja-Ketle/Quetelet-curve") and some other distributions of Pearson’s type. Jarcho considered the normal distribution to be irrelevant for the study of literary texts (e.g. the frequency of accents in verse texts), and he assumed that rather asymmetrical distributions come into play. However, Jarcho neither postulated appropriate distributions, nor discussed he statistical methods, which yield information about the significance or non-significance of the normal distribution. Nevertheless, according to Jarcho, it should be taken into account that normally distributed data potentially do not reflect data from literary texts but rather from „ordinary“ language. Whether this claim can be confirmed from today’s point of view – linguistic and literary text data are mainly not normally distributed (cf. Köhler 2005) – Jarcho’s assumption can be understood as a first qualitative interpretation of the specific shape of language and speech distributions.
Coming to an end with our survey of Jarcho’s contributions, the question of modeling the history of literature should be mentioned. It can be claimed that Jarcho may be recognized as a pioneer in this field. He assumed the history of literature to be a process which can be mathematically described. In his study of the frequency of acts in French tragedies (cf. Jarcho 1999/2000) he showed that the changes in the frequency of speaking characters in relation to the actors on the scene are not only a specific characteristic of a literary era, but also obey a mathematically describable development. The mentioned relation between speaking characters and actors on the scene has the form of an S-shaped development, which Jarcho termed „zakon regressii/regression law“.

Even if Jarcho did not investigate this question with specific statistical methods, e.g. nonlinear regression models, his “regression law” is a first empirical attempt to find some statistical laws in the development of the history of literature. According to Jarcho (1997: 257) the S-shaped curve can also be obtained in physical, chemical and economical processes. It would be of interest for further research to integrate Jarcho’s “regression law” into the well known “Piotrovskij Law”.
Taking into account B.I. Jarcho’s numerous theoretical, methodological and empirical contributions to the application of statistical methods in text analysis, it is justified to regard him not only as a pioneer of Russian quantitative text analysis, but also as a central proponent of quantitative linguistics and study of literature.

==References==

*Akimova, M.V.; Šapir, M.I. (2006). Boris Isaakovič Jarcho i strategija »točnogo litera-turovedenija«. In: Jarcho, B.I. (2006), vii-xxxii.
*Gasparov, M.L. (1969). Raboty B.I. Jarcho po teorii literatury. In: Trudy po znakovym sistemam 4, 504-514. [= Učenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 236]
*Grzybek, P.; Kelih, E. (2005). Zur Vorgeschichte quantitativer Ansätze in der russischen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. In: Köhler, R.; Altmann, G.; Piotrowski, R.G. (eds.) (2005), Quantitative Linguistik. Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. An International Hand¬book. Berlin u.a.: Walter de Gruyter, 23-64. [= Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 27]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1925). Granicy naučnogo literaturovedenija. Isskustvo. Žurnal gosudarstvennoj akademii chudožestvennych nauk 2, 45-60.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1927). Granicy naučnogo literaturovedenija. Isskustvo. Žurnal gosudarstvennoj akademii chudožestvennych nauk 3, 16-38.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1928a). Ritmika tak naz. ’Romana v stichach’. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (ed.) (1928), 9-35.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1928b). Svobodnye zvukovye formy u Puškina. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (eds.) (1928), 169-181.
*Jarcho, B.J. (1935). Organische Struktur des russischen Schnaderhüpfels (Častuška). (Mit Ausblicken auf das deutsche Schnaderhüpfel). Germanoslavica 1/2, 31-64. Russian translation in Jarcho (1984b)]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1969). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija (nabrosok plana). Trudy po znakovym sistemam 4, 515-526. [= Učenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 236] [English translation in: *Yarkho, B.I. (1977) A Methodology for a Precise Science of Literature: (Outline). Translated by L.M. O'Toole. In: O'Toole, L.M.; Shukman, A. (eds.) (1977): Formalist Theory: 52-70. Oxford: Holdan Books (= Russian Poetics in Translation; 4)]
*Jarcho, B.I. (1984). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija (nabrosok plana). Kontekst 1983, 197-237.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1997). Raspredelenie reči v pjatiaktnoj tragedii (K voprosu o klassicizme i romantizme). Primečanija M.V. Akimovoj; s predisloviem M.I. Šapira. Philologica 4, 8/10; 201-288.
*Jarcho, B.I. (1999/2000). Komedii i tragedii Kornelja (Ėtjud po teorii žanra (1937). Pod-gotovka teksta, publikacija i primečanie M.V. Akimovoj. Philologica 6, 14/16, 143-319.
*Jarcho, B.I. (2006). Metodologija točnogo literaturovedenija.Izbrannye trudy po teorii literatury. Izdanie podgotovili M.V. Akimova, I.A. Pil'ščikov i M.I. Šapir. Pod obščej redakciej M.I. Šapira. Moskva: Jazyki slavjanskich kul'tur. [= Philologica russica et speculativa, V]
*Kelih, E. (2007a). Geschichte der Anwendung quantitativer Verfahren in der russischen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Graz: Univ.Diss.
*Kelih, E. (2007b). Überlegungen zum Kompensationsprinzip. [in press]
*Kelih, E. (2007c). XXXI. B.I. Jarcho as a pioneer of the exact study of literature. Glottometrics 15, 96-100.
*Köhler, R. (2005). Gegenstand und Arbeitsweise der Quantitativen Linguistik. In: Köhler, R.; Altmann, G.; Piotrowski, R.G. (eds.) (2005): Quantitative Linguistik. Quantitative Lin¬guistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. An International Handbook: 1-16.. Berlin u.a.: Walter de Gruyter, [= Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 27]
*Lapšina, N.V.; Romanovič, I.K.; Jarcho, B.I. (1934). Metričeskij spravočnik k stich¬otvo-renijam A.S. Puškina. Moskva-Leningrad: Academia.
*Lapšina, N.V.; Romanovič, I.K.; Jarcho, B.I. (1966). Iz materialov ’Metričeskogo spra-vočnika’ k stichotvorenijam M.Ju. Lermontova. Voprosy jazykoznanija 2, 125-137.
*Margolin, U. (1979). B. I. Yarkho’s Programme for a Scientifically Valid Study of Literature“. Essays in Poetics 4, 2; 1-37.
*Šapir, M.I. (1990). B.I Jarcho: štrichi k portretu. Izvestija Akademii Nauk (Serija literatury i jazyka) 49, 3; 279-285.
*Šapir, M.I. (2005).’Tebe čisla i mery net’. O vozmožnostjach i granicach “točnych metodov“ v gumanitarnych naukach“. Voprosy jazykoznanija 1, 43-62.
*Timofeev, L.I. (1928a). Sillabičeskij stich. In: Petrovskij, M.A.; Jarcho, B.I. (ed.) (1928), 37-71. [quoted according to Russian titles for the specialist, 97]
*Timofeev, L.I. (1928b). Vol’nyj stich XVIII veka. In: Jarcho, B.I.; Timofeeva, L.I.; Štokmar, M.P. (Pod redakciej M.A. Petrovskogo), 73-115. [see also: Russian titles for the specialist, 97]

Emmerich Kelih, Graz

File:Jarcho.jpg

2007-10-26T09:56:41Z

Rk:

Main Page

2007-10-26T09:35:23Z

Rk: /* Sample biographical articles */

<p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3">
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''
</p>
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]  -  [[Special:Allpages|All articles A–Z]]  -  Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]
</p>
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks">
[[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]]
</p>

{|
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.

Glottopedia also exists in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], and in the future hopefully also in [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎，新来者|Chinese]], and Japanese.

Glottopedia needs your '''[[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!

=Glottopedia Team=

Editors-in-Chief: [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Sven Naumann]]

Technical Editors: [[Götz Burger]], [[Hans-Jörg Bibiko]]

Scientific Advisory Council: [[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Paul Newman]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]

=Sample dictionary articles=

===Syntax===
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])

[[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]

===Morphology===
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])

[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[flag]], [[infinitive]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]

===Phonetics and Phonology===
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])

[[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]

===Semantics===
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])

[[ambiguity]], [[agent]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[vagueness]]

===Computational Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])

[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]

===Quantitative Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])

[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]],
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]]

=Sample biographical articles=
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])

[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]] · [[Johannes Benzing]] · [[Simon C. Dik]] · [[Dionysius Thrax]] · [[Stefan Elders]] · [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]] · [[Einar Haugen]] · [[Marco Haverkort]] · [[Karl Erich Heidolph]] · [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]] · [[Georg Friedrich Meier]] · [[Harry L. Shorto]] · [[John Sinclair]] · [[Sergej A. Starostin]] · [[Jost Winteler]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Glottopedia]]

=Other Languages=
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]

Gustav Herdan (de)

2007-10-26T08:58:30Z

Rk:

XXX. Gustav Herdan (1897-1968)

Geb. 21.1.1897 in Brünn (Mähren; Mutter Anna, Vater Adolf, Kaufmann); gest. 16.11.1968 (Bournemouth). Jurist, Statistiker und Linguist.
Besuch der ersten deutschen Staatsrealschule in Brünn, Reifezeugnis 1915, Maturitätszeugnis Staatsgymnasium Brünn 1916, Studium der Rechtswissenschaft ab WS 1917/18 in Wien und Prag (deutsche Universität), dazwischen 2 Jahre Militärdienst; Promotion 1923 an der deutschen Universität Prag; zu dieser Zeit wurden von Jura-Promovenden keine Disser-tationen verfasst. Danach Tätigkeit am Landesgericht Brünn; ab 1933 Studium vor allem des Chinesischen in Berlin, London (Diplom für klassisches Chinesisch), Prag und Wien, 1937 in Wien abgeschlossen mit Promotion in Sinologie (ostasiatische Sprachen) und englischer Philologie. 1938 Emigration nach England; Studium der Mathematik und Statistik; stellt 1939-1945 seine Kenntnisse der Statistik in den Dienst der englischen Kriegswirtschaft. Arbeit als Statistiker in der Industrie. Ab 1948 „Lecturer in Statistics“ in der Faculty of Medicine der Universität Bristol.
Mitglied der American Statistical Society, Fellow der Royal Statistical Society, Mitglied der Linguistic Society of America.
Herdans große Bedeutung für die Sprachwissenschaft besteht darin, dass er wohl als erster eine Gesamtdarstellung der Quantitativen Linguistik vorgelegt hat. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt seiner Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Überprüfung von mathematisch formulierten Sprachgesetzen („statistical laws“). Seine Auffassung hierzu kommt u.a. im folgenden Zitat zum Ausdruck: „The masses of linguistic forms...are a part of the physical universe, and as such are subject to the laws which govern mass assemblies of any kind... This is how the need for statistical linguistics arises“ (Herdan 1960a: 3).
In Anknüpfung an Saussures Dichotomie von langue und parole sowie an die Informationstheorie und Kybernetik steht er zusammen mit Pierre Guiraud und Charles Muller für den Aufschwung der Quantitativen Linguistik in den 1950er/ 1960er Jahren (Aichele 2005: 18). Dabei behandelt er eine große Vielfalt von Themen: Fragen der Identifikation anonymer Autoren, Stilometrie, Sprachwandel und -mischung, Anwendung der Informationstheorie, Type-token-Relation, Wortlängen- und Wortfrequenzverteilungen, Zusammenhang zwischen Textlänge und Vokabularumfang sowie zwischen Stilistik und Sprachtypologie. Ein weiteres Thema ist ihm das Deutsch der Nationalsozialisten (Herdan 1960a: 263ff.). In seinen Werken werden etliche Sprachgesetze vorgestellt, darunter die Zipf- bzw. Zipf-Mandelbrot-Verteilung, Poisson-Verteilung, Lognormalverteilung. Auch wenn nicht jedes Detail heute genau so gesehen wird wie von ihm, ist Herdan doch einer der Pioniere der Quantitativen Linguistik. Zu vielen dieser Theman hat er mit der Unterstützung seiner Studenten eine Fülle von Daten erarbeitet, die man auch aus dem Blickwinkel neuer theoretischer Überlegungen nutzen kann (vgl. z.B. Best & Zhu 2001: 103ff.).
Herdan studierte eher Philologie als Linguistik und haftete – wie zu seiner Zeit alle Linguisten – an den Lehren von F. de Saussure und denen des Prager Strukturalismus. Dieser Hintergrund öffnete ihm einige Tore, auf der anderen Seite hinderte er ihn, einen Schritt weiter zu gehen. 40 Jahre nach seinem Tod und in Anbetracht der Entwicklung in der Quantitativen Linguistik ist es nicht schwer, die Irrtümer zu sehen, denen er unterlag. Seine Kritiker, die ihn eher vom linguistischen Standpunkt aus rezensiert haben, kritisierten mehr seinen „nichtlinguistischen“ Blick auf Sprachphänomene und ihre Interpretationen, seltener seine Methoden. Nichtsdestoweniger brachte er eine ganze Reihe von Problemen zum Vorschein, deren konsequente Weiterführung neue Bereiche der Linguistik eröffnen könnte.
Herdan nahm den Kampf mit „qualitativen“ Linguisten betont engagiert auf und griff besonders die Vertreter der damals sich neu entwickelnden generativen Grammatik bei jeder Gelegenheit an. Diplomatie war nicht gerade seine starke Seite. In damaliger Zeit konnte er die Auseinandersetzung nicht für sich entscheiden; heute hat sich die Situation jedoch beträchtlich geändert. Es ist zu bedauern, dass er auch gegen Vertreter der Quantitativen Linguistik eine negative Einstellung hatte. Zipf und sein Prinzip der geringsten Anstrengung sowie sein Gesetz, das heutzutage in mindestens 20 wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen seinen Platz gefunden hat, lehnte er schroff ab. Heute sind Zipfs Entdeckungen die Grundlage der synergetischen Linguistik und sein Prinzip, das axiomatisch gilt, wurde in zahlreiche Spezialfälle aufgespalten.
Von Herdan kann man jedoch sehr viel lernen. Es sind nicht so sehr die Methoden und Ansätze, die er benutzte, bzw. die Interpretationen, die er ihnen gab, sondern eher die Fülle der Probleme, die er in die Diskussion brachte. Sicherlich sind manche von ihnen Pseudoprobleme oder nicht gerade adäquat gelöste Ansätze, aber man kann aus ihnen ersehen, welche Richtungen möglich sind. Er wird heute noch immer oft zitiert, im positiven Sinne (vgl. u.a. Köhler, Altmann & Piotrowski 2005; Nikitopoulos 1980). Vielleicht hat er sich in seinen linguistischen Bemühungen allzusehr auf seine eigenen linguistischen Kenntnisse verlassen und jegliche Kooperation mit Linguisten vermieden, im Gegensatz zur Medizin, wo er nur als Statistiker wirkte und mit anderen kooperierte.

==Literatur==
*Aichele, Dieter (2005). Quantitative Linguistik in Deutschland und Österreich. In: Köhler, Reinhard, Altmann, Gabriel, & Piotrowski, Rajmund G. (Hrsg.), Quantitative Linguistik - Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch:. 16-23. Berlin/ N.Y.: de Gruyter.

*Best, Karl-Heinz, Altmann, Gabriel (2007). XXX. Gustav Herdan (1897-1968). Glottometrics 15, 92-96.

*Best, Karl-Heinz, & Zhu, Jinyang (2001). Wortlängenverteilungen in chinesischen Texten und Wörterbüchern. In: Best, Karl-Heinz (Hrsg.), Häufigkeitsverteilungen in Texten: 101-114. Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.

*Chrétien, C. Douglas (1962/63). A New Statistical Approach to the Study of Language? Romance Philology 16, 290-301. (Review Article zu Herdan, Language as Choice and Chance, 1956).

*Grayston, K., & Herdan, G. (1959/60). The Authorship of the Pastorals in the Light of Statistical Linguistics. New Testament Studies VI, 1-15.

*Heilmann, Luigi (1969). Gustav Herdan. Lingua e Stile 4, 93-96.

*Herdan, Gustav (1937). Die Reduplikationen des Chih Ching (Diss.phil., Wien, nur 1 Ex., das lt. Mitteilung v. 14.2.07 in der Fachbereichsbibliohtek Ostasienwissenschaften der Universität Wien noch vorhanden ist.).

*Herdan, Gustav (1940). The Mathematical Analysis of Linguistic Behavior. Thesis.

*Herdan, Gustav (1941). Factorial Analysis of Recorded Speech. Thesis.
*Herdan, Gustav (1952). Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation as a case of stochastic dependence. Die Naturwissenschaften 39, 350.
*Herdan, Gustav (1953). Language in the Light of Information. Metron XVII, 89-125.
*Herdan, Gustav (1953). Language in the Light of Information II. Metron XVII, 93-122.
*Herdan, Gustav (1954). Informationstheoretische Analyse als Werkzeug der Sprach¬for-schung. Die Naturwissenschaften 41, 293-295.
*Herdan, Gustav (1955). A new derivation of Yule’s characteristic K. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik/ Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics/ Journal de Mathématiques et de Physique appliqées VI, 332-334.
*Herdan, Gustav (1956). Chaucer’s Authorship of the Equantorie of the Planets. The Use of Romance Vocabulary as Evidence. Language 32, 254-259.
*Herdan, Gustav (1956). Language as Choice and Chance. Groningen: Noordhoff.
*Herdan, Gustav (1957). The Numerical Expression of Selective Variation in the Vowel-Consonant Sequence in English and Russian. In: Pulgram, Ernst (ed.), Studies presented to Joshua Whatmough on his sixtieth birthday (S. 91-104). ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). An Inequality Relation between Yule’s Characteristic K and Shannon’s Entropy H. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik/ Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics/ Journal de Mathématiques et de Physique appliqées IX, 69-73.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The mathematical relation between Greenberg’s index of linguistic diversity and Yule’s characteristic. Biometrika 45, 268-270.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The Relation between the Functional Burdening of Phonemes and the Frequency of Occurrence. Language and Speech 1, 8-13.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The relation between the dictionary distribution and the occurrence distribution of word length and its importance for the study of quantitative linguistics. Biometrika 45, 222-228.
*Herdan, Gustav (1959). The Hapax Legomenon: A Real or Apparent Phenomenon? Language and Speech 2, 26-36.
*Herdan, Gustav (1960). Linguistic Philosophy in the Light of Modern Linguistics. Language and Speech 3, 78-83.
*Herdan, Gustav (1960a). Type-Token Mathematics. A Textbook of Mathematical Linguistics. ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). A Critical Examination of Simon’s Model of Certain Distribution Functions in Linguistics. Applied Statistics 10, 65-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). Rev. zu: Pierre Guiraud, Problèmes et méthodes de la statistique linguistique. Language 37, 120-125.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). Vocabulary statistics and Phonology: A Parallel. Language XXXVII, 247-255.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). The Calculus of Linguistic Observations. ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). The Patterning of Semitic Verbal Roots Subjected to Combinatory Analysis. Word XVIII, 262-268.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). Statistics of phonemic systems. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences held at the university of Helsinki, 4-9 September 1961 (S. 435-439). Ed by Antti Sovijärvi & Pentti Aalto. The Hague: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1963). Mathematical models of linguistic distribution functions. Études de Linguistique Appliquée II, 47-64.
*Herdan, Gustav (1963). A method for the quantitative analysis of language mixture. Statistical Methods in Linguistics 2, 110-123.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). The Structuralistic Approach to Chinese Grammar and Vocabulary. Two Essays. The Hague: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). On communication between linguists. Linguistics 9, 71-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Mathematics of genealogical relationship beween languages. Proceedings of the 9th international Congress of Linguistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (S. 51-60). Ed. by Horace G. Lunt. London/ The Hague/ Paris: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Quantitative Linguistics. London: Butterworths. (ital.: Linguistica quantitativa. Bologna: Il Mulino 1971)
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Quantitative linguistics or generative grammar? Linguistics 4, 56-65.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Reply. Archivum Linguisticum XVI, 82-84.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965, 41971). Eine Gesetzmäßigkeit der Sprachenmischung. Mit einem Exkurs über Goethes ‚West-östlichen Divan‘. Mathematik und Dichtung. Versuche zur Frage einer exakten Literaturwissenschaft: 85-106. Zusammen mit Rul Gunzenhäuser hrsg. von Helmut Kreuzer. 4. durchgesehene Auflage. München: Nymphenburger.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965). Lexicality and its statistical reflection. Language and Speech VIII, 190-196.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965). Suitable and unsuitable mathematical models in language statistics, and their consequences. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, held at the University of Münster. Ed. by Eberhard Zwirner & Wolfgang Bethge (S. 61-81). Basel: Karger.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). The advanced theory of language as choice and chance. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Chinese – a conceptual or a notational language? Linguistics 28, 59-73.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Haeckels biogenetisches Grundgesetz in der Sprachwissenschaft. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 19, 321-338.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). La lessicalità e il suo riflesso statistico. Lingua e Stile 1, 135-142.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Letter to the editor. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique XI, 401-402.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). How can quantitative methods contribute to our understanding of lan¬¬guage mixture and language borrowing? In: Statistique et analyse linguistique. Colloque de Strasbourg (20-22 avril 1964) (S. 17-39). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Il calcolo della frequenza delle parole. Forme della parola o lem-matizzatione? Lingua e Stile 2, 47-50.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Chinese – A conceptual or a notational language? Monumenta Serica 26, 47-75.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). The crisis in modern general linguistics. La Linguistique 2, 27-37.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). L’elemento formale matematico nelle lingue naturali. Lingua e Stile 2, 277-289.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). The jig-saw puzzle of Saussurian and quantitative linguistics. Lingua e Stile 4, 69-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Principi generali e metodi della linguistica matematica. Il Verri. Rivista di Letteratura 24, 87-99.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). „Götzendämmerung“ at M.I.T. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 21, 223-231.
*(Herdan) Cherdan, Dž. (1968). Krisis sovremennogo obščego jazykoznanija. Voprosy jazy-koznanija, H. 2, 112-117.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). Rezension zu: Charles Muller, Étude de statistique lexicale: le vocabulaire du théâtre de Pierre Corneille. Language 44, 659-664.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). Zur Verfasserfrage in den Isländersagas. Zeitschrift für Deutsche Philologie 87, 97-99.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). Mathematical models of language. Studium Generale 22, 191-196.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). About some controversial results of the quantitative method in linguistics. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 85, 376-384.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). The mathematical theory of verse. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 22, 225-234.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). Vokabularstruktur und Semantik. Phonetica 19, 142-155.
*Köhler, Reinhard, Altmann, Gabriel, & Piotrowski, Rajmund G. (Hrsg.), Quantitative Linguistik - Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. Berlin/ N.Y.: de Gruyter.
*Krallmann, Dieter. (1969). Necrologium: Gustav Herdan 1898-1968. Phonetica 20, 232-233.
*Krámský, Jiří (1969). Gustav Herdan – An Obituary. Philologia Pragensia 12, 175.
*Meier, Georg F. (1970). Nachruf: Gustav Herdan. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 23, 110-111.
*Nikitopoulos, Pantelis (1980). Sprachstatistik. In: Althaus, Hans Peter, Henne, Helmut, & Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (Hrsg.), Lexikon der germanistischen Linguistik. 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. S. 792-797. Tübingen: Niemeyer 1980.
*Zasorina, L.N., & Tisenko, E.V. (1972). Statističeskaja koncepcija G. Cherdana. Naučnye Doklady Vysšej Školy - Filologičeskie nauki 15, H. 2 (68), 99-109.

Hinweis: Herdan hat allein oder mit anderen zusammen eine ganze Reihe weiterer Untersuchungen veröffentlicht, vor allem zu medizinischen Themen.

Für Unterstützung bei den Recherchen ist herzlich zu danken: Fachbereichsbibliothek Ostasienwissenschaften der Universität Wien (Maja Fuchs), Svitlana Kiyko (Czernowitz), Jürgen Udolph (Leipzig), Ludmila Uhlířová (Prag), Universitätsarchiv Wien (Johannes Seidl), Universitätsbibliothek Wien (Ingrid Ramirer), Andrew Wilson (Lancaster).

Karl-Heinz Best, Göttingen

Gabriel Altmann, Lüdenscheid

[[Category:De]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistik]]

Gustav Herdan (de)

2007-10-26T08:56:08Z

Rk: New page: XXX. Gustav Herdan (1897-1968) Geb. 21.1.1897 in Brünn (Mähren; Mutter Anna, Vater Adolf, Kaufmann); gest. 16.11.1968 (Bournemouth). Jurist, Statistiker und Linguist. Besuch der ersten...

XXX. Gustav Herdan (1897-1968)

Geb. 21.1.1897 in Brünn (Mähren; Mutter Anna, Vater Adolf, Kaufmann); gest. 16.11.1968 (Bournemouth). Jurist, Statistiker und Linguist.
Besuch der ersten deutschen Staatsrealschule in Brünn, Reifezeugnis 1915, Maturitätszeugnis Staatsgymnasium Brünn 1916, Studium der Rechtswissenschaft ab WS 1917/18 in Wien und Prag (deutsche Universität), dazwischen 2 Jahre Militärdienst; Promotion 1923 an der deutschen Universität Prag; zu dieser Zeit wurden von Jura-Promovenden keine Disser-tationen verfasst. Danach Tätigkeit am Landesgericht Brünn; ab 1933 Studium vor allem des Chinesischen in Berlin, London (Diplom für klassisches Chinesisch), Prag und Wien, 1937 in Wien abgeschlossen mit Promotion in Sinologie (ostasiatische Sprachen) und englischer Philologie. 1938 Emigration nach England; Studium der Mathematik und Statistik; stellt 1939-1945 seine Kenntnisse der Statistik in den Dienst der englischen Kriegswirtschaft. Arbeit als Statistiker in der Industrie. Ab 1948 „Lecturer in Statistics“ in der Faculty of Medicine der Universität Bristol.
Mitglied der American Statistical Society, Fellow der Royal Statistical Society, Mitglied der Linguistic Society of America.
Herdans große Bedeutung für die Sprachwissenschaft besteht darin, dass er wohl als erster eine Gesamtdarstellung der Quantitativen Linguistik vorgelegt hat. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt seiner Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Überprüfung von mathematisch formulierten Sprachgesetzen („statistical laws“). Seine Auffassung hierzu kommt u.a. im folgenden Zitat zum Ausdruck: „The masses of linguistic forms...are a part of the physical universe, and as such are subject to the laws which govern mass assemblies of any kind... This is how the need for statistical linguistics arises“ (Herdan 1960a: 3).
In Anknüpfung an Saussures Dichotomie von langue und parole sowie an die Informationstheorie und Kybernetik steht er zusammen mit Pierre Guiraud und Charles Muller für den Aufschwung der Quantitativen Linguistik in den 1950er/ 1960er Jahren (Aichele 2005: 18). Dabei behandelt er eine große Vielfalt von Themen: Fragen der Identifikation anonymer Autoren, Stilometrie, Sprachwandel und -mischung, Anwendung der Informationstheorie, Type-token-Relation, Wortlängen- und Wortfrequenzverteilungen, Zusammenhang zwischen Textlänge und Vokabularumfang sowie zwischen Stilistik und Sprachtypologie. Ein weiteres Thema ist ihm das Deutsch der Nationalsozialisten (Herdan 1960a: 263ff.). In seinen Werken werden etliche Sprachgesetze vorgestellt, darunter die Zipf- bzw. Zipf-Mandelbrot-Verteilung, Poisson-Verteilung, Lognormalverteilung. Auch wenn nicht jedes Detail heute genau so gesehen wird wie von ihm, ist Herdan doch einer der Pioniere der Quantitativen Linguistik. Zu vielen dieser Theman hat er mit der Unterstützung seiner Studenten eine Fülle von Daten erarbeitet, die man auch aus dem Blickwinkel neuer theoretischer Überlegungen nutzen kann (vgl. z.B. Best & Zhu 2001: 103ff.).
Herdan studierte eher Philologie als Linguistik und haftete – wie zu seiner Zeit alle Linguisten – an den Lehren von F. de Saussure und denen des Prager Strukturalismus. Dieser Hintergrund öffnete ihm einige Tore, auf der anderen Seite hinderte er ihn, einen Schritt weiter zu gehen. 40 Jahre nach seinem Tod und in Anbetracht der Entwicklung in der Quantitativen Linguistik ist es nicht schwer, die Irrtümer zu sehen, denen er unterlag. Seine Kritiker, die ihn eher vom linguistischen Standpunkt aus rezensiert haben, kritisierten mehr seinen „nichtlinguistischen“ Blick auf Sprachphänomene und ihre Interpretationen, seltener seine Methoden. Nichtsdestoweniger brachte er eine ganze Reihe von Problemen zum Vorschein, deren konsequente Weiterführung neue Bereiche der Linguistik eröffnen könnte.
Herdan nahm den Kampf mit „qualitativen“ Linguisten betont engagiert auf und griff besonders die Vertreter der damals sich neu entwickelnden generativen Grammatik bei jeder Gelegenheit an. Diplomatie war nicht gerade seine starke Seite. In damaliger Zeit konnte er die Auseinandersetzung nicht für sich entscheiden; heute hat sich die Situation jedoch beträchtlich geändert. Es ist zu bedauern, dass er auch gegen Vertreter der Quantitativen Linguistik eine negative Einstellung hatte. Zipf und sein Prinzip der geringsten Anstrengung sowie sein Gesetz, das heutzutage in mindestens 20 wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen seinen Platz gefunden hat, lehnte er schroff ab. Heute sind Zipfs Entdeckungen die Grundlage der synergetischen Linguistik und sein Prinzip, das axiomatisch gilt, wurde in zahlreiche Spezialfälle aufgespalten.
Von Herdan kann man jedoch sehr viel lernen. Es sind nicht so sehr die Methoden und Ansätze, die er benutzte, bzw. die Interpretationen, die er ihnen gab, sondern eher die Fülle der Probleme, die er in die Diskussion brachte. Sicherlich sind manche von ihnen Pseudoprobleme oder nicht gerade adäquat gelöste Ansätze, aber man kann aus ihnen ersehen, welche Richtungen möglich sind. Er wird heute noch immer oft zitiert, im positiven Sinne (vgl. u.a. Köhler, Altmann & Piotrowski 2005; Nikitopoulos 1980). Vielleicht hat er sich in seinen linguistischen Bemühungen allzusehr auf seine eigenen linguistischen Kenntnisse verlassen und jegliche Kooperation mit Linguisten vermieden, im Gegensatz zur Medizin, wo er nur als Statistiker wirkte und mit anderen kooperierte.

==Literatur==
*Aichele, Dieter (2005). Quantitative Linguistik in Deutschland und Österreich. In: Köhler, Reinhard, Altmann, Gabriel, & Piotrowski, Rajmund G. (Hrsg.), Quantitative Linguistik - Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch:. 16-23. Berlin/ N.Y.: de Gruyter.

*Best, Karl-Heinz, Altmann, Gabriel (2007). XXX. Gustav Herdan (1897-1968). Glottometrics 15, 92-96.

*Best, Karl-Heinz, & Zhu, Jinyang (2001). Wortlängenverteilungen in chinesischen Texten und Wörterbüchern. In: Best, Karl-Heinz (Hrsg.), Häufigkeitsverteilungen in Texten: 101-114. Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.

*Chrétien, C. Douglas (1962/63). A New Statistical Approach to the Study of Language? Romance Philology 16, 290-301. (Review Article zu Herdan, Language as Choice and Chance, 1956).

*Grayston, K., & Herdan, G. (1959/60). The Authorship of the Pastorals in the Light of Statistical Linguistics. New Testament Studies VI, 1-15.

*Heilmann, Luigi (1969). Gustav Herdan. Lingua e Stile 4, 93-96.

*Herdan, Gustav (1937). Die Reduplikationen des Chih Ching (Diss.phil., Wien, nur 1 Ex., das lt. Mitteilung v. 14.2.07 in der Fachbereichsbibliohtek Ostasienwissenschaften der Universität Wien noch vorhanden ist.).

*Herdan, Gustav (1940). The Mathematical Analysis of Linguistic Behavior. Thesis.

*Herdan, Gustav (1941). Factorial Analysis of Recorded Speech. Thesis.
*Herdan, Gustav (1952). Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation as a case of stochastic dependence. Die Naturwissenschaften 39, 350.
*Herdan, Gustav (1953). Language in the Light of Information. Metron XVII, 89-125.
*Herdan, Gustav (1953). Language in the Light of Information II. Metron XVII, 93-122.
*Herdan, Gustav (1954). Informationstheoretische Analyse als Werkzeug der Sprach¬for-schung. Die Naturwissenschaften 41, 293-295.
*Herdan, Gustav (1955). A new derivation of Yule’s characteristic K. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik/ Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics/ Journal de Mathématiques et de Physique appliqées VI, 332-334.
*Herdan, Gustav (1956). Chaucer’s Authorship of the Equantorie of the Planets. The Use of Romance Vocabulary as Evidence. Language 32, 254-259.
*Herdan, Gustav (1956). Language as Choice and Chance. Groningen: Noordhoff.
*Herdan, Gustav (1957). The Numerical Expression of Selective Variation in the Vowel-Consonant Sequence in English and Russian. In: Pulgram, Ernst (ed.), Studies presented to Joshua Whatmough on his sixtieth birthday (S. 91-104). ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). An Inequality Relation between Yule’s Characteristic K and Shannon’s Entropy H. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik/ Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics/ Journal de Mathématiques et de Physique appliqées IX, 69-73.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The mathematical relation between Greenberg’s index of linguistic diversity and Yule’s characteristic. Biometrika 45, 268-270.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The Relation between the Functional Burdening of Phonemes and the Frequency of Occurrence. Language and Speech 1, 8-13.
*Herdan, Gustav (1958). The relation between the dictionary distribution and the occurrence distribution of word length and its importance for the study of quantitative linguistics. Biometrika 45, 222-228.
*Herdan, Gustav (1959). The Hapax Legomenon: A Real or Apparent Phenomenon? Language and Speech 2, 26-36.
*Herdan, Gustav (1960). Linguistic Philosophy in the Light of Modern Linguistics. Language and Speech 3, 78-83.
*Herdan, Gustav (1960a). Type-Token Mathematics. A Textbook of Mathematical Linguistics. ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). A Critical Examination of Simon’s Model of Certain Distribution Functions in Linguistics. Applied Statistics 10, 65-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). Rev. zu: Pierre Guiraud, Problèmes et méthodes de la statistique linguistique. Language 37, 120-125.
*Herdan, Gustav (1961). Vocabulary statistics and Phonology: A Parallel. Language XXXVII, 247-255.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). The Calculus of Linguistic Observations. ‘s-Gravenhage: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). The Patterning of Semitic Verbal Roots Subjected to Combinatory Analysis. Word XVIII, 262-268.
*Herdan, Gustav (1962). Statistics of phonemic systems. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences held at the university of Helsinki, 4-9 September 1961 (S. 435-439). Ed by Antti Sovijärvi & Pentti Aalto. The Hague: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1963). Mathematical models of linguistic distribution functions. Études de Linguistique Appliquée II, 47-64.
*Herdan, Gustav (1963). A method for the quantitative analysis of language mixture. Statistical Methods in Linguistics 2, 110-123.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). The Structuralistic Approach to Chinese Grammar and Vocabulary. Two Essays. The Hague: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). On communication between linguists. Linguistics 9, 71-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Mathematics of genealogical relationship beween languages. Proceedings of the 9th international Congress of Linguistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (S. 51-60). Ed. by Horace G. Lunt. London/ The Hague/ Paris: Mouton.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Quantitative Linguistics. London: Butterworths. (ital.: Linguistica quantitativa. Bologna: Il Mulino 1971)
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Quantitative linguistics or generative grammar? Linguistics 4, 56-65.
*Herdan, Gustav (1964). Reply. Archivum Linguisticum XVI, 82-84.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965, 41971). Eine Gesetzmäßigkeit der Sprachenmischung. Mit einem Exkurs über Goethes ‚West-östlichen Divan‘. Mathematik und Dichtung. Versuche zur Frage einer exakten Literaturwissenschaft: 85-106. Zusammen mit Rul Gunzenhäuser hrsg. von Helmut Kreuzer. 4. durchgesehene Auflage. München: Nymphenburger.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965). Lexicality and its statistical reflection. Language and Speech VIII, 190-196.
*Herdan, Gustav (1965). Suitable and unsuitable mathematical models in language statistics, and their consequences. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, held at the University of Münster. Ed. by Eberhard Zwirner & Wolfgang Bethge (S. 61-81). Basel: Karger.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). The advanced theory of language as choice and chance. Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York: Springer.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Chinese – a conceptual or a notational language? Linguistics 28, 59-73.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Haeckels biogenetisches Grundgesetz in der Sprachwissenschaft. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 19, 321-338.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). La lessicalità e il suo riflesso statistico. Lingua e Stile 1, 135-142.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). Letter to the editor. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique XI, 401-402.
*Herdan, Gustav (1966). How can quantitative methods contribute to our understanding of lan¬¬guage mixture and language borrowing? In: Statistique et analyse linguistique. Colloque de Strasbourg (20-22 avril 1964) (S. 17-39). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Il calcolo della frequenza delle parole. Forme della parola o lem-matizzatione? Lingua e Stile 2, 47-50.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Chinese – A conceptual or a notational language? Monumenta Serica 26, 47-75.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). The crisis in modern general linguistics. La Linguistique 2, 27-37.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). L’elemento formale matematico nelle lingue naturali. Lingua e Stile 2, 277-289.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). The jig-saw puzzle of Saussurian and quantitative linguistics. Lingua e Stile 4, 69-76.
*Herdan, Gustav (1967). Principi generali e metodi della linguistica matematica. Il Verri. Rivista di Letteratura 24, 87-99.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). „Götzendämmerung“ at M.I.T. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 21, 223-231.
*(Herdan) Cherdan, Dž. (1968). Krisis sovremennogo obščego jazykoznanija. Voprosy jazy-koznanija, H. 2, 112-117.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). Rezension zu: Charles Muller, Étude de statistique lexicale: le vocabulaire du théâtre de Pierre Corneille. Language 44, 659-664.
*Herdan, Gustav (1968). Zur Verfasserfrage in den Isländersagas. Zeitschrift für Deutsche Philologie 87, 97-99.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). Mathematical models of language. Studium Generale 22, 191-196.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). About some controversial results of the quantitative method in linguistics. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 85, 376-384.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). The mathematical theory of verse. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 22, 225-234.
*Herdan, Gustav (1969). Vokabularstruktur und Semantik. Phonetica 19, 142-155.
*Köhler, Reinhard, Altmann, Gabriel, & Piotrowski, Rajmund G. (Hrsg.), Quantitative Linguistik - Quantitative Linguistics. Ein internationales Handbuch. Berlin/ N.Y.: de Gruyter.
*Krallmann, Dieter. (1969). Necrologium: Gustav Herdan 1898-1968. Phonetica 20, 232-233.
*Krámský, Jiří (1969). Gustav Herdan – An Obituary. Philologia Pragensia 12, 175.
*Meier, Georg F. (1970). Nachruf: Gustav Herdan. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 23, 110-111.
*Nikitopoulos, Pantelis (1980). Sprachstatistik. In: Althaus, Hans Peter, Henne, Helmut, & Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (Hrsg.), Lexikon der germanistischen Linguistik. 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. S. 792-797. Tübingen: Niemeyer 1980.
*Zasorina, L.N., & Tisenko, E.V. (1972). Statističeskaja koncepcija G. Cherdana. Naučnye Doklady Vysšej Školy - Filologičeskie nauki 15, H. 2 (68), 99-109.

Hinweis: Herdan hat allein oder mit anderen zusammen eine ganze Reihe weiterer Untersuchungen veröffentlicht, vor allem zu medizinischen Themen.

Für Unterstützung bei den Recherchen ist herzlich zu danken: Fachbereichsbibliothek Ost-asienwissen¬schaften der Universität Wien (Maja Fuchs), Svitlana Kiyko (Czernowitz), Jürgen Udolph (Leipzig), Ludmila Uhlířová (Prag), Universitätsarchiv Wien (Johannes Seidl), Universitätsbibliothek Wien (Ingrid Ramirer), Andrew Wilson (Lancaster).

Karl-Heinz Best, Göttingen
Gabriel Altmann, Lüdenscheid

[[Category:De]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistik]]

Portal:Quantitative Linguistik

2007-10-26T08:37:04Z

Rk: /* '''Biographische Artikel''' */

Portal:Quantitative Linguistik

2007-10-26T08:36:38Z

Rk: /* '''Biographische Artikel''' */

Portal:Quantitative Linguistik

2007-10-26T08:31:08Z

Rk: /* '''Biographische Artikel''' */

Glottopedia:Hauptseite

2007-09-19T14:08:24Z

Rk: /* Quantitative Linguistik */

<p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3">
'''Willkommen bei [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], der freien Enzyklopädie der Sprachwissenschaft.'''
</p>
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|Einleitung]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Häufige Fragen|Oft gestellte Fragen]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Contact|Kontakt]]  -  [[Special:Allpages|Alle Artikel A–Z]]  -  Zahl der Artikel: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]  -  [[Main Page|Glottopedia auf Englisch]]
</p>
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks">
[[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetik und Phonologie]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphologie]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistik]] | [[Portal:Liste der Portale|andere Themengebiete]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biographien]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Sprachwissenschaftliche Forschung]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Sprachwissenschaftler und Sprachwissenschaftlerinnen]]
</p>

{|
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|

[[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] ist eine im Aufbau befindliche frei editierbare Enzyklopädie von Linguisten für Linguisten. Sie soll [[Glottopedia:Wörterbuchartikel|Wörterbuchartikel]] zu allen technischen Termini der Sprachwissenschaft enthalten und ist [[Glottopedia:Mehrsprachig|mehrsprachig]]. Außerdem gibt es [[Glottopedia:Überblicksartikel|Überblicksartikel]], [[Glottopedia:Biographische Artikel|Biographische Artikel]] und [[Glottopedia:Sprachenartikel|Sprachenartikel]], potenziell zu allen Linguisten und allen Sprachen.

Glottopedia gibt es bisher auch auf [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Englisch]], und in Zukunft hoffentlich auch auf [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italienisch]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanisch]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|Französisch]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russisch]], [[Glottopedia:欢迎，新来者|Chinesisch]], und Japanisch.

Glottopedia braucht Ihre '''[[Glottopedia:Mitmachen|Mitarbeit]]'''!

=Glottopedia-Team=

Chefredaktion: [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Sven Naumann]]

Technische Redaktion: [[Götz Burger]], [[Hans-Jörg Bibiko]]

Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: [[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Paul Newman]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]

=Beispiel-Wörterbuchartikel=

===Syntax===
(siehe auch [[Portal:Syntax]])

[[Argumentstruktur]], [[Dependenzgrammatik]], [[Ergativität]], [[Kasustheorie]], [[Komplement]], [[Phrasenstrukturgrammatik]], [[Rattenfängerkonstruktion]], [[Subjekt]], [[Subkomparativ]]

===Morphologie===
(siehe auch [[Portal:Morphologie]])

[[Distribuierte Morphologie]], [[Fugenelement]], [[Infix]], [[Kontamination]], [[Lexem]], [[Morphem]], [[Präfix]], [[Suffix]], [[Wirt]]

===Phonetik und Phonologie===
(siehe auch [[Portal:Phonetik und Phonologie]])

[[Auslautverhärtung]], [[bilabial (de)|bilabial]], [[Etazismus]], [[Hiat]], [[quantitätssensitiv]], [[Synkopierung]], [[Velarisierung]]

===Semantik===
(siehe auch [[Portal:Semantik]])

[[Ambiguität]], [[Antonym (de)|Antonym]], [[Bedeutung]], [[Denotation (de)|Denotation]], [[Konnotation]], [[Holonym (de)|Holonym]], [[Hyperonym|Hyperonym]], [[Hyponym (de)|Hyponym]], [[Kollokation]], [[Konnotation]], [[Meronym (de)|Meronym]], [[Proposition|Proposition]], [[semantischer Marker]], [[Sinn]], [[Vagheit]]

===Computerlinguistik===
(siehe auch [[Portal:Computerlinguistik]])

[[Brill-Tagger]], [[endlicher Automat]], [[GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[ID/LP-Syntax]], [[Kategorialgrammatik]], [[KWIC Konkordanz]], [[Merkmalslogik]], [[Glottopedia:Parser|Parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[Subsumption]], [[Tagger]], [[Unifikation]], [[unifikationsbasierte Grammatiken]], [[Zwei-Stufen-Morphologie]], [[Zustandsdiagramm]]

===Quantitative Linguistik===
(siehe auch [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistik]])

[[Eigenschaft]], [[Einheit]],
[[Entropie]], [[Frequenz]],[[Funktion]] [[Gesetz (wissenschaftstheoretisch)]], [[Gesetz (Sprach- und Textgesetze)]],
[[Graphentheorie]], [[Hypothese]],[[Index]],
[[Information]], [[Informationstheorie]], [[Numerische Klassifikation]],
[[Länge]], [[Maß]], [[Metrik]], [[Modell(bildung)]],
[[Ökonomie(prinzip]], [[Prozess]], [[Skala]],
[[Sprachgesetz]], [[Statistik]], [[Struktur]],
[[synergetische Linguistik]], [[System]], [[Systemanforderung]],
[[Text]], [[Textstatistik]], [[Theorie]], [[Verteilung]],
[[Wiederholung]], [[Worteigenschaften]], [[Zusammenhang]], [[Dialektometrie]]

=Biografische Artikel=
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]] · [[Johannes Benzing]] · [[Simon C. Dik]] · [[Dionysius Thrax]] · [[Stefan Elders]] · [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]] · [[Einar Haugen]] · [[Marco Haverkort]] · [[Karl Erich Heidolph (de)]] · [[Georg Friedrich Meier]] · [[Jean Paul]] · [[Harry L. Shorto]] · [[John Sinclair]] · [[Sergej A. Starostin]] · [[Jost Winteler]]

=Andere Sprachen=
* Englisch [[Main Page]]

[[Category:De]]
[[Category:Glottopedia]]

File:Glottometrics.jpg

2007-08-24T13:06:57Z

Rk:

File:JQL.jpg

2007-08-24T13:02:51Z

Rk:

Portal:Quantitative Linguistik

2007-08-24T09:36:07Z

Rk:

Internationale Gesellschaft für Quantitative Linguistik (IQLA)

2007-08-24T09:34:38Z

Rk:

Nach der erfolgreichen ersten [[QUALICO-Konferenzen|QUALICO]] wurde die zweite Konferenz in Moskau als eine Möglichkeit genutzt, die '''International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)''' zu gründen, die die QUALICO seitdem auf dreijähriger Basis organisiert. Informationen sind verfügbar auf [http://www.iqla.org IQLA].

[[Category:De]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistik]]

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2007-08-24T09:32:20Z

Rk: /* '''Information Sources and Conferences''' */

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation in linguistics]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
[[Journals of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[book series Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>

<div style="font-size:80%;">
== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]

Journal of Quantitative Linguistics

2007-08-24T09:31:41Z

Rk: Journal of Quantitative Linguistics moved to Journals of Quantitative Linguistics

#REDIRECT [[Journals of Quantitative Linguistics]]

File:Glottometrics.GIF

2007-08-24T09:25:34Z

Rk:

File:JQL.GIF

2007-08-24T09:25:07Z

Rk:

International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)

2007-08-24T09:09:54Z

Rk:

After the successful start of the first QUALICO, the second conference in Moscow was used as an opportunity to found the International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA), which organises the QUALICO on a triennial basis. Information is available at [http://www.iqla.org IQLA].

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]

Portal:Quantitative Linguistik

2007-07-24T10:31:06Z

Rk: /* '''Informationsquellen und Konferenzen''' */

Explanation in linguistics

2007-07-24T10:26:49Z

Rk: Explanation moved to Explanation in linguistics: more specific title

Over centuries, the concept of explanation was unclear. Several approaches, such as the type of teleological explanation (i.e. the attempt to explain something by its purpose) failed in the end because they could be shown to be logically flawed.

The only known logically perfect kind of explanation is the deductive-nomological one: An explanation is the subsumption of a fact under a set of [[law]]s and boundary conditions (gr. nomos - "law"). Thus, the specific fact can be logically deduced from the laws and boundary conditions.

This can be illustrated by the "Hempel-Oppenheim Scheme" (Carl Hempel 1965a):

G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>, ..., G<sub>n</sub>

R<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>2</sub>, ..., R<sub>m</sub>,

_____________

E

The part above the line represents a set of universal [[law]]s and a set of boundary conditions and is called the "explanans", the line represents the logical deduction, and "E" represents the fact, the "explanandum", which is being explained.

The explanation is valid only if the fact E is covered by at least one of the laws and if the relevant boundary conditions are met. Thus, the fact that closes are, on the average, shorter in sentences with more clauses than in sentences with less clauses is explained by the [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] and the boundary condition that clauses are immediate constituents of a sentence.

A special kind of the deductive-nomological explanation is the functional explanation (not to confuse with teleological explanation), which is the appropriate form of explanation in linguistics. The simple variant, represented by the Hempel-Oppenheim Scheme, or attempts to explain linguistic facts and phenomena using a cause-effect relation must fail. A functional explanation is much more complicated (cf. Hempel 1965b and Köhler 1968). Its logic is, to some extent, similar to biological evolution.

===References===

*Bunge, Mario. 1967. Scientific Research I, II. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.
*Hempel, Carl G. 1965a. Aspects of scientific explanation. New York.
*Hempel, Carl G. 1965b The logic of functional analysis. In Hempel: 1965a.
*Hempel, Carl. G., Oppenheim, Paul. 1948. Studies in the logic of explanation. In: Philosophy of Science 15, 135-175.
*Köhler, Reinhard. 1968. Zur linguistischen Synergetik: Struktur und Dynamik der Lexik. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 25-33.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:SURV]]
[[Category:General]]

Explanation

2007-07-24T10:26:49Z

Rk: Explanation moved to Explanation in linguistics: more specific title

#REDIRECT [[Explanation in linguistics]]

Talk:Explanation in linguistics

2007-07-24T10:26:49Z

Rk: Talk:Explanation moved to Talk:Explanation in linguistics: more specific title

This article is as short as a dictionary article, but its character is clearly that of a survey article, because it is about a phenomenon, not about a term. So it would be good if it could be enlarged.

I also wonder whether it should be called "Explanation in linguistics", because Glottopedia focuses linguistic issues, and not with general phenomena and concepts that are relevant also outside linguistics. --[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 18:44, 17 July 2007 (CEST)

:: Sure, both is true. As soon as I have the time ... --[[User:Rk|Rk]] 12:25, 24 July 2007 (CEST)

Talk:Explanation

2007-07-24T10:26:49Z

Rk: Talk:Explanation moved to Talk:Explanation in linguistics: more specific title

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Explanation in linguistics]]

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2007-07-24T10:26:02Z

Rk: /* '''Fundamental Issues''' */

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation in linguistics]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
[[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[book series Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>

<div style="font-size:80%;">
== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]

Talk:Explanation in linguistics

2007-07-24T10:25:12Z

Rk:

Glottopedia:Forum/Archive 01

2007-07-24T10:22:53Z

Rk: Kategorien

<div style="border:1px solid #8888AA;background-color:#F0FFF0;padding:7px;text-align:center">
<big>'''Welcome to the Glottopedia Forum'''</big><br/><br/>
This is the place where you can ask questions about Glottopedia itself, and also about linguistic topics in general.<br/>
'''Click [http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Forum&action=edit&section=new here] to add a new question.'''
</div>

__TOC__
----
==Unicode==
Why is Glottopedia in ISO-8859-1 and not in Unicode? Wikipedia is in Unicode (UTF-8). --[[User:David Marjanović|David Marjanović]] 01:56, 28 June 2007 (CEST)
: I am sure this will be fixed very soon. Glottopedia should be in UTF-8. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)
:: Now I'm not sure whether this UTF-8 encoding will be fixed soon. Whom shall we as kto do it? Who in Trier is responsible? --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:18, 10 July 2007 (CEST)

==Edit URL==
Why is the URL of articles in Glottopedia hidden (when I enter via www.glottopedia.org)? It is really practical that one can edit the URL and get directly to some articles, categories, or templates. When I enter Glottopedia via http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php I can manipulate the URL as described. But this should be possible via www.glottopedia.org aswell. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)

:There is a detailed description for at least three <span style="background-color:yellow;">solutions how to do this in the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Short_URL MediaWiki manual]</span>. It should work even if you don't have a root access to the host server. So please somebody try one of the possibilities to keep the URL short '''and''' editable. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 13:05, 14 July 2007 (CEST)

==External Links Keep Glottopedia URL!==
When you click on an external link in Glottopedia, the URL in the adress field of your browser remains <nowiki>http://www.glottopedia.org/</nowiki> this should not be. Try this external link to Google: http://www.google.com/ --18:14, 10 July 2007 (CEST)

==Category names==
What do LIRE and HYPO stand for? These are names of [[Special:Categories|categories]] which I can't guess. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:43, 10 July 2007 (CEST)
:LIRE is no longer used. "HYPO" stands for [[Glottopedia:Dictionary_articles/Hypotheses_and_approaches|hypothesis and approach articles]], although we need to think more about whether we need it and how exactly we apply it. It should be considered preliminary at this point. --[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:05, 12 July 2007 (CEST)

== Rename LING to RESEARCH? ==

I'd rename the ''LING'' article type to ''RESEARCH''. What do you think? --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:11, 10 July 2007 (CEST)
:My original proposal was to name these articles "linguistics articles", to which Sven objected that in a way all articles are about linguistics. "Linguistic research articles" is probably better, although not all of them are about research in the narrow sense (basically they are about linguists' activities). Anyway, I like the abbreviation "LING" for "Linguistic research" much better than "LIRE". "RESEARCH" I find too long. But ultimately it's a matter of taste, and if someone else is strongly against "linguistic reaearch/LING", I'll be happy to go along with an alternative proposal.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:09, 12 July 2007 (CEST)

::Well, I thought if LINGUIST is not too long a category label, maybe RESEARCH would also be ok. For LING it is not immediately transparent what category it is. Anybody who wants to know what it is has to read it somewhere (where?). One thinks intuitively about "linguist", linguistics in general, but not of current research. I think this RESEARCH (or LING) category we could use for articles about current or recent projects: WALS, Autotyp, Negtyp, ... --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 21:59, 12 July 2007 (CEST)

== About Glottopedia ==

Currently we have the page two times: [[Glottopedia:About]] and [[Glottopedia:About_Glottopedia]]. One of them should be deleted --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:16, 10 July 2007 (CEST)

==Link Forum==
Please admins, sysops, link this forum in the navigation bar on the left. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)

==Set the system time==
The system time of the wiki-server seems to be 2 hours more than the German time. Please fix it. Everytime I sign some post, I wonder if it is really that late (-: --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)

==Multilingual categories?==
I'd like to keep categories language-specific. It will get very messy if you see German, English and Russian articles about morphology in that category. We have the language splits almost everywhere, even for this forum, and all administrative pages, Guidelines, Community portal, portals ... so why to lump articles of different languages in one Category? We can handle it like the article names, there can be a category "Syntax", "Syntax (de)", ... --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:24, 12 July 2007 (CEST)
:Using only Glottopedia's default language (English) in categories was a decision we took early on (see [[Glottopedia:Categorization]], second sentence). The idea was that unlike Wikipedia, which has different wikis for each language, Glottopedia has just a single wiki and is thus much more integrated. This is because many users will be multilingual, and will be happy to use articles in multiple languages more or less simulteanously. Of course, it would be necessary to have a search mechanism that allows queries such as "find all morphology articles in German" -- such a mechanism is not standard in Mediawiki and would have to be created as an add-on. I'm not saying that I'm strongly opposed to having the categories in multiple languages as well -- this might also be a good way of organizing Glottopedia, perhaps a better one. In that case, we wouldn't even need the category type "article language", because all categories would be language-specific. I'd like to hear more contributions to this important discussion.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 09:48, 13 July 2007 (CEST)
::I am perfectly confident with mulitlingual categories as long as one can easily filter them or combine them (Category:Syntax AND Category:De). The question is, how easily this can be implemented and used. If we plan to implement this, we should do it before the categories get too crowded. I see your point, since 99 % of Glottopedia users read German and English, there is no need for strict language separation. Let's give multilingual categories a try. At this time we don't have so many articles, so it is quite easy. '''But we need to update the automatic ABC-zation''' in overwiew of articles in the Category: Look at [[:Category:Syntax]] how the cyrillic characters mess up the layout (third column is longer!) and the "Č" in [[:Category:BIOG]] comes after "Z" rather than after "C". We must fix this somehow --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:45, 13 July 2007 (CEST)

== Consistent orthography ==

I saw Rk's recent renaming of some articles. We should decide how to write the names of the articles. There is sometimes "Quantitative Linguistics" sometimes "quantitative linguistics". I'm not familiar with the English orthography, but I think in the heading all words except for "of" and "the" are written with an initial uppercase letter. The question is how do we do in in Glottopedia. We should decide for one default for english and other orthographical variants should redirect to the default article. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:58, 14 July 2007 (CEST)

==Other languages==
German [[Glottopedia:Diskussionsforum]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Glottopedia]]

== Kategorien ==

In Bezug auf die Einführung und Vergabe von Kategorien ist ein Besorgnis erregender Wildwuchs zu beobachten.
Es ist gerade noch an der Zeit, Rolle und Zweck der Kategorien zu diskutieren, um hoffentlich nicht zu spät einen Konsens
über diese Fragen zu finden. Wenn es weiter geht wie jetzt, gibt es binnen kurzer Zeit keine Hoffnung mehr, ein
sinnvolles und transparentes Kategorienschema zu etablieren.

Frage: Wozu dienen Kategorien? Versuch einer Antwort:
Wie andere Ordnungsmittel auch dienen Kategorien in erster Linie zur Orientierung der Nutzer,
genauer gesagt der Erschließung der Information. In zweiter Linie könnte man daran denken, dass auch
die Autoren durch die Kategorien eine Orientierungshilfe erhalten sollen.
Wenn diese Zweckbestimmung richtig ist, muss man als erstes fragen, nach welchen esStrategien ein
Nutzer Kategorien verwenden wird. Meist folgt man intuitiv einer Vorstellung, wie sie seit Aristoteles
etabliert ist: Man denkt an ein irgendwie ontologisch gegliedertes, hierarchisches System. Damit
müsste es (1) eine inhaltliche, begriffliche Einteilung bieten und (2) den Begriffsraum möglichst gleichmäßig abdecken.

Zusätzlich sind weitere Erschließungsdimensionen sinnvoll. In Glottopedia vorgesehen ist z.B. die Artikelsprache.
Ein gutes Erschließungs- und Zugriffssystem unterscheidet daher verschiedene Arten von Kategorien
(jedermann bekannt z.B. dadurch, dass Bücher gern einen Sachindex und einen davon getrennten Namenindex
bieten. Bibliothekarisch ausgefuchste Informationsquellen haben 7 und mehr verschiedene Indexarten.
Das ist eine Sache des Aufwands und der Frage, ob man den Nutzern so viel Unterscheidungsvermögen
zutrauen will).

In Glottopedia gibt es offensichtlich noch keine Überlegungen zu diesen Fragen. Die Kategorien betreffen
Artikeleigenschaften aller Art, wobei auch die quantitative Seite noch nicht bedacht wird. So manche
ad-hoc eingeführte Kategorie wird wohl kaum eine Chance haben, mehr als zwei, drei Artikel zu versammeln.
Genauso wichtig würde ich jetzt den Punkt nehmen, wonach ein Nutzer denn suchen wird. Wird er tatsächlich
seine Artikelsuche daran orientieren, ob es sich um einen eher allgemeinen Terminus handelt oder um eine
spezielle Fragestellung (vgl die kürzlich diskutierte Kategorie HYPO, die durch SPEC ersetzt werden soll)?
Ich glaube kaum, denn er wird nicht wissen, wie speziell seine Frage ist, solange er nicht die Antwort kennt.

Zusammenfassend: Welche Aufgabe sollen die Kategorien in Glottopedia haben?

Konstruktiver Vorschlag: Der Bereich der Linguistik wird vorab einer Systematisierung unterworfen (wobei man sich an
guten Bibliotheken orientieren könnte), um eine Art Thesaurus zu gewinnen. Die Blätter des entstandenen
Baums könnten Kategorien werden. Allerdings: Suchen wird man so auch nicht. So etwas könnte der nachträglichen
Einordnung dienen.

Dem Nutzerzugriff dienen würden vor allem reine organisatorische Kategorien (wie die der Artikelsprache),
womit man sehr sparsam umgehen sollte. Nicht akzeptabel ist es, wenn ein und dieselbe Aussage mittels
mehrerer verschiedener Ausdrucksformen signalisiert wird (so derzeit in Glottopedia bei der Angabe der
Artikelherkunft. Ich hatte es so verstanden, dass dazu ein virtueller Nutzername dienen soll. Jetzt gibt
es aber für den gleichen Zweck auch Kategorien).

Noch etwas: Man sollte sich auch einmal die Konsequenzen eines ausufernden Kategorienvorrats vor Augen
führen - schon allein dafür, was auf einen Autor zukommen könnte, wenn er herausfinden muss, welche Vielzahl an
Kategorien er der Einheitlichkeit wegen seinem Artikel anhand einer unübersichtlichen Liste zuordnen muss.

Dringender Appell: Schnellstens diskutieren und ein einheitliches System einführen!

--[[User:Rk|Rk]] 12:22, 24 July 2007 (CEST)

Main Page

2007-07-14T13:17:03Z

Rk: /* Quantitative Linguistics */

<p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3">
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''
</p>
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]  -  [[Special:Allpages|All articles A–Z]]  -  Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]
</p>
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks">
[[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]]
</p>

{|
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.

Glottopedia also exists in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], and in the future hopefully also in [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎，新来者|Chinese]], and Japanese.

Glottopedia needs your '''[[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!

=Glottopedia Team=

Editors-in-Chief: [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Sven Naumann]]

Technical Editors: [[Götz Burger]], [[Hans-Jörg Bibiko]]

Scientific Advisory Council: [[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]

=Sample dictionary articles=

===Syntax===
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])

[[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[rich agreement]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]

===Morphology===
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])

[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[flag]], [[infinitive]], [[lexeme]], [[morpheme]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[prefix]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]

===Phonetics and Phonology===
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])

[[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[velarization]]

===Semantics===
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])

[[ambiguity]], [[agent]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[meaning]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[vagueness]]

===Computational Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])

[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[ID/LP-Syntax]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-Level Morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]]

===Quantitative Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])

[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]],
[[history of quantitative linguistics ]],
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]],
[[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]],
[[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]],
[[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]],
[[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]],
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]],
[[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]],
[[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]]

=Sample biographical articles=
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])

[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]] · [[Johannes Benzing]] · [[Simon C. Dik]] · [[Dionysius Thrax]] · [[Stefan Elders]] · [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]] · [[Einar Haugen]] · [[Marco Haverkort]] · [[Karl Erich Heidolph]] · [[Georg Friedrich Meier]] · [[Harry L. Shorto]] · [[John Sinclair]] · [[Sergej A. Starostin]] · [[Jost Winteler]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Glottopedia]]

=Other Languages=
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]

Explanation in linguistics

2007-07-14T13:13:25Z

Rk: New page: Over centuries, the concept of explanation was unclear. Several approaches, such as the type of teleological explanation (i.e. the attempt to explain something by its purpose) failed in th...

Over centuries, the concept of explanation was unclear. Several approaches, such as the type of teleological explanation (i.e. the attempt to explain something by its purpose) failed in the end because they could be shown to be logically flawed.

The only known logically perfect kind of explanation is the deductive-nomological one: An explanation is the subsumption of a fact under a set of [[law]]s and boundary conditions (gr. nomos - "law"). Thus, the specific fact can be logically deduced from the laws and boundary conditions.

This can be illustrated by the "Hempel-Oppenheim Scheme" (Carl Hempel 1965a):

G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>, ..., G<sub>n</sub>

R<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>2</sub>, ..., R<sub>m</sub>,

_____________

E

The part above the line represents a set of universal [[law]]s and a set of boundary conditions and is called the "explanans", the line represents the logical deduction, and "E" represents the fact, the "explanandum", which is being explained.

The explanation is valid only if the fact E is covered by at least one of the laws and if the relevant boundary conditions are met. Thus, the fact that closes are, on the average, shorter in sentences with more clauses than in sentences with less clauses is explained by the [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] and the boundary condition that clauses are immediate constituents of a sentence.

A special kind of the deductive-nomological explanation is the functional explanation (not to confuse with teleological explanation), which is the appropriate form of explanation in linguistics. The simple variant, represented by the Hempel-Oppenheim Scheme, or attempts to explain linguistic facts and phenomena using a cause-effect relation must fail. A functional explanation is much more complicated (cf. Hempel 1965b and Köhler 1968). Its logic is, to some extent, similar to biological evolution.

==References==

Bunge, Mario. 1967. Scientific Research I, II. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

Hempel, Carl G. 1965a. Aspects of scientific explanation. New York.

Hempel, Carl G. 1965b The logic of functional analysis. In Hempel: 1965a.

Hempel, Carl. G., Oppenheim, Paul. 1948. Studies in the logic of explanation. In: Philosophy of Science 15, 135-175.

Köhler, Reinhard. 1968. Zur linguistischen Synergetik: Struktur und Dynamik der Lexik. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 25-33.

User talk:Rk

2007-07-14T12:41:22Z

Rk: /* Consistent orthography */

== Hello, {{PAGENAME}} ==

<font color='#50A000'>'''Welcome to Glottopedia!'''</font><br>
We hope you will enjoy working here. If you need help, just drop me (or another [[Special:Listusers|user]]) a message on the talk page. Please read (at least) the first section of our [[Help:Basics|'''handbook''']].

'''We ask you to include at least your full name and your linguistic affiliation on your personal user page.''' (We may have to block users that do not do this within a few days after getting an account.)

Please [[Glottopedia:Signature|sign]] all your posts on talk pages by using <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki>. The four tildes are changed into your personal signature by the software when you save the page.

Once you finish editing an article, please always use the ''Show preview'' button at the bottom of the edit window so that you can make sure that your formating and layout works as you want. Try to fill the ''Summary'' field whenever you edit a page. That will help others to understand what you have done.

Welcome again, and have a lot of fun,--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 15:06, 30 June 2007 (CEST)

== Consistent orthography ==

I saw your recent renaming of some articles. You should decide how to write ''quantitative linguistics'' in the names of the articles. Sometimes you write "Quantitative Linguistics" sometimes "quantitative linguistics". I'm not familiar with the English orthography, but I thing in the heading all words except for "of" and "the" are written with an initial uppercase letter. The question is how do we do in in Glottopedia. We should decide for one default for english and other orthographical variants should redirect to the default article. Let's discuss this in the [[Glottopedia:Forum]]--[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:56, 14 July 2007 (CEST)

::You are right, I became uncomfortable with my orthography because all the other titles of the "sample articles" section have been written without caps. --[[User:Rk|Rk]]

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2007-07-13T15:33:46Z

Rk: /* '''Fundamental Issues''' */

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
[[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[book series Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>

<div style="font-size:80%;">
== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]

Law

2007-07-13T14:49:28Z

Rk: /* References */

== Definition ==

The philosophy of science defines the term '''scientific law''' as a meaningful universal hypothesis which is systematically connected to other hypotheses in the field and at the same time well corroborated on relevant empirical data (cf. Bunge 1967). A law is called universal because it is valid at all times, everywhere, and for all objects of its scope. A well known example is the law of gravitation in physics. A law can be said to be a statement representing universal patterns in the world (the phenomenological type of law) or universal mechanisms (the representational or mechanistic type). While the first one relates two or more variables to each other without specifying the origin of this relation (black box), the second one includes such a specification.
A system of laws is called a [[theory]]. The value of theories and their components, the laws, lies not only in their role as the containers of scientific knowledge but also in the fact that there can be no explanation without at least one law: A valid scientific explanation (the so-called deductive-nomological explanation) is a subsumption under laws taking into account boundary conditions. A specific form of the deductive-nomological explanation is the functional explanation, which follows an extended scheme and is possible only under special conditions (self-organizing systems such as biological evolution and language).
Laws must not be confused with rules, which are either prescriptive or descriptive tools without any explanatory power; hence, also grammars and similar formalisms cannot explain anything. Another significant difference is that rules can be violated - laws (in the scientific sense) cannot.

== Laws in the Study of Language and Text ==

In quantitative linguistics, the exact science of language and text, three kinds of uni-versal laws are known. The first kind takes the form of probability distributions, i.e. it makes predictions about the number of units of a given property. A well-known example of this kind is the Zipf-Mandelbrot Law (the status of the corresponding phenomenon has been discussed since the days of George K. Zipf, who was the first to systematically study quantitative properties of language from a scientific point of view). The law relates (a) the frequency of a word in a given text (in any language) to the number of words with the given frequency (called fre-quency spectrum), and (b) the frequency of a word in relation to its rank (called rank-frequency distribution). The first formulation by Zipf stated that about one half of the word tokens of a text have the frequency one (the so-called hapax legomena), a third of the rest – a frequency two (dis legomena), a quarter of the rest occurs three times in the text, etc. Zipf called it the harmonic law. It was later modified and corrected by Benoit Mandelbrot (outside linguistics known from his fractal geometry). He derived the law from the assumption that languages organize their lexicons in the way that the most frequent words become the shortest ones, using an optimization method (Lagrange multipliers) under the condition that the information of each code element must be greater than zero. This resulted in the famous formula (1), which has the form of a rank-frequency distribution: If the words are arranged according to their frequency, the most frequent word is assigned rank one etc. The formula gives the frequency a word should have at a given rank:

<math>f(r) = \frac{K}{(b+r)^γ},</math>

where f(r) is the frequency, r - the rank, b and γ - parameters, and K a normalizing constant.
Since the seminal works of Zipf and Mandelbrot, numerous laws have been found. Other ex-amples of distributional laws are (in morphology and lexicon) the distribution of length, polysemy, synonymy, age, part-of-speech etc., (in syntax) the frequency distribution of syn-tactic constructions, the distribution of their complexity, depth of embedding, information, and position in mother constituent, (in semantics) the distribution of the lengths of definition chains in semantic networks, semantic diversification, etc. Any property and any linguistic unit studied so far displays a characteristic probability distribution.
The second kind of law is called the functional type, because these laws link two (or more) variables, i.e. properties. An illustrative example of this kind is Menzerath’s Law (in the literature also called Menzerath-Altmann Law), which relates the size of linguistic constituents to the size of the corresponding construct. Thus, the (mean) length of the syllables of a word depends on the number of syllables the word consists of; the (mean) length of the clauses in a sentence depends on the length of the sentence (measured in terms of the number of clauses it consists of). The most general form of this law is given by the formula:

<math>y = Ax^be^(-cx) ,</math>

where y is the mean length of the constituents, x the length of the construct, and A, b, and c are parameters.
The parameters of this law are mainly determined by the level of the units under study; they increase from the level of sound length gradually to the sentence and supra-sentence level. Fig. 1 gives an impression of a typical curve.

[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|400px]]

Fig. 1: The functional dependence of mean syllable length on word length in Hungarian. The line represents the prediction by the law; the marks show the coordinates of the empirical data points.

Other examples of functional laws are the dependence of word (or morph) frequency on word (or morph) length, the frequency of syntactic constructions on their complexity, of polysemy on length, of length on age, etc.
The third kind of law is the developmental one. Here, a property is related to time. The best known example is the Piotrowski Law, which represents the development (increase and/or decrease) of the portion of new units or forms over time. This law is a typical growth process and can be derived from a simple differential equation with the solution:
,
where p is the proportion of new forms at time t, c is the saturation value, and a and b are empirical parameters. Fig. 2 shows the increase of the forms with /u/ at the cost of the older form with /a/ in the German word ward>wurde (/vart/ > /vurde/) in the time period from 1445 to 1925.

[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|400px]]

Fig. 2: typical curve representing the replacement of a linguistic unit by a new one.

A variant of this third kind of law is based on (discrete) ‘linguistic’ instead of (continuous) physical time. The simplest way to operationalize linguistic time is the reference to text posi-tion. In oral texts, there is a direct correspondence of the sequence of linguistic units to physi-cal time intervals while written texts map this correspondence in a slightly more indirect way.
A typical example of this variant is the type-token ratio (TTR), which was, in the beginning, a single number (the quotient of the number of different words, the types, and the number of running words, the tokens), used to characterize the vocabulary richness of a text. Later, it became apparent that this value is inappropriate for several reasons. Instead, at each text position, the number of types occurred so far is counted, which yields a monotonously increasing curve, because the number of words used before a given text position cannot decrease in the course of the rest of the text. A straightforward theoretical derivation of a corresponding law was given by Gustav Herdan (Herdan, 1966), represented by the simple formula:
,
where y is the number of types, x -- the number of tokens (= text position), and b -- an empiri-cal parameter, a text characteristic. The parameter a is equal to unity if types and tokens are measured in terms of the same unit (as in almost all cases). The law is valid whether word-forms or lemmas are counted, just with a different parameter b. This parameter is also an indi-cator of the morphological type of the language under study if word-forms are considered because morphologically rich languages display a faster increase in word-form types than isolating languages.
A problem of the TTR is that it is not independent of the overall text length. Therefore, more complicated formulae are used to take this influence into account or quite different models (cf. Popescu, Altmann 2006, 2007) are applied.
Recent investigations found that other linguistic units show a similar behavior in their text dynamics (letters, morphs, syntactic constructions, syntactic function types etc.). However, depending on the size of their inventory in language (which may vary over several orders of magnitude -- compare, e.g. the size of an alphabet or a phoneme system to the size of a lexicon), different models have to be used. The TTR of syntactic units, e.g., follows the formula:
, c < 0
Fig. 3 shows a corresponding curve.

[[Image:TTRsynt.jpg]]

Fig. 3: The TTR of syntactic constructions in a text. The smooth line corresponds to the prediction by formula (5); the irregular line represents the empirical data.

There are many other examples of sequential regularities, e.g. rhythm, distances between like units, patterns of properties of units, fractal sequences of manifold properties displaying, however, typical time series character, chaotic sequences, which can be measured in terms of Hurst´s or Lyapunov´s coefficients, runs of properties and much more (cf. Altmann, 1980, Hrebicek 1997). Such dynamic patterns can be found on all levels of linguistic analysis including semantics and pragmatics.

== Theory Construction ==

Currently, there are two approaches to the construction of a linguistic theory (in the sense of the philosophy of science): (1) synergetic linguistics and (2) Altmann’s and Wimmer’s unified theory.
The basic idea behind synergetic linguistics (cf. Köhler 1986, 2005) is the aim to integrate the separated laws and hypotheses which have been found so far into a complex model which not only describes the linguistic phenomena but also provides a means to explain them. This is achieved by introducing the central axiom that language is a self-regulating and self-organizing system. An explanation of existence, properties, and changes of linguistic, more generally semiotic systems is not possible without the aspect of the (dynamic) interdependence of structure and function. Genesis and evolution of these systems must be attributed to repercussions of communication upon structure (cf. Bunge 1998 as opposed to Köhler/Martináková 1998). This axiom (i.e. the view of language as a system that develops in reaction to the properties and requirements of its environment by adaptation mechanisms in analogy to biological evolution) makes possible to set up a model on the basis of synergetics. The synergetic approach (cf. Haken/Graham 1971; Haken 1978) is a specific branch of sys-tems theory (von Bertalanffy 1968) and can be characterized as an interdisciplinary approach to the modeling of certain dynamic aspects of systems, which occur in different disciplines for different objects of investigation in an analogous way. Its particularity which separates it from other systems theoretical approaches is that it focuses on the ‘spontaneous’ rise and the devel-opment of structures.
Synergetic modeling in linguistics starts from axiomatically assumed requirements, which a semiotic system must meet such as the coding requirement (semiotic systems have to provide means to create meaningful expressions), the requirement of coding and decoding efficiency, of memory saving, of transmission security, minimization of effort and many others.
These requirements can be subdivided into three kinds (cf. Köhler 1990, 181f): (1) language-constitutive requirements, (2) language-forming requirements, and (3) control-level require-ments (the adaptation requirement, i.e. the need for a language to adapt itself to varying circumstances, and the opposite stability requirement).
The second step is the determination of system levels, units, and variables which are of inter-est to the current investigation.
In step three, relevant consequences, effects, and interrelations are determined. Here, the researcher sets up or systematizes hypotheses about dependences of variables on others, e.g. with increasing polytextuality of a lexical item its polysemy increases monotonically, or, the higher the position of a syntactic construction (i.e. the more to the right hand side of its mother constituent) the less its information, etc.
The forth step consists of the search for functional equivalents and multi-functionalities.
Step five is the mathematical formulation of the hypotheses set up so far – a precondition for any rigorous test - and step 6 is the empirical test of these mathematically formulated hy-potheses.
In this way, for each subsystem of language (i.e. the lexical, morphological, syntactical etc. subsystems), models of arbitrary complexity are formed. The elements, the system variables, represent linguistic units or their properties, while the specific links between these elements are universal hypotheses, which obtain the status of laws if they have been intensively tested and corroborated.
The other approach at theory construction in linguistics is Wimmer’s and Altmann’s unified theory. Integration of separately existing laws and hypotheses starts from a very general dif-ferential (alternatively: difference) equation and two also very general assumptions: (1) If y is a continuous linguistic variable (i.e. some property of a linguistic unit) then its change over time or with respect to another linguistic variable will be determined in any case by its tempo-rary value. Hence, a corresponding mathematical model should be set up in terms of its relative change (dy/y). Consider, as an example, the change of word length in dependence on its frequency. We know that words become shorter if they are used more frequently but a long word will be shortened to a higher extent than an already relatively short one. (2) The independent variable which has an effect on y has to be taken into account also in terms of its rela-tive change (i.e., dx/x). In our example, it is not the absolute increase in usage of a word that causes its shortening but the relative one. The discrete approach is analogical; one considers the relative difference Δyx/yx. Hence, the general formulas are dy/y = g(x)dx and Δyx-1 / yx-1 = g(x). Based on various results in linguistics it could be shown that for the continuous case
it is sufficient to consider

or

and for the discrete case

or

Both are well interpretable linguistically and yield the same results as the synergetic ap-proach. The great majority of laws known up to now can be derived from the above equations (e.g. Menzerath´s law, Zipf-Mandelbrot law, Frumkina´s law, all laws of length, diversifica-tion laws, TTR, synonymy, polysemy, polytextuality laws, morphological productivity, vo-cabulary growth, Krylov´s law, the law of change, etc.). The discrete and continuous ap-proaches can be transformed into one another (cf. Mačutek, Altmann 2007) and yield all discrete probability distributions used in linguistics. The parameters are interpreted as specific language forces as known from synergetic linguistics.
Both models, the unified one and the synergetic one, turn out to be two representations of the same basic assumptions. The synergetic model allows easier treatment of multiple de-pendencies for which in the general model partial differential equations must be used.

== References ==

*Altmann, Gabriel. 1980. Wiederholungen in Texten. Bochum: Brockmeyer.

*Bertalanffy, Ludwig van (1968), General System Theory. Foundations, development, appli-cations. New York: George Braziller.

*Bunge, Mario. 1967. Scientific Research I, II. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

*Bunge, Mario. 1998. “Semiotic systems.” In Systems. A new paradigm for the human sciences, ed. Altmann and Koch, 337-349. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.

*Haken, Hermann. 1978. Synergetics. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

*Haken, Hermann, and R. Graham. 1971. „Synergetik. Die Lehre vom Zusammenwirken.“ Umschau 6: 191.

*Hřebíček, Ludek. 1997. Lectures on Text Theory. Prague: Oriental Institute.

*Herdan, Gustav. 1966. The advanced theory of language as choice and chance. Berlin: Springer.

*Köhler, Reinhard. 1995. Bibliography of quantitative linguistics = Bibliographie zur quantitativen Linguistik = Bibliografija po kvantitativnoj lingvistike. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

*Köhler, Reinhard: “Laws of language”. In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences, ed. Patrick Colm Hogan, (to appear).

*Popescu, Ioan-Iovitz, and Altmann, Gabriel. 2006. “Some aspects of word frequencies.” Glottometrics 13: 23-46.

*Popescu, Ioan-Iovitz, and Altmann, Gabriel. 2007. “Some geometric properties of word frequency distributions.” Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, (in press).

*Zipf, George Kingsley. 1935 (<sup>2</sup>1968). The Psycho-Biology of Language. An Introduction to Dynamic Philology. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.

*Zipf, George Kingsley. 1949. Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]

Talk:Law

2007-07-13T14:48:03Z

Rk: /* Bad reference? */

===Please embed math===

You need to embed the mathematical equations. Not there is some stuff between <math> tags

And those frames with

or

or

,

should also be something else, shouldn't they?

* Math does not yet work in this wiki. This is the reason why these items are not yet readyble. Sorry
--[[User:Rk|Rk]] 20:44, 10 July 2007 (CEST)

== Bad reference? ==

In the reference of Zipf 1935 there is a strange number: 21968. What does it mean?

* Thanks for this comment. The "2" should be superscript meaning 2nd edition. I solved it in another way.

--[[User:Rk|Rk]] 20:45, 10 July 2007 (CEST)

::You can do superscript by the common HTML syntax <nowiki><sup>2</sup></nowiki> makes <sup>2</sup>. And if you react on a comment you can intend your response by typing <nowiki>:</nowiki> before your text. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:50, 10 July 2007 (CEST)

::Thanks a lot --[[User:Rk|Rk]] 16:48, 13 July 2007 (CEST)

Portal:Quantitative linguistics

2007-07-13T13:02:42Z

Rk: /* '''Laws and Hypotheses''' */

{| border="0" style="padding: 5px; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#66ccff;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div>
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]
|[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|100px]]
|[[Image:TTRseg.jpg|100px]]
|-

{| border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; background-color:#f0f0f0; border:solid 1px #000080;"
|-
| width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==
</div>
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]] – [[history of quantitative linguistics]] – [[law]] – [[theory]] – [[explanation]] – [[unit]] – [[property]] – [[statistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==
</div>
[[frequency]] – [[distribution]] – [[system]] – [[structure]] – [[function]] – [[process]] – [[polysemy]] – [[polytextuality]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Models and Methods''' ==
</div>

[[diversification processes]] –
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]] – [[analogical modeling]] – [[power laws in linguistics]] – [[synergetic linguistics]] – [[linguistic economy]] –

| style="vertical-align:top;" |
<div style="font-size:80%;">
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==
</div>

[[Zipf's Law]] – [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]] – [[Piotrowski Law]] – [[Bradford's Law]] – [[Arens' Law]] – [[Behaghel's Law]] – [[Beöthy's Law]] –
[[DeMorgan's Law]] – [[Frumkina's Law]] – [[Mizutani's Law]] – [[Gibbs' Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]] – [[Herdan's Law]] – [[Kabashima's Law]] – [[Krylov's Law]] – [[Lotka's Law]] – [[Martin's Law]] – [[Ohno's Law]] –
[[Shibuya's Law]] – [[Yule's Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]] – [[Goebl's Law]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Fields of Application''' ==
</div>
[[natural language processing]] – [[machine learning]] – [[probabilistic parsing]] – [[speech processing]] – [[neurolinguistics]] – [[computer assisted learning]] – [[text comprehensibility]] –
[[text to speech]] – [[analysis of writing systems]] – [[terminology]] – [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]] – [[text technology]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==
</div>
[[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[book series Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]] – [[links]] – [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]] – [[QUALICO conference]] – [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]

<div style="font-size:80%;">

== '''Biographical Articles''' ==
</div>

<div style="font-size:80%;">
== ''' Associations''' ==
</div>
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]

[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]
<div style="font-size:80%;">
|}
{| border="0" style="margin-top:1em; padding:0.2em; border:solid 1px #000080; background-color:#f0f0f0;" width="100%" cellspacing="10"
|-
| valign="top" width="66%" colspan="4" |

<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;">
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]

to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]

Frumkina's Law

2007-07-13T13:02:10Z

Rk: Frunkina's Law moved to Frumkina's Law: typo

is a probabilistic model of the occurrence of linguistic units in text passages.

The Russian linguist Reveka M. Frumkina was the first to systematically investigate the distribution of words in text blocks of fexed length. Later, also the occurrence of syntactic structures and syntactic functions was analysed.

Data are ontained by counting the number of occurrences of the unit under study in each of the passages of a text. The lengths of the passages should be determined according to the overall probability of the unit, e.g. 100 words for the analysis of frequent words. The number of passages with x occurrences of the given unit is considered as a random variable. The probability of the unit is denoted by p, the probability of occurrence of any other unit is 1-p = q. The probability p is also a random variable since the application of a word is not independent of its co-text. Under the assumption that p is distributed according to the Beta distribution, the formula

----

is obtained. This model has been applied to
* Determination of the class of the unit (e.g., part of speech of a word)
* Identification of text passages with respect to terminological or semantic criteria
* Determination of keywords
* Measurement of stylistic parameters
* Diagnosis of psychic diseases
* Construction of learning automata

==References==

Altmann, G. (1988) Wiederholungen in Texten. Bochum: Brockmeyer.

Best, K.-H. (2005). Sprachliche Einheiten in Textblöcken. Glottometrics 9, 1-12.

Köhler, R. (2001). The distribution of some syntactic construction types in text blocks. In Uhlířova, L., Wimmer, G., Altmann, G., Köhler, R. (Eds.), Text as a linguistic paradigm: levels, constituents, constructs. Festschrift in honour of Ludek Hřebíček: 136-148. Trier: WVT.

Piotrowski, R.G. (1984). Text, Computer, Mensch. Bochum: Brockmeyer.

Paškovskij, V.E., Srebrjanskaja, I.I. (1971). Statističeskie ocenki pis´mennoj reči bol´nych šizofreniej. In: Inženernaja lingvistika. Leningrad: Nauka.

Frunkina's Law

2007-07-13T13:02:10Z

Rk: Frunkina's Law moved to Frumkina's Law: typo

#REDIRECT [[Frumkina's Law]]