Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Mixed language

2008-12-28T23:05:16Z

Souag: Slight expansion

In [[contact linguistics]], a '''mixed language''' is, loosely speaking, a language with multiple origins. While all languages include at least some [[loanword]]s or other instances of influence, usually most of the basic vocabulary and grammar derives from a single source; the term "mixed" is conventionally reserved for cases where this is not true. Different authors differ on its exact definition, and in particular on the inclusion of [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s.

For [[Peter Bakker|Bakker]] (1999:195), a mixed language is one that shows "positive genetic similarities, in significant numbers, with two different languages". This definition excludes most [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, whose lexicon typically derives mainly from a single language and whose grammar cannot be traced to any single language.

For [[Sarah Thomason|Thomason]] (1988:8, 2001:158), a mixed language is one whose lexicon and grammar do not both derive primarily from the same source language. This definition includes [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, since much of the grammar does not derive from the [[lexifier]]. Those languages which Bakker terms mixed, Thomason terms '''bilingual mixed languages'''.

Most known (bilingual) mixed languages (for example, [[Para-Romani]] varieties, [[Media Lengua]], [[Maa]]) feature a split between a vocabulary primarily derived from one language and a grammar primarily derived from another. However, in two known cases, [[Michif]] and [[Copper Island Aleut]], the grammar itself shows a large-scale split.

===Examples===

Prime examples of (bilingual) mixed languages include [[Michif]] (roughly speaking, [[Cree]] verbal system and [[French]] nominal system) and [[Media Lengua]] ([[Spanish]] vocabulary, [[Quechua]] grammar).

===References===

*Bakker, Peter. 1999. ''A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Métis.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* ed. Bakker, Peter and Yaron Matras. 2003. ''The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
*Thomason, Sarah G. & Terence Kaufman. 1988. ''Language Contact, Creolisation, and Genetic Linguistics.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. ''Language Contact: An Introduction.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

=== Other languages ===

* Arabic [[لغة هجينة]]
* French [[langue mixte]]
* German [[Mischsprache]]
* Japanese [[混成言語]]
* Russian [[смешанный язык]]
[[Category:Language contact]]

Mixed language

2008-07-14T18:49:01Z

Souag: adding older reference

In [[contact linguistics]], a '''mixed language''' is, loosely speaking, a language with multiple origins. Different authors differ on its exact definition, and in particular on the inclusion of [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s.

For [[Peter Bakker|Bakker]] (1999:195), a mixed language is one that shows "positive genetic similarities, in significant numbers, with two different languages". This definition excludes most [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, whose lexicon typically derives mainly from a single language and whose grammar cannot be traced to any single language.

For [[Sarah Thomason|Thomason]] (1988:8, 2001:158), a mixed language is one whose lexicon and grammar do not both derive primarily from the same source language. This definition includes [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, since much of the grammar does not derive from the [[lexifier]]. Those languages which Bakker terms mixed, Thomason terms '''bilingual mixed languages'''.

===Examples===

Prime examples of (bilingual) mixed languages include [[Michif]] (roughly speaking, [[Cree]] verbal system and [[French]] nominal system) and [[Media Lengua]] ([[Spanish]] vocabulary, [[Quechua]] grammar).

===References===

*Bakker, Peter. 1999. ''A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Métis.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* ed. Bakker, Peter and Yaron Matras. 2003. ''The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
*Thomason, Sarah G. & Terence Kaufman. 1988. ''Language Contact, Creolisation, and Genetic Linguistics.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. ''Language Contact: An Introduction.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

=== Other languages ===

* Arabic [[لغة هجينة]]
* French [[langue mixte]]
* German [[Mischsprache]]
* Japanese [[混成言語]]
* Russian [[смешанный язык]]
[[Category:Language contact]]

Kwarandzyey

2008-07-10T23:31:24Z

Souag:

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Kwarandzyey
|Autonym= Kwaṛa n dzyəy
|WALSname=
|Ethn15name=[[Korandje]]
|Countries= Egypt, Libya
|WALSLoc= 29° 24' 18 N, 3° 15' 38 W
|Family= [[Nilo-Saharan]]
|Genus= [[Songhay]]
|OfficialLg=--
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=
|Ethn15=kcy
}}

===Name===
'''Kwarandzyey''', or '''Korandje''', are renditions of ''Kwaṛa n dzyəy'' - hometown's speech. ''Kwaṛa'' is both a common noun meaning "hometown" or "home area" (Algerian Arabic ''blad'') and a proper noun referring to one of the oasis' four villages. In local dialectal Arabic, it is normally termed ''šəlħa'', a generic term for non-Arabic local languages more commonly applied to Berber.

===Location===
Kwarandzyey is the main language of three out of the four villages in the oasis of Tabelbala, located in western Algeria between Tindouf and Bechar, about one thousand kilometres north of Timbuktu. Emigration, usually for work, has led to significant Belbali communities outside the oasis, in particular in Tindouf and to a lesser extent Bechar.

===Speakers===
Approximately 3000 people - about half the oasis' population - speak Kwarandzyey ([http://lughat.blogspot.com/2007/12/climate-change-etymology-and-speaker.html link]). All but a few of their children are being brought up to speak Arabic as their first language.

===Dialects===
There are some minor lexical differences between the westernmost village and the other two.

===Classification===
:[[Nilo-Saharan]]
::[[Songhay]]

===Validity of classification===

Most basic vocabulary and structure is transparently derived from Songhay (as first noted in print by Cancel 1908), showing particularly strong similarities to other Northern Songhay varieties. However, Berber and to a lesser extent Arabic influence has strongly affected the structure, and accounts for most of the lexicon.

The membership of Songhay in Nilo-Saharan is controversial.

===Links===
Ongoing research on Kwarandzyey:
*[http://lameen.googlepages.com/ Lameen Souag]

===Works on the language===
* Cancel, Lt. 1908. “Etude sur le dialecte de Tabelbala”, ''Revue Africaine'' no. 270-271, pp. 302-247.
* Champault, Dominique. 1969. ''Une oasis du Sahara nord-occidental, Tabelbala''. Paris: CNRS.
* Kossmann, Maarten. 2004a. “Mood/Aspect/Negation Morphemes in Tabelbala Songhay (Korandje)”. ''Afrika und Übersee''. Band 87. pp. 131-153.
* Nicolai, Robert. 1981. ''Les dialectes du songhay. Contribution à l'étude des changements linguistiques''. Paris: SELAF.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1991. “Tabelbala: Eine Songhay Sprachinsel in der algerischen Sahara”, in ed. Daniela Mendel and Ulrike Claudi, ''Ägypten im afro-orientalischen Kontext: Aufsatze zur Archeologie, Geschichte und Sprache eines unbegrenzten Raumes. Gedenkschrift Peter Behrens''. Köln: Universität zu Köln. pp. 377-397.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1996. “Un parler berbèro-songhay du sud-ouest algérien (Tabelbala): Elements d’histoire et de linguistique”, ''[http://www.berberemultimedia.fr/etudes_docum/edb_14.pdf Etudes et Documents Berbères no. 14]'', pp. 163-198.

==Other languages==
* Arabic [[بلبالية]]
* French [[korandjé]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category:Songhay]]

Korandje

2008-07-10T23:28:30Z

Souag: Redirecting to Kwarandzyey

#REDIRECT [[Kwarandzyey]]

Kwarandzyey

2008-07-10T23:26:29Z

Souag: /* Works on the language */

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Kwarandzyey
|Autonym= Kwaṛa n dzyəy
|WALSname=
|Ethn15name=[[Korandje]]
|Countries= Egypt, Libya
|WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E
|Family= [[Nilo-Saharan]]
|Genus= [[Songhay]]
|OfficialLg=--
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=
|Ethn15=kcy
}}

===Name===
'''Kwarandzyey''', or '''Korandje''', are renditions of ''Kwaṛa n dzyəy'' - hometown's speech. ''Kwaṛa'' is both a common noun meaning "hometown" or "home area" (Algerian Arabic ''blad'') and a proper noun referring to one of the oasis' four villages. In local dialectal Arabic, it is normally termed ''šəlħa'', a generic term for non-Arabic local languages more commonly applied to Berber.

===Location===
Kwarandzyey is the main language of three out of the four villages in the oasis of Tabelbala, located in western Algeria between Tindouf and Bechar, about one thousand kilometres north of Timbuktu. Emigration, usually for work, has led to significant Belbali communities outside the oasis, in particular in Tindouf and to a lesser extent Bechar.

===Speakers===
Approximately 3000 people - about half the oasis' population - speak Kwarandzyey ([http://lughat.blogspot.com/2007/12/climate-change-etymology-and-speaker.html link]). All but a few of their children are being brought up to speak Arabic as their first language.

===Dialects===
There are some minor lexical differences between the westernmost village and the other two.

===Classification===
:[[Nilo-Saharan]]
::[[Songhay]]

===Validity of classification===

Most basic vocabulary and structure is transparently derived from Songhay (as first noted in print by Cancel 1908), showing particularly strong similarities to other Northern Songhay varieties. However, Berber and to a lesser extent Arabic influence has strongly affected the structure, and accounts for most of the lexicon.

The membership of Songhay in Nilo-Saharan is controversial.

===Links===
Ongoing research on Kwarandzyey:
*[http://lameen.googlepages.com/ Lameen Souag]

===Works on the language===
* Cancel, Lt. 1908. “Etude sur le dialecte de Tabelbala”, ''Revue Africaine'' no. 270-271, pp. 302-247.
* Champault, Dominique. 1969. ''Une oasis du Sahara nord-occidental, Tabelbala''. Paris: CNRS.
* Kossmann, Maarten. 2004a. “Mood/Aspect/Negation Morphemes in Tabelbala Songhay (Korandje)”. ''Afrika und Übersee''. Band 87. pp. 131-153.
* Nicolai, Robert. 1981. ''Les dialectes du songhay. Contribution à l'étude des changements linguistiques''. Paris: SELAF.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1991. “Tabelbala: Eine Songhay Sprachinsel in der algerischen Sahara”, in ed. Daniela Mendel and Ulrike Claudi, ''Ägypten im afro-orientalischen Kontext: Aufsatze zur Archeologie, Geschichte und Sprache eines unbegrenzten Raumes. Gedenkschrift Peter Behrens''. Köln: Universität zu Köln. pp. 377-397.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1996. “Un parler berbèro-songhay du sud-ouest algérien (Tabelbala): Elements d’histoire et de linguistique”, ''[http://www.berberemultimedia.fr/etudes_docum/edb_14.pdf Etudes et Documents Berbères no. 14]'', pp. 163-198.

==Other languages==
* Arabic [[بلبالية]]
* French [[korandjé]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category:Songhay]]

Kwarandzyey

2008-07-10T23:26:12Z

Souag: /* Works on the language */

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Kwarandzyey
|Autonym= Kwaṛa n dzyəy
|WALSname=
|Ethn15name=[[Korandje]]
|Countries= Egypt, Libya
|WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E
|Family= [[Nilo-Saharan]]
|Genus= [[Songhay]]
|OfficialLg=--
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=
|Ethn15=kcy
}}

===Name===
'''Kwarandzyey''', or '''Korandje''', are renditions of ''Kwaṛa n dzyəy'' - hometown's speech. ''Kwaṛa'' is both a common noun meaning "hometown" or "home area" (Algerian Arabic ''blad'') and a proper noun referring to one of the oasis' four villages. In local dialectal Arabic, it is normally termed ''šəlħa'', a generic term for non-Arabic local languages more commonly applied to Berber.

===Location===
Kwarandzyey is the main language of three out of the four villages in the oasis of Tabelbala, located in western Algeria between Tindouf and Bechar, about one thousand kilometres north of Timbuktu. Emigration, usually for work, has led to significant Belbali communities outside the oasis, in particular in Tindouf and to a lesser extent Bechar.

===Speakers===
Approximately 3000 people - about half the oasis' population - speak Kwarandzyey ([http://lughat.blogspot.com/2007/12/climate-change-etymology-and-speaker.html link]). All but a few of their children are being brought up to speak Arabic as their first language.

===Dialects===
There are some minor lexical differences between the westernmost village and the other two.

===Classification===
:[[Nilo-Saharan]]
::[[Songhay]]

===Validity of classification===

Most basic vocabulary and structure is transparently derived from Songhay (as first noted in print by Cancel 1908), showing particularly strong similarities to other Northern Songhay varieties. However, Berber and to a lesser extent Arabic influence has strongly affected the structure, and accounts for most of the lexicon.

The membership of Songhay in Nilo-Saharan is controversial.

===Links===
Ongoing research on Kwarandzyey:
*[http://lameen.googlepages.com/ Lameen Souag]

===Works on the language===
* Cancel, Lt. 1908. “Etude sur le dialecte de Tabelbala”, ''Revue Africaine'' no. 270-271, pp. 302-247.
* Champault, Dominique. 1969. ''Une oasis du Sahara nord-occidental, Tabelbala''. Paris: CNRS.
* Kossmann, Maarten. 2004a. “Mood/Aspect/Negation Morphemes in Tabelbala Songhay (Korandje)”. ''Afrika und Übersee''. Band 87. pp. 131-153.
* Nicolai, Robert. 1981. ''Les dialectes du songhay. Contribution à l'étude des changements linguistiques''. Paris: SELAF.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1991. “Tabelbala: Eine Songhay Sprachinsel in der algerischen Sahara”, in ed. Daniela Mendel and Ulrike Claudi, ''Ägypten im afro-orientalischen Kontext: Aufsatze zur Archeologie, Geschichte und Sprache eines unbegrenzten Raumes. Gedenkschrift Peter Behrens''. Köln: Universität zu Köln. pp. 377-397.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1996. “Un parler berbèro-songhay du sud-ouest algérien (Tabelbala): Elements d’histoire et de linguistique”, ''[www.berberemultimedia.fr/etudes_docum/edb_14.pdf Etudes et Documents Berbères no. 14]'', pp. 163-198.

==Other languages==
* Arabic [[بلبالية]]
* French [[korandjé]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category:Songhay]]

Kwarandzyey

2008-07-10T23:23:37Z

Souag: /* Works on the language */ lk

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Kwarandzyey
|Autonym= Kwaṛa n dzyəy
|WALSname=
|Ethn15name=[[Korandje]]
|Countries= Egypt, Libya
|WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E
|Family= [[Nilo-Saharan]]
|Genus= [[Songhay]]
|OfficialLg=--
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=
|Ethn15=kcy
}}

===Name===
'''Kwarandzyey''', or '''Korandje''', are renditions of ''Kwaṛa n dzyəy'' - hometown's speech. ''Kwaṛa'' is both a common noun meaning "hometown" or "home area" (Algerian Arabic ''blad'') and a proper noun referring to one of the oasis' four villages. In local dialectal Arabic, it is normally termed ''šəlħa'', a generic term for non-Arabic local languages more commonly applied to Berber.

===Location===
Kwarandzyey is the main language of three out of the four villages in the oasis of Tabelbala, located in western Algeria between Tindouf and Bechar, about one thousand kilometres north of Timbuktu. Emigration, usually for work, has led to significant Belbali communities outside the oasis, in particular in Tindouf and to a lesser extent Bechar.

===Speakers===
Approximately 3000 people - about half the oasis' population - speak Kwarandzyey ([http://lughat.blogspot.com/2007/12/climate-change-etymology-and-speaker.html link]). All but a few of their children are being brought up to speak Arabic as their first language.

===Dialects===
There are some minor lexical differences between the westernmost village and the other two.

===Classification===
:[[Nilo-Saharan]]
::[[Songhay]]

===Validity of classification===

Most basic vocabulary and structure is transparently derived from Songhay (as first noted in print by Cancel 1908), showing particularly strong similarities to other Northern Songhay varieties. However, Berber and to a lesser extent Arabic influence has strongly affected the structure, and accounts for most of the lexicon.

The membership of Songhay in Nilo-Saharan is controversial.

===Links===
Ongoing research on Kwarandzyey:
*[http://lameen.googlepages.com/ Lameen Souag]

===Works on the language===
* Cancel, Lt. 1908. “Etude sur le dialecte de Tabelbala”, ''Revue Africaine'' no. 270-271, pp. 302-247.
* Champault, Dominique. 1969. ''Une oasis du Sahara nord-occidental, Tabelbala''. Paris: CNRS.
* Kossmann, Maarten. 2004a. “Mood/Aspect/Negation Morphemes in Tabelbala Songhay (Korandje)”. ''Afrika und Übersee''. Band 87. pp. 131-153.
* Nicolai, Robert. 1981. ''Les dialectes du songhay. Contribution à l'étude des changements linguistiques''. Paris: SELAF.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1991. “Tabelbala: Eine Songhay Sprachinsel in der algerischen Sahara”, in ed. Daniela Mendel and Ulrike Claudi, ''Ägypten im afro-orientalischen Kontext: Aufsatze zur Archeologie, Geschichte und Sprache eines unbegrenzten Raumes. Gedenkschrift Peter Behrens''. Köln: Universität zu Köln. pp. 377-397.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1996. “Un parler berbèro-songhay du sud-ouest algérien (Tabelbala): Elements d’histoire et de linguistique”, [www.berberemultimedia.fr/etudes_docum/edb_14.pdf ''Etudes et Documents Berbères'' no. 14], pp. 163-198.

==Other languages==
* Arabic [[بلبالية]]
* French [[korandjé]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category:Songhay]]

Kwarandzyey

2008-07-10T23:22:24Z

Souag: New page: {{InfoboxLanguage| |Language=Kwarandzyey |Autonym= Kwaṛa n dzyəy |WALSname= |Ethn15name=Korandje |Countries= Egypt, Libya |WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E |Family= [[Ni...

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Kwarandzyey
|Autonym= Kwaṛa n dzyəy
|WALSname=
|Ethn15name=[[Korandje]]
|Countries= Egypt, Libya
|WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E
|Family= [[Nilo-Saharan]]
|Genus= [[Songhay]]
|OfficialLg=--
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=
|Ethn15=kcy
}}

===Name===
'''Kwarandzyey''', or '''Korandje''', are renditions of ''Kwaṛa n dzyəy'' - hometown's speech. ''Kwaṛa'' is both a common noun meaning "hometown" or "home area" (Algerian Arabic ''blad'') and a proper noun referring to one of the oasis' four villages. In local dialectal Arabic, it is normally termed ''šəlħa'', a generic term for non-Arabic local languages more commonly applied to Berber.

===Location===
Kwarandzyey is the main language of three out of the four villages in the oasis of Tabelbala, located in western Algeria between Tindouf and Bechar, about one thousand kilometres north of Timbuktu. Emigration, usually for work, has led to significant Belbali communities outside the oasis, in particular in Tindouf and to a lesser extent Bechar.

===Speakers===
Approximately 3000 people - about half the oasis' population - speak Kwarandzyey ([http://lughat.blogspot.com/2007/12/climate-change-etymology-and-speaker.html link]). All but a few of their children are being brought up to speak Arabic as their first language.

===Dialects===
There are some minor lexical differences between the westernmost village and the other two.

===Classification===
:[[Nilo-Saharan]]
::[[Songhay]]

===Validity of classification===

Most basic vocabulary and structure is transparently derived from Songhay (as first noted in print by Cancel 1908), showing particularly strong similarities to other Northern Songhay varieties. However, Berber and to a lesser extent Arabic influence has strongly affected the structure, and accounts for most of the lexicon.

The membership of Songhay in Nilo-Saharan is controversial.

===Links===
Ongoing research on Kwarandzyey:
*[http://lameen.googlepages.com/ Lameen Souag]

===Works on the language===
* Cancel, Lt. 1908. “Etude sur le dialecte de Tabelbala”, ''Revue Africaine'' no. 270-271, pp. 302-247.
* Champault, Dominique. 1969. ''Une oasis du Sahara nord-occidental, Tabelbala''. Paris: CNRS.
* Kossmann, Maarten. 2004a. “Mood/Aspect/Negation Morphemes in Tabelbala Songhay (Korandje)”. ''Afrika und Übersee''. Band 87. pp. 131-153.
* Nicolai, Robert. 1981. ''Les dialectes du songhay. Contribution à l'étude des changements linguistiques''. Paris: SELAF.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1991. “Tabelbala: Eine Songhay Sprachinsel in der algerischen Sahara”, in ed. Daniela Mendel and Ulrike Claudi, ''Ägypten im afro-orientalischen Kontext: Aufsatze zur Archeologie, Geschichte und Sprache eines unbegrenzten Raumes. Gedenkschrift Peter Behrens''. Köln: Universität zu Köln. pp. 377-397.
* Tilmatine, Mohamed. 1996. “Un parler berbèro-songhay du sud-ouest algérien (Tabelbala): Elements d’histoire et de linguistique”, ''Etudes et Documents Berbères'' no. 14, pp. 163-198.

==Other languages==
* Arabic [[بلبالية]]
* French [[korandjé]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category:Songhay]]

Siwi

2008-07-09T23:12:42Z

Souag: /* Other languages */ (feminine preferred for lang names in Fusha)

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Siwi
|Autonym= žlan n Isiwan
|WALSname=[[Berber (Siwa)]]
|Ethn15name=[[Siwi]]
|Countries= Egypt, Libya
|WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E
|Family= [[Afro-Asiatic]]
|Genus= [[Berber]]
|OfficialLg=--
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=
|Ethn15=siz
}}

===Name===
"Siwi" is an [[Arabic]] [[nisba]] adjective from ''Sīwah'', the Arabic name of the main oasis where Siwi is spoken; the word is also used in Siwi. The Siwi name of the oasis and of its inhabitants is ''Isiwan'', and ''žlan n Isiwan'' means "speech of Siwa/the Siwis". Notwithstanding certain reports online, Siwis do not call their language ''tasiwit'', although speakers of other Berber languages have been known to use the term.

===Location===
Siwi is the main language of the oases of Siwa and Gara, in western Egypt. Emigration, mainly in search of work, has led to the presence of Siwis elsewhere in Egypt and in parts of Libya.

===Speakers===
The number of Siwi speakers may be estimated as about 15,000. The population of Siwa and Gara, according to the Egyptian census of 2006 ([http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/census/cnsest_a_sex_ama?LANG=1&lname=0&YY=2006&cod=33&gv= link]), was 17,675; of these, most are Siwi speakers. No estimate of the number of Arabic-speaking immigrants in town is available, but the western villages of Maraqi and Bahayeddin are mainly Arabic-speaking; excluding those villages would reduce the count to 15,886. The Ethnologue's (2005) estimate of 5,000 speakers in 1995 was undoubtedly too low.

===Dialects===
No published data indicates dialectal variation within Siwi.

===Classification===
:[[Afro-Asiatic]]
::[[Berber]]

===Validity of classification===

There is no doubt that Siwi is a Berber language, although it has undergone [[Arabic]] influence to a degree unusually heavy even for Berber. The earliest reported written observation of its similarity to other Berber languages was by the Egyptian geographer al-Maqrīzī (1364-1442), who remarked of Siwa in ''al-Mawā`ið̣ wal-i`tibār fī ðikr al-xiṭaṭ wal-'āθār'' (2002:238) that "its language is called Siwi, and is close to the language of (the large Berber tribe) Zanāta".

===Links===
Ongoing research on Siwi:
*[http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/research/siwi.php Christfried Naumann]
*[http://lameen.googlepages.com/ Lameen Souag]

Older wordlists:
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k85228r/f90.table Hornemann 1803]

==References==
* Maqrīzī. تقي الدين أحمد بن علي المقريزي. تحقيق: أيمن فؤاد سيد. 2002. ''المواعظ والاعتبار في ذكر الخطط والآثار. لندن: الفرقان.

===Works on the language===
* Basset, René. 1890. ''Le Dialecte de Syouah''. Paris: Publications de l'Ecole des Lettres d'Alger.
* [[Emile Laoust|Laoust, Emile]]. 1932. ''Siwa I: son parler''. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
* Leguil, Alphonse. 1986. “Notes sur le parler berbère de Siwa.” ''Bulletin des études africaines de l'Inalco'', vol. VI, no. 11, pp. 5-42; no. 12, pp. 97-124.
* [[Werner Vycichl|Vycichl, Werner]]. 1998. A Sketch of Siwi Berber. In Vycichl 2005. ''Berberstudien & A Sketch of Siwi Berber. Berber Studies Vol. 10.'' Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
* Walker, W. Seymour. 1921. ''The Siwi Language''. London.

==Other languages==
* Arabic [[سيوية]]
* French [[siwi (fr)]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category:Afro-Asiatic]]

User:Souag

2008-07-09T23:03:32Z

Souag:

I'm Lameen Souag, currently a doctoral student in Field Linguistics at SOAS (London). I'm working on the effects of [[contact]] on [[Siwi]] and [[Kwarandzyey]]. If you want to know more about me, try http://lameen.googlepages.com/ .

Siwi

2008-07-09T23:01:44Z

Souag: /* Speakers */

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Siwi
|Autonym= žlan n Isiwan
|WALSname=[[Berber (Siwa)]]
|Ethn15name=[[Siwi]]
|Countries= Egypt, Libya
|WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E
|Family= [[Afro-Asiatic]]
|Genus= [[Berber]]
|OfficialLg=--
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=
|Ethn15=siz
}}

===Name===
"Siwi" is an [[Arabic]] [[nisba]] adjective from ''Sīwah'', the Arabic name of the main oasis where Siwi is spoken; the word is also used in Siwi. The Siwi name of the oasis and of its inhabitants is ''Isiwan'', and ''žlan n Isiwan'' means "speech of Siwa/the Siwis". Notwithstanding certain reports online, Siwis do not call their language ''tasiwit'', although speakers of other Berber languages have been known to use the term.

===Location===
Siwi is the main language of the oases of Siwa and Gara, in western Egypt. Emigration, mainly in search of work, has led to the presence of Siwis elsewhere in Egypt and in parts of Libya.

===Speakers===
The number of Siwi speakers may be estimated as about 15,000. The population of Siwa and Gara, according to the Egyptian census of 2006 ([http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/census/cnsest_a_sex_ama?LANG=1&lname=0&YY=2006&cod=33&gv= link]), was 17,675; of these, most are Siwi speakers. No estimate of the number of Arabic-speaking immigrants in town is available, but the western villages of Maraqi and Bahayeddin are mainly Arabic-speaking; excluding those villages would reduce the count to 15,886. The Ethnologue's (2005) estimate of 5,000 speakers in 1995 was undoubtedly too low.

===Dialects===
No published data indicates dialectal variation within Siwi.

===Classification===
:[[Afro-Asiatic]]
::[[Berber]]

===Validity of classification===

There is no doubt that Siwi is a Berber language, although it has undergone [[Arabic]] influence to a degree unusually heavy even for Berber. The earliest reported written observation of its similarity to other Berber languages was by the Egyptian geographer al-Maqrīzī (1364-1442), who remarked of Siwa in ''al-Mawā`ið̣ wal-i`tibār fī ðikr al-xiṭaṭ wal-'āθār'' (2002:238) that "its language is called Siwi, and is close to the language of (the large Berber tribe) Zanāta".

===Links===
Ongoing research on Siwi:
*[http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/research/siwi.php Christfried Naumann]
*[http://lameen.googlepages.com/ Lameen Souag]

Older wordlists:
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k85228r/f90.table Hornemann 1803]

==References==
* Maqrīzī. تقي الدين أحمد بن علي المقريزي. تحقيق: أيمن فؤاد سيد. 2002. ''المواعظ والاعتبار في ذكر الخطط والآثار. لندن: الفرقان.

===Works on the language===
* Basset, René. 1890. ''Le Dialecte de Syouah''. Paris: Publications de l'Ecole des Lettres d'Alger.
* [[Emile Laoust|Laoust, Emile]]. 1932. ''Siwa I: son parler''. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
* Leguil, Alphonse. 1986. “Notes sur le parler berbère de Siwa.” ''Bulletin des études africaines de l'Inalco'', vol. VI, no. 11, pp. 5-42; no. 12, pp. 97-124.
* [[Werner Vycichl|Vycichl, Werner]]. 1998. A Sketch of Siwi Berber. In Vycichl 2005. ''Berberstudien & A Sketch of Siwi Berber. Berber Studies Vol. 10.'' Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
* Walker, W. Seymour. 1921. ''The Siwi Language''. London.

==Other languages==
* Arabic [[سيوي]]
* French [[siwi (fr)]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category:Afro-Asiatic]]

Siwi

2008-07-09T22:58:12Z

Souag: some expansion

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Siwi
|Autonym= žlan n Isiwan
|WALSname=[[Berber (Siwa)]]
|Ethn15name=[[Siwi]]
|Countries= Egypt, Libya
|WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E
|Family= [[Afro-Asiatic]]
|Genus= [[Berber]]
|OfficialLg=--
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=
|Ethn15=siz
}}

===Name===
"Siwi" is an [[Arabic]] [[nisba]] adjective from ''Sīwah'', the Arabic name of the main oasis where Siwi is spoken; the word is also used in Siwi. The Siwi name of the oasis and of its inhabitants is ''Isiwan'', and ''žlan n Isiwan'' means "speech of Siwa/the Siwis". Notwithstanding certain reports online, Siwis do not call their language ''tasiwit'', although speakers of other Berber languages have been known to use the term.

===Location===
Siwi is the main language of the oases of Siwa and Gara, in western Egypt. Emigration, mainly in search of work, has led to the presence of Siwis elsewhere in Egypt and in parts of Libya.

===Speakers===
The number of Siwi speakers may be estimated as about 15,000. The population of Siwa and Gara, according to the Egyptian census of 2006 ([http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/census/cnsest_a_sex_ama?LANG=1&lname=0&YY=2006&cod=33&gv= link]), was 17,675; of these, most are Siwi speakers. No estimate of the number of Arabic-speaking immigrants in town is available, but the western villages of Maraqi and Bahayeddin are mainly Arabic-speaking; excluding the latter would reduce the count to 15,886. The Ethnologue's (2005) estimate of 5,000 speakers in 1995 was undoubtedly too low.

===Dialects===
No published data indicates dialectal variation within Siwi.

===Classification===
:[[Afro-Asiatic]]
::[[Berber]]

===Validity of classification===

There is no doubt that Siwi is a Berber language, although it has undergone [[Arabic]] influence to a degree unusually heavy even for Berber. The earliest reported written observation of its similarity to other Berber languages was by the Egyptian geographer al-Maqrīzī (1364-1442), who remarked of Siwa in ''al-Mawā`ið̣ wal-i`tibār fī ðikr al-xiṭaṭ wal-'āθār'' (2002:238) that "its language is called Siwi, and is close to the language of (the large Berber tribe) Zanāta".

===Links===
Ongoing research on Siwi:
*[http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/research/siwi.php Christfried Naumann]
*[http://lameen.googlepages.com/ Lameen Souag]

Older wordlists:
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k85228r/f90.table Hornemann 1803]

==References==
* Maqrīzī. تقي الدين أحمد بن علي المقريزي. تحقيق: أيمن فؤاد سيد. 2002. ''المواعظ والاعتبار في ذكر الخطط والآثار. لندن: الفرقان.

===Works on the language===
* Basset, René. 1890. ''Le Dialecte de Syouah''. Paris: Publications de l'Ecole des Lettres d'Alger.
* [[Emile Laoust|Laoust, Emile]]. 1932. ''Siwa I: son parler''. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
* Leguil, Alphonse. 1986. “Notes sur le parler berbère de Siwa.” ''Bulletin des études africaines de l'Inalco'', vol. VI, no. 11, pp. 5-42; no. 12, pp. 97-124.
* [[Werner Vycichl|Vycichl, Werner]]. 1998. A Sketch of Siwi Berber. In Vycichl 2005. ''Berberstudien & A Sketch of Siwi Berber. Berber Studies Vol. 10.'' Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
* Walker, W. Seymour. 1921. ''The Siwi Language''. London.

==Other languages==
* Arabic [[سيوي]]
* French [[siwi (fr)]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category:Afro-Asiatic]]

Siwi

2008-07-09T22:25:30Z

Souag: New page: {{InfoboxLanguage| |Language=Siwi |Autonym= žlan n Isiwan |WALSname=Berber (Siwa) |Ethn15name=Siwi |Countries= Egypt, Libya |WALSLoc= 29° 10′ 12.00″ N, 25° 30′ E |Family= ...

Rif Berber

2008-07-08T23:42:06Z

Souag: sp, linking

{{InfoboxLanguage|
|Language=Rif Berber
|Autonym=Tamazight, Tarifiyt
|WALSname=[[Berber (Rif)]]
|Ethn15name=[[Tarifit]]
|Countries= Morocco
|WALSLoc= 4dW 34d30N [http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=+4°W+++34°30N&ie=UTF8&z=6 map]
|Family=[[Afro-Asiatic]]
|Genus=[[Berber]]
|ISO1=
|ISO2B=
|ISO2T=--
|Ethn15=rif
|MPIExt1=
}}

'''Rif Berber''' is an [[Afro-Asiatic]] language that is spoken in Morocco.

===Name===
The name consists of the modifier ''Rif'' and the head ''Berber''. The Rif is the name of a mountainous range in Northern Morocco, in part of which Rif Berber is spoken. The most generally used autonym is ''Tamazight'' (or ''Tmazight''), a term which is also used as an autonym in several other Berber languages. The term ''Tarifiyt'' (also spelled ''Tarifit'') is often used to disambiguate terminology. In regional usage, however, ''Tarifiyt'' is often only used for the dialects spoken west of the Oued Kert as opposed to the dialects spoken east of this river. The language of the Beni Iznasen, which is included in Rif Berber on linguistic grounds, is regarded locally as a variety which does not belong to Rif Berber at all.

===Dialects===
There is a large amount of dialectal variation in Rif Berber. The most western varieties - the so-called dialects of the [[Senhaja de Sraïr]] and [[Ghomara]] - are so different from the rest of Rif Berber that they should be regarded a different language (e.g. Kossmann 1999:31 excludes them from his "Zenatic" group, while Rif Berber proper is included). Even within Rif Berber proper, there exist important differences; this can easily be seen using the dialect atlas (Lafkioui 1997).

===Location===
Rif Berber is spoken in the north-eastern part of Morocco. The easternmost dialects which are usually included in this group are spoken by the Beni Iznasen north of the city of Oujda, and near the Algerian border. Rif Berber proper extends to the west until the region immediately west of Elhoceima. It reaches to the south until the plains. In the high mountains around Ketama and Targuist the varieties of the Senhaja de Sraïr are spoken, which may belong to a different linguistic group inside Berber. In the beginning of the 20th century there was still a small Rif Berber speaking immigrant community in the Algerian town of Vieil Arzew. As the language was moribund around 1910 (Biarnay 1911), the probability of its survival is very low. Sources claiming that Rif Berber is also spoken in Algeria, such as the Ethnologue, are simply wrong. There exist a few Berber varieties spoken across the Algerian border, such as the dialect of the [[Beni Snous]]. Despite many similarities to Rif Berber, these varieties are not included in Rif Berber.

===Speakers===
Based on census data of the number of inhabitants of the provinces where Rif Berber is spoken the number of speakers would add up to about one million. There are many Rif Berber speakers who migrated from their home region to other parts of Morocco and to Europe, esp. the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany (esp. Duisburg and Frankfurt am Main).

===Classification===
*[[Afro-Asiatic]]
:*[[Berber]]

===Validity of classification===
There is no doubt that Rif Berber belongs to the Berber language family.

===References===
*Kossmann, Maarten. 1999. ''Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.

===Works on the language===
*Biarnay, Samuel. 1911. ''Etude sur le dialecte des Bet't'ioua du Vieil-Arzeu''. Alger: Carbonel.
*Biarnay, Samuel. 1917. ''Etude sur les dialectes berbères du Rif''. Paris: Leroux.
*Cadi, Kaddour. 1987. ''Système verbal rifain. Forme et sens.'' Paris: Peeters.
*Colin, Georges Séraphin. 1929. "Le parler berbère des Gmara." ''Hespéris'' 9: 43-58.
*Kossmann, Maarten. 2000. ''Esquisse grammaticale du rifain oriental''. Paris: Peeters.
*Lafkioui, Mena. 2007. ''Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
*Renisio, A. 1932. ''Etude sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr''. Paris: Leroux.

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:LANG]]
[[Category: Afro-Asiatic]]

Haplology

2008-07-08T23:22:37Z

Souag: translations

'''Haplology''' is the reduction of a sequence of two identical or very similar syllables to a single such syllable.

===Examples===

* [[Middle English]] ''humblely'' > Modern English ''humbly'' (Campbell 1998:37)
* [[Basque]] ''sagar'' "apple" + ''ardo'' "wine" > ''sagardo'' "cider" (Trask 1996:68)

===Other languages===
* French [[haplologie (fr)]]
* German [[Haplologie (de)]]
* Russian [[гаплология]]

===References===
* [[Lyle Campbell|Campbell, Lyle]]. 1998. ''Historical Linguistics: An Introduction''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
* [[Robert Lawrence Trask|Trask, R. L.]]. 1996. ''Historical Linguistics''. London: Arnold.
[[Category:Diachrony]]

Haplology

2008-07-08T23:07:09Z

Souag: a trivial but necessary article

'''Haplology''' is the reduction of a sequence of two identical or very similar syllables to a single such syllable.

===Examples===

* [[Middle English]] ''humblely'' > Modern English ''humbly'' (Campbell 1998:37)
* [[Basque]] ''sagar'' "apple" + ''ardo'' "wine" > ''sagardo'' "cider" (Trask 1996:68)

==References==
* [[Lyle Campbell|Campbell, Lyle]]. 1998. ''Historical Linguistics: An Introduction''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
* [[Robert Lawrence Trask|Trask, R. L.]]. 1996. ''Historical Linguistics''. London: Arnold.
[[Category:Diachrony]]

Linguistic area

2008-07-08T23:05:07Z

Souag: sp

A '''linguistic area''' is a set of geographically contiguous languages that are more similar to each other in their structure than would be expected on the basis on their degree of genealogical relatedness.

===Synonym===
[[Sprachbund (en)]]

===Origin===
An early occurrence of the term ''linguistic area'' is found in Velten 1943, translating the German term [[Sprachbund]]. However, Emeneau (1956) was much more influential in making the term widely known.

===References===
*Emeneau, Murray B. 1956. India as a linguistic area. ''Language'' 32.1: 3-16.
*Velten, H.V. 1943. The Nez Perce verb. ''Pacific Northwest Quarterly'' 34: 271-292.

===Other languages===
German [[Sprachbund]]

{{dc}}
[[Category: Diachrony]]

Mixed language

2008-07-08T22:50:18Z

Souag:

In [[contact linguistics]], a '''mixed language''' is, loosely speaking, a language with multiple origins. Different authors differ on its exact definition, and in particular on the inclusion of [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s.

For [[Peter Bakker|Bakker]] (1997:195), a mixed language is one that shows "positive genetic similarities, in significant numbers, with two different languages". This definition excludes most [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, whose lexicon typically derives mainly from a single language and whose grammar cannot be traced to any single language.

For [[Sarah Thomason|Thomason]] (2001:158), a mixed language is one whose lexicon and grammar do not both derive primarily from the same source language. This definition includes [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, since much of the grammar does not derive from the [[lexifier]]. Those languages which Bakker terms mixed, Thomason terms '''bilingual mixed languages'''.

===Examples===

Prime examples of (bilingual) mixed languages include [[Michif]] (roughly speaking, [[Cree]] verbal system and [[French]] nominal system) and [[Media Lengua]] ([[Spanish]] vocabulary, [[Quechua]] grammar).

===References===

*Bakker, Peter. 1999. ''A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Métis.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* ed. Bakker, Peter and Yaron Matras. 2003. ''The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
*Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. ''Language Contact: An Introduction.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

=== Other languages ===

* Arabic [[لغة هجينة]]
* French [[langue mixte]]
* German [[Mischsprache]]
* Japanese [[混成言語]]
* Russian [[смешанный язык]]
[[Category:Language contact]]

Mixed language

2008-07-08T22:49:27Z

Souag: sectioning

In [[contact linguistics]], a '''mixed language''' is, loosely speaking, a language with multiple origins. Different authors differ on its exact definition, and in particular on the inclusion of [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s.

For [[Peter Bakker|Bakker]] (1997:195), a mixed language is one that shows "positive genetic similarities, in significant numbers, with two different languages". This definition excludes most [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, whose lexicon typically derives mainly from a single language and whose grammar cannot be traced to any single language.

For [[Sarah Thomason|Thomason]] (2001:158), a mixed language is one whose lexicon and grammar do not both derive primarily from the same source language. This definition includes [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, since much of the grammar does not derive from the [[lexifier]]. Those languages which Bakker terms mixed, Thomason terms '''bilingual mixed languages'''.

==Examples==

Prime examples of (bilingual) mixed languages include [[Michif]] (roughly speaking, [[Cree]] verbal system and [[French]] nominal system) and [[Media Lengua]] ([[Spanish]] vocabulary, [[Quechua]] grammar).

===References===

*Bakker, Peter. 1999. ''A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Métis.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* ed. Bakker, Peter and Yaron Matras. 2003. ''The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
*Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. ''Language Contact: An Introduction.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

=== Other languages ===

* Arabic [[لغة هجينة]]
* French [[langue mixte]]
* German [[Mischsprache]]
* Japanese [[混成言語]]
* Russian [[смешанный язык]]
[[Category:Language contact]]

Mixed language

2008-07-08T22:39:41Z

Souag: +jp

In [[contact linguistics]], a '''mixed language''' is, loosely speaking, a language with multiple origins. Different authors differ on its exact definition, and in particular on the inclusion of [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s.

For [[Peter Bakker|Bakker]] (1997:195), a mixed language is one that shows "positive genetic similarities, in significant numbers, with two different languages". This definition excludes most [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, whose lexicon typically derives mainly from a single language and whose grammar cannot be traced to any single language.

For [[Sarah Thomason|Thomason]] (2001:158), a mixed language is one whose lexicon and grammar do not both derive primarily from the same source language. This definition includes [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, since much of the grammar does not derive from the [[lexifier]]. Those languages which Bakker terms mixed, Thomason terms '''bilingual mixed languages'''.

Prime examples of (bilingual) mixed languages include [[Michif]] (roughly speaking, [[Cree]] verbal system and [[French]] nominal system) and [[Media Lengua]] ([[Spanish]] vocabulary, [[Quechua]] grammar).

===References===

*Bakker, Peter. 1999. ''A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Métis.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* ed. Bakker, Peter and Yaron Matras. 2003. ''The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
*Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. ''Language Contact: An Introduction.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

=== Other languages ===

* Arabic [[لغة هجينة]]
* French [[langue mixte]]
* German [[Mischsprache]]
* Japanese [[混成言語]]
* Russian [[смешанный язык]]
[[Category:Language contact]]

Mixed language

2008-07-08T22:34:17Z

Souag: A beginning

In [[contact linguistics]], a '''mixed language''' is, loosely speaking, a language with multiple origins. Different authors differ on its exact definition, and in particular on the inclusion of [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s.

For [[Peter Bakker|Bakker]] (1997:195), a mixed language is one that shows "positive genetic similarities, in significant numbers, with two different languages". This definition excludes most [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, whose lexicon typically derives mainly from a single language and whose grammar cannot be traced to any single language.

For [[Sarah Thomason|Thomason]] (2001:158), a mixed language is one whose lexicon and grammar do not both derive primarily from the same source language. This definition includes [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, since much of the grammar does not derive from the [[lexifier]]. Those languages which Bakker terms mixed, Thomason terms '''bilingual mixed languages'''.

Prime examples of (bilingual) mixed languages include [[Michif]] (roughly speaking, [[Cree]] verbal system and [[French]] nominal system) and [[Media Lengua]] ([[Spanish]] vocabulary, [[Quechua]] grammar).

===References===

*Bakker, Peter. 1999. ''A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Métis.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* ed. Bakker, Peter and Yaron Matras. 2003. ''The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
*Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. ''Language Contact: An Introduction.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

=== Other languages ===

* Arabic [[لغة هجينة]]
* French [[langue mixte]]
* German [[Mischsprache]]
* Russian [[смешанный язык]]
[[Category:Language contact]]

User:Souag

2008-07-08T20:29:36Z

Souag: New page: I'm Lameen Souag, currently a doctoral student in Field Linguistics at SOAS (London). If you want to know more about me, try http://lameen.googlepages.com/ .

I'm Lameen Souag, currently a doctoral student in Field Linguistics at SOAS (London). If you want to know more about me, try http://lameen.googlepages.com/ .