Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

User:Wohlgemuth/penyusunan

2024-06-19T08:38:09Z

Wohlgemuth: /* Division of labor */

==Requirements:==

* minimum 2000 to 2500 bytes of article content
* properly formatted
* properly sourced (books and online)
* no copyright issues
* correct definitions
* proper language

==Division of labor==

<nowiki>~~~ : [[Lemma]]</nowiki>
# [[User:MZnursardi|MZnursardi]] ([[User talk:MZnursardi|talk]]) : [[Bahasa perantara]]
# [[User:Marva|Marva]] ([[User talk:Marva|talk]]) : [[Basa Walikan]]
# [[User:Szasa|Szasa]] ([[User talk:Szasa|talk]]) : [[Denglisch (en)]]
# [[User:Anestyanh|Anestyanh]] ([[User talk:Anestyanh|talk]]) : [[Antonimi]]
# [[User:HansJonathanAM|HansJonathanAM]] ([[User talk:HansJonathanAM|talk]]) : [[Hiponim]], [[Hipernim]], [[Hiponimi]]
# [[User:Avizzardhy|Avizzardhy]] ([[User talk:Avizzardhy|talk]]) : [[Leksem]], [[Bouba-kiki effect]]
# [[User:Asyaasyrd|Asyaasyrd]] ([[User talk:Asyaasyrd|talk]]) [[Dactyl]]
# [[User:AnnisaZA|AnnisaZA]] ([[User talk:AnnisaZA|talk]]) : [[Root word]]
# [[User:Safira|Safira]] ([[User talk:Safira|talk]]) [[Stylistics]] , [[Theolinguistics]]
# [[User:Adli.Rifqi|Adli.Rifqi]] ([[User talk:Adli.Rifqi|talk]]) : [[Apocope]]
# [[User:Tangkeallo|Tangkeallo]] ([[User talk:Tangkeallo|talk]]) : [[Implikatur (id)]]
# [[User:Eliyunint|Eliyunint]] ([[User talk:Eliyunint|talk]]) : [[Slang]]
# [[User:Taskyazahr|Taskyazahr]] ([[User talk:Taskyazahr|talk]]) : [[Homofon]]
# [[User:Zahirah|Zahirah]] ([[User talk:Zahirah|talk]]) [[Fonem]]
# [[User:Vincent|Vincent]] ([[User talk:Vincent|talk]]) : [[Language change in Indonesian]]
# [[User: Salwaa|Salwaa]] ([[User talk: Salwaa|talk]]) : [[Collocation]]
# [[User:Brigittaaemilia|Brigittaaemilia]] ([[User talk:Brigittaaemilia|talk]]) : [[Deiksis]]
# [[User:BangkitP|BangkitP]] ([[User talk:BangkitP|talk]]) : [[Maksim percakapan]]
# [[User:Billy|Billy]] ([[User talk:Billy|talk]]) : [[Metonimia]]
# [[User:Ulisng|Ulisng]] ([[User talk:Ulisng|talk]]) : [[Morfem]], [[Afiks]]
# [[User:AriefL|AriefL]] ([[User talk:AriefL|talk]]) : [[User:AriefL/Draft]]
# [[User:Aurora1823|Aurora1823]] ([[User talk:Aurora1823|talk]]) : [[Singaporean English]]
# [[User:Savio123|Savio123]] ([[User talk:Savio123|talk]]) : [[Ilokusi]]
# [[User:Putmir|Putmir]] ([[User talk:Putmir|talk]]) : [[Dialect]]
# [[User:Nathasa|Nathasa]] ([[User talk:Nathasa|talk]]) : [[User:Nathasa/draft]]
# [[User:Saphirar|Saphirar]] ([[User talk:Saphirar|talk]]) : [[Protasis]], [[Commissive]]
# [[User:Haritsfatih27|Haritsfatih27]] ([[User talk:Haritsfatih27|talk]]) : [[Sociophonetics]]
# [[User:Andynsaffa|Andynsaffa]] ([[User talk:Andynsaffa|talk]]) : [[Conceptual metaphor]]
# [[User:Terran|Terran]] ([[User talk:Terran|talk]]) : [[Punctuation]]
# [[User:Paulinearl|Paulinearl]] ([[User talk:Paulinearl|talk]]) : [[User:Paulinearl/Draft]]
# [[User:Putkhairr|Putkhairr]] ([[User talk:Putkhairr|talk]]) : [[User:Putkhairr/Draft]]
# [[User:SantosoDannika|SantosoDannika]] ([[User talk:SantosoDannika|talk]]) : [[Frasa]]
# [[User:Tebeedimas|Tebeedimas]] ([[User talk:Tebeedimas|talk]]) : ''deleted''

Dialect

2024-06-19T07:47:17Z

Wohlgemuth:

{{stub}}

== Dialect ==
'''Dialect''' is a subclass of a language that is exclusive to a particular region or community. This includes variations in pronunciation, vocabulary and [[grammar]] that differentiate it from other forms of the same language. According to Chambers and Trudgill in ''Dialectology'' [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=_qAYUSPhJtYC&lpg=PP1&hl=id&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false], a dialect is a variety of language often considered lower in status and typically spoken by working-class or rural communities. It usually lacks a written form and is sometimes seen as nonstandard version of the language.
 
== Dialect and language ==
''Dialect'' and ''language'' are two distinct terms. The term language has a superior position, while dialect is a subordinate term that is under the domain of [[language]]. Therefore, the correct analogy is ''"A is the dialect of language B"'' instead of ''"B is the language of dialect A."''
 
== Dialect and accent ==
''Dialect'' is a term that often implies informal speech. It is specific to particular geographic areas and includes a broader range of linguistic features, such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. For example, people from London and people from Cardiff speak English, but their usage of words and phrases can vary greatly. ''[[Accent]]'' is also associated with a particular region, but it refers to pronunciation patterns and the linguistic elements are not as extensive as dialects.
 
== Dialectal variation and its relation to geography ==
The concept of dialectal variation is understood in relation to geographical areas where the same linguistic features are shared. This indicates that dialects are bounded within a specific region. However, an opposing view suggests that dialects form a landscape without clear boundaries. There are often significant differences in pronunciation and other language features, therefore the classifications are indefinable.
 
 
The landscape of dialects is described as a continuum. As Chambers et al. (1998) write, linguistic variation becomes apparent when a person travels from one place to another. These diffrences accumulate gradually and
become more intense as one moves away from the initial point. Neighboring places typically comprehend each other's dialects, but those at the edges of the continuum will have difficulty comprehending each other as it corelates with geographical distance.
 
== References ==
* Bloomfield, L. (1983). An introduction to the study of language. ''An Introduction to the Study of Language'', 1-383
* Boga, H.I. (2020). What is a Language? What is a Dialect?.
* Chambers, J.K., & Trudgill, P. (1998). ''Dialectology''. Cambridge University Press.
* Linn, M.D. (2014). Dialect and language variation.
* Van Rooy, R. (2020). ''Language or dialect?: The history of a conceptual pair''. Oxford University Press.

{{dc}}

Ilokusi

2024-06-19T07:45:06Z

Wohlgemuth: Wohlgemuth moved page User:Savio123/Draft to Ilokusi without leaving a redirect

== Ilokusi==

Tindak tutur ilokusi adalah ucapan yang memiliki daya untuk mencapai keinginan penutur agar mitra tutur dapat mengerjakan apa yang ingin diinginkan penutur dengan mengucapkan sesuatu <ref> Hidayah, Tuti. Sudrajat, Rochmat Tri. 2020. IKIP Siliwangi. ''Analisis Tindak Tutur Lokusi, Ilokusi, dan Perlokusi pada Film “Papa Maafin Risa”'' https://journal.ikipsiliwangi.ac.id/index.php/parole/article/view/4466 </ref>. Tindak tutur ilokusi dapat digunakan penuturnya untuk melakukan berjanji, bertaruh, menolak, memesan, dan memerintah.

== Latar Belakang ==
Tindak tutur awalnya muncul ketika digagas oleh [http://glottopedia.org/index.php/John_Langshaw_Austin''' John Langshaw Austin'''] dalam bukunya yang berjudul ''How to do Things with Words'' yang kemudian diperdalam oleh [http://glottopedia.org/index.php/John_R._Searle '''John R. Searle'''] yang merupakan muridnya Austin itu sendiri. Pada awalnya Austin memfokuskan penelitian kepada ucapan terhadap tindakan yang lalu ia menyimpulkan bahwa teori tindak tutur itu terbagi menjadi dua yaitu konstantif dan performatif. Tindak tutur konstantif adalah ucapan yang memiliki sifat benar atau salah, dalam arti ucapan ketika memutuskan dan menginformasikan suatu hal yang bersifat pernyataan faktual. Sementara itu, tindak tutur performatif yakni tuturan yang dapat menghasilkan tindakan tanpa memberikan penekanan terhadap suatu hal yang bersifat benar atau salah. Seperti dalam sebuah amanat upacara "''Hindarilah tindakan kecurangan dalam ujian!''" tuturan tersebut menganjurkan seseorang untuk menghindari tindakannya bukan menetapkan bahwa itu kecurangan atau bukan <ref> Safitri, Rizky Dian. Mulyani, Mimi. Farikah. 2021. ''Teori Tindak Tutur dalam Studi Pragmatik''. https://journal.untidar.ac.id/index.php/kabastra/article/view/7 </ref>

== Jenis-jenis Ilokusi ==
John L. Austin, menilai Ilokusi dapat dikategorikan menjadi 5 hal yaitu ''verdiktif, eksersitif, komisif, behabitif, dan ekspositif.'' <ref> Suryana, Inge. 2014. ''Tindak Tutur Ilokusi Dalam Komik Super Picsou Geant Vol. 164 “Doubleduck Mission: Les Trois Jours Du Canard’’''. 15-19. https://eprints.uny.ac.id/13584/3/BAB%20II.PDF </ref>

=== Verdiktif ===
Ilokusi verdiktif digunakan oleh penuturnya untuk memberikan penilaian atau penetapan terhadap mitra tutur. Contohnya ketika seorang polisi mengatakan kepada seorang pengendara yang melanggar rambu lalu lintas,

"''Saya '''memutuskan''' bahwa kamu harus saya tilang."''

Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa polisi memberikan keputusan kepada mitra tuturnya untuk ditilang.

=== Eksersitif ===
Jenis tindak tutur ilokusi satu ini memiliki makna untuk menyatakan peringatan ataupun perjanjian. Seperti contoh kalimat: 

''"Harap tenang, sedang ada ujian."'' 

Kalimat tersebut termasuk dalam tindak tutur eksersitif yang mana penutur memberikan peringatan kepada warga sekolah untuk tidak membuat keributan atau kebisingan karena ujian sedang dilaksanakan di dalam lingkungan sekolah.

=== Komisif ===
Komisif merupakan tindak tutur yang mengandung perjanjian dalam penuturan kalimatnya antara penutur dengan mitra tutur lainnya. Ketika dua karyawan sedang berbincang di ruangan kantor. 

''A: Nanti siang kita makan di restoran kantor ya.'' 
''B: Oke, jam 1 siang ya.'' 

Tuturan kalimat tersebut termasuk dalam tindak tutur komisif karena penutur membuat janji kepada mitra tutur untuk makan siang bersama di restoran kantor dan mitra tutur pun menyetujui janji makan siang bersama tersebut.

=== Behabitif ===
Tindak tutur behabitif adalah tindak tutur yang mengaitkan suatu tindakan akibat adanya tingkah laku sosial baik itu kabar baik maupun buruk.
Seperti ketika penutur mengucapkan selamat atas kemenangan temannya dalam pemilihan ketua OSIS 

"Selamat ya atas terpilihnya menjadi ketua OSIS." 

Kalimat tersebut mengandung perasaan maupun ekspresi penutur yang diberikan kepada mitra tutur akibat tingkah laku sosialnya yaitu memenangi pemilihan ketua OSIS.

=== Ekspositif ===
Dalam tindak tutur ekspositif, penutur bermaksud untuk memberikan keterangan atau penjelasan kepada mitra tutur. Contohnya ketika penutur berkata, 

"Rumah saya terbakar karena listrik rumah saya mengalami korsleting." 

Dalam kalimat tersebut penutur memberikan penjelasan kepada tindak tuturnya yang mana seorang pemadam kebakaran bahwa listrik yang korsleting merupakan penyebab rumahnya terbakar.

== Referensi ==

[[Category:Id]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Pragmatics]]

Talk:Ilokusi

2024-06-19T07:45:06Z

Wohlgemuth: Wohlgemuth moved page User talk:Savio123/Draft to Talk:Ilokusi without leaving a redirect

Hi Savio, artikel ini menarik. Saya dapat memahami cukup rinci mengenai ilokusi hingga latar belakang dan terdapat hyperlink yang mempermudah untuk mencari tokoh yang terdapat di artikel.
Unsigned contribution by [[User:AriefL]] 19:50, 16 June 2024

Dialect

2024-06-19T07:42:08Z

Wohlgemuth:

== Dialect ==
'''Dialect''' is a subclass of language that is exclusive to a particular region or community. This includes variations in pronunciation, vocabulary and [[grammar]] that differentiate it from other forms of the same language. According to Chambers and Trudgill in ''Dialectology'' [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=_qAYUSPhJtYC&lpg=PP1&hl=id&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false], a dialect is a variety of language often considered lower in status and typically spoken by working-class or rural communities. It usually lacks a written form and is sometimes seen as nonstandard version of the language.
 
== Dialect and language ==
''Dialect'' and ''language'' are two distinct terminologies. The term language has a superior position, while dialect is a subordinate term that is under the domain of [[language]]. Therefore, the correct analogy is ''"A is the dialect of language B"'' instead of ''"B is the language of dialect A."''
 
== Dialect and accent ==
''Dialect'' is a term that often implies informal speech. It is specific to particular geographic areas and includes a broader range of linguistic features, such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. For example, people from London and people from Cardiff speak English, but their usage of words and phrases can vary greatly. ''Accent'' is also associated with a particular region, but it refers to pronunciation patterns and the linguistic elements are not as extensive as dialects.
 
== Dialectal variation and its relation to geography ==
The concept of dialectal variation is understood in relation to geographical areas where the same linguistic features are shared. This indicates that dialects are bounded within a specific region. However, an opposing view suggests that dialects form a landscape without clear boundaries. There are often significant differences in pronunciation and other language features, therefore the classifications are indefinable.
 
 
The landscape of dialects is described as a continuum. As Chambers et al. (1998) write, linguistic variation becomes apparent when a person travels from one place to another. These diffrences accumulate gradually and
become more intense as one moves away from the initial point. Neighboring places typically comprehend each other's dialects, but those at the edges of the continuum will have difficulty comprehending each other as it corelates with geographical distance.
 
== References ==
* Bloomfield, L. (1983). An introduction to the study of language. ''An Introduction to the Study of Language'', 1-383
* Boga, H.I. (2020). What is a Language? What is a Dialect?.
* Chambers, J.K., & Trudgill, P. (1998). ''Dialectology''. Cambridge University Press.
* Linn, M.D. (2014). Dialect and language variation.
* Van Rooy, R. (2020). ''Language or dialect?: The history of a conceptual pair''. Oxford University Press.

{{dc}}

Dialect

2024-06-19T07:41:29Z

Wohlgemuth: Wohlgemuth moved page User:Putmir/Draft to Dialect without leaving a redirect

Talk:Dialect

2024-06-19T07:41:29Z

Wohlgemuth: Wohlgemuth moved page User talk:Putmir/Draft to Talk:Dialect without leaving a redirect

--[[User:Ulisng|Ulisng]] ([[User talk:Ulisng|talk]]) 15:38, 23 May 2024 (UTC) Since I found that "grammar" is on Glottopedia, I suggest you to link this http://glottopedia.org/index.php/Grammar so your reader could find out more about grammar, since it is related to the definition.

User talk:Paulinearl/Draft

2024-06-17T04:52:57Z

Wohlgemuth: /* Feedback */

Hello Pauline! Thankyou for the interesting article, I think its good if you can make the definition section to one part, there is no need for two parts so as not to be confused to read.

Hello Saphira! Thankyou for your advice. But I only made the definition in one part, below the definition is a different discussion. Thankyou!

== Feedback ==

The main problem of your draft are these:
# formatting; please follow the rules already outlined. Example: Your bullet lists all start with the placeholder text "Bulleted list item", that is nonsensical.
# You do not cite in-text where you quoted / took which information from. Furthermore, you are using a reference from computer technology in your references. This is linguistics.
# The draft is still very superficial. It does not really explain things or link to explanations. You chose a very difficult topic.
--[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] ([[User talk:Wohlgemuth|talk]]) 02:40, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

: Please check point 2 of above list. You still do not say where you got which information from. --[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] ([[User talk:Wohlgemuth|talk]]) 04:52, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

Talk:Ilokusi

2024-06-17T04:51:06Z

Wohlgemuth:

User talk:Paulinearl/Draft

2024-06-15T02:40:40Z

Wohlgemuth: /* Feedback */ new section

Main Page

2024-06-11T11:57:53Z

Wohlgemuth:

'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''



[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]  -  [[Special:Allpages|All articles A–Z]]  -  Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]  -  [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]


[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|Other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]]


{|
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|

[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.

Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], [[Glottopedia:Tentang Glottopedia|Indonesian]], [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎，新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], and in the future hopefully also in many other languages.
----
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!
----

=Glottopedia Team=
===Editors===
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Dr. Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Dr. Jan Wohlgemuth]]

''Technical Editor'': [[User:Rostin|Tim Rostin]]

===Scientific Advisory Council===
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]

=Sample dictionary articles=

===Syntax===
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])

[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]

===Morphology===
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])

[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]

===Phonetics and Phonology===
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])

[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]

===Semantics===
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])

[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]

===Diachrony===
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])

[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]

===Computational Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])

[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]

===Quantitative Linguistics===
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])

[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]],
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]

=Sample biographical articles=
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])

[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]], [[Johannes Benzing]], [[Simon C. Dik]], [[Dionysius Thrax]], [[Stefan Elders]], [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]], [[Einar Haugen]], [[Marco Haverkort]], [[Karl Erich Heidolph]], [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]], [[Georg Friedrich Meier]], [[Harry L. Shorto]],· [[John Sinclair]], [[Sergej A. Starostin]], [[Jost Winteler]]

[[Category:En]]
[[Category:Glottopedia]]

=Other Languages=
* Chinese [[Glottopedia:欢迎，新来者|欢迎，新来者]]
* Danish [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Velkommen]]
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]
* Norwegian (Nynorsk) [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Velkomen]]
* Spanish [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Bienvenidos]]

User:Wohlgemuth/penyusunan

2024-06-11T11:53:02Z

Wohlgemuth: Removed protection from "User:Wohlgemuth/penyusunan": finished

==Requirements:==

* minimum 2000 to 2500 bytes of article content
* properly formatted
* properly sourced (books and online)
* no copyright issues
* correct definitions
* proper language

==Division of labor==

<nowiki>~~~ : [[Lemma]]</nowiki>
# [[User:MZnursardi|MZnursardi]] ([[User talk:MZnursardi|talk]]) : [[Bahasa perantara]]
# [[User:Marva|Marva]] ([[User talk:Marva|talk]]) : [[Basa Walikan]]
# [[User:Szasa|Szasa]] ([[User talk:Szasa|talk]]) : [[Denglisch (en)]]
# [[User:Anestyanh|Anestyanh]] ([[User talk:Anestyanh|talk]]) : [[Antonimi]]
# [[User:HansJonathanAM|HansJonathanAM]] ([[User talk:HansJonathanAM|talk]]) : [[Hiponim]], [[Hipernim]], [[Hiponimi]]
# [[User:Avizzardhy|Avizzardhy]] ([[User talk:Avizzardhy|talk]]) : [[Leksem]], [[Bouba-kiki effect]]
# [[User:Asyaasyrd|Asyaasyrd]] ([[User talk:Asyaasyrd|talk]]) [[Dactyl]]
# [[User:AnnisaZA|AnnisaZA]] ([[User talk:AnnisaZA|talk]]) : [[Root word]]
# [[User:Safira|Safira]] ([[User talk:Safira|talk]]) [[Stylistics]] , [[Theolinguistics]]
# [[User:Adli.Rifqi|Adli.Rifqi]] ([[User talk:Adli.Rifqi|talk]]) : [[Apocope]]
# [[User:Tangkeallo|Tangkeallo]] ([[User talk:Tangkeallo|talk]]) : [[Implikatur (id)]]
# [[User:Eliyunint|Eliyunint]] ([[User talk:Eliyunint|talk]]) : [[Slang]]
# [[User:Taskyazahr|Taskyazahr]] ([[User talk:Taskyazahr|talk]]) : [[Homofon]]
# [[User:Zahirah|Zahirah]] ([[User talk:Zahirah|talk]]) [[Fonem]]
# [[User:Vincent|Vincent]] ([[User talk:Vincent|talk]]) : [[Language change in Indonesian]]
# [[User: Salwaa|Salwaa]] ([[User talk: Salwaa|talk]]) : [[Collocation]]
# [[User:Brigittaaemilia|Brigittaaemilia]] ([[User talk:Brigittaaemilia|talk]]) : [[Deiksis]]
# [[User:BangkitP|BangkitP]] ([[User talk:BangkitP|talk]]) : [[Maksim percakapan]]
# [[User:Billy|Billy]] ([[User talk:Billy|talk]]) : [[Metonimia]]
# [[User:Ulisng|Ulisng]] ([[User talk:Ulisng|talk]]) : [[Morfem]], [[Afiks]]
# [[User:AriefL|AriefL]] ([[User talk:AriefL|talk]]) : [[Directive]]
# [[User:Aurora1823|Aurora1823]] ([[User talk:Aurora1823|talk]]) : [[Singaporean English]]
# [[User:Savio123|Savio123]] ([[User talk:Savio123|talk]]) : [[Illocution]]
# [[User:Putmir|Putmir]] ([[User talk:Putmir|talk]]) : [[Dialect]]
# [[User:Nathasa|Nathasa]] ([[User talk:Nathasa|talk]]) : [[Hedge]]
# [[User:Saphirar|Saphirar]] ([[User talk:Saphirar|talk]]) : [[Protasis]], [[Commissive]]
# [[User:Haritsfatih27|Haritsfatih27]] ([[User talk:Haritsfatih27|talk]]) : [[Sociophonetics]]
# [[User:Andynsaffa|Andynsaffa]] ([[User talk:Andynsaffa|talk]]) : [[Conceptual metaphor]]
# [[User:Terran|Terran]] ([[User talk:Terran|talk]]) : [[Punctuation]]
# [[User:Paulinearl|Paulinearl]] ([[User talk:Paulinearl|talk]]) : [[System requirement]]
# [[User:Putkhairr|Putkhairr]] ([[User talk:Putkhairr|talk]]) : [[Innovation]]
# [[User:SantosoDannika|SantosoDannika]] ([[User talk:SantosoDannika|talk]]) : [[Frasa]]
# [[User:Tebeedimas|Tebeedimas]] ([[User talk:Tebeedimas|talk]]) : [[Jost Winteler]]

Stylistics

2024-06-11T11:49:53Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

== Stylistics ==
=== Definition ===
As its name, stylistics aims to study the style of both written and spoken language.<ref>K., Yuwono, U., & Lauder, M. R. M. T. (2005, January 1). Pesona bahasa. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. http://books.google.ie/books?id=8rt2JikaPCoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pesona+Bahasa&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api</ref> Stylistics is one of the field of linguistics which analyzes specific linguistic expressions along with the explanation of its function and effect. Moreover, stylistics can also be interpreted as the study of textual meaning. By using stylistics for literary analysis, it closes the gap between literary criticism and linguistics.<ref>Stylistics. (n.d.). Obo. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0048.xml
</ref>
 
=== Stylistician ===
A stylistician is someone who specializes or experts in the study of stylistics, which is the analysis of linguistic style.

=== History ===
Stylistics is a discipline that emerged as a reaction to the impressionistic and obscure tone of most literary criticism. Particularly, stylistics evolved because the work of famous exponent of Russian Formalism, [[Roman Jakobson]], which an important figure who developed stylistics in the first place during the mid-20th century<ref>Ling 131 - A brief History of Stylistics. (n.d.). https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/projects/stylistics/introduction/history.htm</ref>.

=== Function ===
As an approach, stylistics offers a balance between one's interpretation of a text and appropriate stylistic references to support the text's analysis.
=== Principles of Stylistics ===
==== Principles of Stylistics by Paul Simpson ====
Paul Simpson is one of the stylistics experts or a stylistician who established main principles of stylistics which can guide the analysis of texts. He also published several books related to linguistic. In 2004 he published a book with a title "Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students". Three principles of stylistics regarding Paul Simpson<ref>Giovanelli, M., & Harrison, C. (2022). Stylistics and Contemporary Fiction. English Studies, 103(3), 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2022.2043035</ref>: 
# Stylistics analysis should be rigorous
# Stylistics analysis should be retrievable
# Stylistics analysis should be replicable
'''Rigorous''' means that the analysis of stylistics must be precise and detail, it can be done only just through skimming. 
'''Retrievable''' means that the analysis must be well explained and explicit, other people who reads your analysis would be easy to understand your analysis conclusion. 
'''Replicable''' means that the analysis conclusion would always be similar if someone analyzes the same text with other methods.

=== Comment ===
Everyone has a different style of language. We can recognize that one person's language style is different from another's. For example, if we have all the history data of a person's language style, then it can be analyzed through [[stylometry]], which is a measurement of style based on numerical analysis of literary style.

=== Other Languages ===
Bahasa : ''Stilistika'' 
Spanish: ''Estilística''

{{dc}} [[Category:Stylistics]]
=== Resources ===

Apocope

2024-06-11T11:49:11Z

Wohlgemuth:

== Apocope ==

In Phonology, '''Apocope''' represents the cutting off or loss of one letter or more at the end of a word. In another term, it can be refer to the loss of any final sound from a word (e.g Campbell (2007)). It affect not just only for simplify a word, but also changes the way we pronounce it, as well as the sound it makes.

=== Origin ===
From Dictionary (e.g Merriam-Webster). The word "Apocope" comes from Greek word "ἀποκοπή" (apokopḗ) from "ἀποκόπτειν" (apokóptein) which means "cutting off". (apo-) is "away from" while (kóptein) is "to cut". Just like the definition is, either we cut some words or make it disappear.

=== Comment ===
Smyth (1956) sees in literature terms, Apocope is confined to poetry, but in the prose inscriptions of the dialects it is frequent. Apocope is basically a language techniques and functions in writing and speech. Sometimes we don't know anything nor applying in terms of familiarity. Usually we [[merge]] some word like ''do not'' to form ''don't'', these are type of contracting the words. From the origin, apocope is the [[omission]] of one or more letters, sounds, or syllables from the end of a word. Its more simplify or even more recognizable and evolved. Apocope also appear in another language, not just an English.

=== Related Terms ===
Crowley (1997) summerized things similiar to Apocope:
* [[Apheresis]]
* [[Syncope]]
* [[Cluster Reduction]]
* [[Haplology]]

=== Other ===
In Popular places, we usually heard a place like ''(Gym, Zoo)''. Its actually an Apocope from ''(Gymnasium, Zoological Garden)''. In Society life, sometimes we have a friend with a long name, or that are quite difficult to pronounce. And we simplified like ''(Jackson > Jack)'', ''(Marcus > Marc)'', and many more.

=== Example ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! From !! To
|-
| Photograph || Photo
|-
| Advertisement || Ad
|-
| Public House || Pub
|-
| Laboratory || Lab
|-
| Tobias || Toby
|-
| Giorgino || Gio
|-
| Alexander || Alex
|-
| Lufu {Old English} || Love
|-
| ''Primero'' {Spanish} || ''Primer''
|-
| ''Bueno'' {Spanish} || ''Buen''
|}

=== Other Language ===

Greek : [[ἀποκοπή]]

Deutsch : [[Apokope]]

Spanish : [[Apócope]]

=== References ===

* Campbell, Lyle (2007). ''Glossary of Historical Linguistics''. Edinburgh University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7486-3019-6.
* Crowley, Terry (1997). ''An Introduction to Historical Linguistics'' . 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
* Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). ''Apocope''. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary.
* Smyth, Herbert Weir (1956). ''A Greek Grammar For Colleges''. Revised Edition. p. 23. ISBN 978-0674362505

{{dc}} [[Category:Phonetics]]

Sociophonetics

2024-06-11T11:48:27Z

Wohlgemuth: /* References */ funetix

==Sociophonetics==
Sociophonetics is a branch of [[linguistics]] using [[sociolinguistics]] and [[phonetics]] methods. It explains how language affects society. It is put forward with the aim of analyzing sociolinguistic questions, using phonetics and data as a reference. Sociophonetic was first put forward by William Labov around 1960 or 70s related to his research on the pronunciation of [[vowels]] and their relationship in changing the language and dialect that a person uses in communication. Along with the times, the use of spectrography and spectroplatography techniques made it easier for researchers to understand phonetic variations in more detail.

Identity in the context of sociology and linguistics refers to the characteristics that distinguish a person or group in society. This can include various aspects such as ethnicity, gender, social status, education level, age, and others. In the sociology of language, identity is often associated with the way a person uses language, which reflects and influences their position in society. For example, the use of certain dialects or slang can indicate membership in a particular social group or community. Identity can also develop and change over time due to social interactions and cultural influences.

== Labov Principle ==
William Labov's principles in sociolinguistics provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the systematic nature of language variation and its interaction with social structures. Labov principle include:
# '''Systematic Language Variation''' Language variation is not random but follows clear patterns influenced by social factors such as social class, ethnicity, gender, and social context. For instance, speech varies when talking to peers versus superiors.
# '''Multidimensional Variation''' Variation includes differences in [[pronunciation]], [[grammar]], [[vocabulary]], and language style. Speakers adjust their language registers based on social context and formality, such as using formal vocabulary in professional settings compared to casual settings at home.
# '''Dynamic Language Change''' Language is constantly evolving due to factors like interlanguage contact, migration, and social change. Studying these changes helps understand social dynamics and individual interactions' impact on language.
# '''Multiple Relatedness''' Language variation is influenced by interconnected social factors, including social class, ethnicity, gender, age, and social situations. For example, teenagers and adults from the same ethnic background may speak differently due to age and social experiences.

==Language Variation==
In linguistics, language variation refers to differences in the way language is used by individuals or groups in society. Social factors that influence language variation include age, gender and social class. Here's a more in-depth explanation of each of these factors:

===Age===
The language used by individuals can differ based on their age. For example:
* '''Children''' may use simpler language or use a lot of slang that is popular among them.
* '''Teenagers''' are often pioneers in language innovation, coining or adopting new words and phrases that may be unfamiliar to older generations.
* '''Adults''' tend to use more formal language in professional contexts, but they may also adopt some elements of language used by younger generations.
* '''Seniors''' may retain the use of words or phrases that are outdated or rarely used by younger generations.

===Gender===
Gender also affects language variation. It shows that there are differences in the way men and women communicate. For example:
* '''Women''' tend to use more polite language, showing empathy and care in their communication. They use tag questions more often (e.g. “ah, so”).
* '''Men''' tend to use more direct and assertive language. They use imperatives more often and language that is more competitive or status-based.

===Social Class===
Social class has a significant effect on language variation. Language can reflect a person's social status in society. For example:
* '''The upper class''' may use a more formal and complex variety of language, with an extensive vocabulary and a style of speech that reflects higher education.
* '''The middle class''' tends to use a more formal variety of language at work, but is more relaxed in social settings.
* '''The working class''' may use a more informal variety of language and may include more [[slang]] or regional dialects.

==preferential variation==
Sociolinguistic research has identified that there are preferential variations in speech between men and women, as well as how social factors influence language use. Here is a richer explanation of the previously summarized points.
===Speaking Differences===
Research shows that there are certain preferences in speech based on gender. For example:
* '''Language Variant Choice''' Women in a community are often more likely to use language variants that are considered more standard or prestigious, while men more often use non-standard forms. For example, in English, women are more likely to say “going to” than “gonna”.
* '''Stylistics and Registration''' Women tend to be more flexible in changing language style according to social context, such as using more formal language in professional situations and more informal language in social contexts.
===Sociolinguistic influences===
Sociolinguistic principles provide a framework for understanding this variation. One important principle is Labov's Principle I, which states that in societies with stable social stratification, men tend to use non-standard forms more often than women. This could be due to:
* '''Social Role and Status''' Nonstandard forms are often associated with masculinity and anti-authority, which are more prevalent in male social roles.
* '''Social Judgment''' Women may be more motivated to use standardized forms as a way to gain higher social status or to conform to stricter social norms.
===Gender roles===
Gender is not only seen as a binary category, but also as a dynamic social construction.
* '''Gender as a Social Construction''' Gender identity is influenced by factors such as culture, social environment, and interpersonal interactions. Language use by men and women reflects and shapes their gender identity.
* '''Variation within Communities''' Within a given community, gender norms can vary greatly, affecting the way language is used. For example, in some communities, women may be more influential in language innovation than men.
===Research and Approach===
* '''Essentialist vs. Dynamic Approach''' Early essentialist approaches saw gender as a fixed and fundamental category that directly affects language use. However, modern, more dynamic approaches recognize that gender is a complex variable that interacts with other social and cultural factors.
* '''Intersectionality Studies''' Modern research often takes into account the interaction between gender and other factors such as age, ethnicity and social class to understand richer and more contextualized language variation.

==Speech production and perception==
Speech production and perception are two fundamental aspects of [[phonetics]] and [[phonology]]. These involve how sounds are produced by the human speech apparatus (production) and how they are understood by the listener (perception). Here is a richer explanation of speech production and perception, and how vowels and consonants vary.
===Speech Production and Perception===
* '''Speech Production''' involves the physiological process in which air from the lungs is organized by the vocal cords in the larynx, and modified by the structures of the oral cavity, nose, and pharynx to produce sounds.
Articulation: The position and movement of the tongue, lips, and jaw affect the sound produced. For example, a high, forward tongue position produces vowels like /i/ (as in the word “see”), while a low, backward tongue position produces vowels like /a/ (as in the word “father”).
* '''Speech Perception'''(decoding) involves how the listener processes and understands the sounds received. It includes the ability to recognize phonemes (the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning), intonation, and rhythm in speech.
Pattern Recognition: Listeners use knowledge of language and context to interpret sounds. For example, in English, the sound /t/ can sound different in the words “tap” (at the beginning of a word) and “butter” (between vowels), but listeners still recognize it as a variant of the phoneme /t/.

==Consonant and Vowel Variations==

===Vowel Variations===
Vowels are sounds produced with free airflow without significant resistance. Vocal variation can occur in several ways. 
'''Variations Based on Tongue Position'''
* '''Front vs. Back''' Front vowels like /i/ and /e/ are produced with the tongue in the front position of the mouth, while back vowels like /u/ and /o/ are produced with the tongue in the back position.
* '''High vs. Low''' High vowels like /i/ and /u/ are produced when the tongue is close to the palate, and low vowels like /a/ are produced when the tongue is in a lower position.
'''Variations Based on Lip Shape'''
* '''Round vs. Unrounded''' Rounded vowels like /u/ and /o/ are produced with rounded lips, while unrounded vowels like /i/ and /e/ are produced with open lips.
'''Nasal Vowels'''
* Vowels can vary in natality, i.e. whether air also flows through the nose. For example, French has nasal vowels like /ɑ̃/ in the word “sans”.
===Consonant Variations===
Consonants are sounds produced by the obstruction or cessation of airflow at one point in the vocal tract. Consonant variation occurs in several dimensions:
'''Variation Based on Place of Articulation: '''
* Bilabial: Produced with both lips, such as /p/ and /b/.
* Alveolar: Produced with the tip of the tongue near the alveolar gums, such as /t/ and /d/.
* Velar: Produced with the back of the tongue near the velum, such as /k/ and /g/.
'''Variations Based on Method of Articulation: '''
* Plosive: Produced with the cessation of airflow and then a sudden release, such as /p/ and /t/.
* Fricative: Produced with limited airflow creating friction, such as /s/ and /z/.
* Nasal: Produced with airflow through the nose, such as /m/ and /n/.
'''Variations Based on Voicing:'''
* Voiced: Consonants produced by vibration of the vocal cords, such as /b/ and /d/.
* Voiceless: Consonants produced without vocal cord vibrations, such as /p/ and /t/.

==References==
Baronowski, M. (2012). Sociophonetics. The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics ed. 
Eckert, P. (1989). The Whole Woman: Sex and Gender Differences in Variation. Language Variation and Change, 1(3), 245-267. 
Fant, G. (1960). Acoustic Theory of Speech Production. Mouton. 
Geeslin, K. L. (Ed.). (2022). The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Sociolinguistics. Routledge. 
Holmes, J. (1997). Women's Talk: The Question of Sociolinguistic Universals. In Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook. Palgrave. 
Johnson, K. (2011). Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. Wiley-Blackwell. 
Labov, W. (n.d.). The Intersection of Sex and Social Class in the Course of Linguistic Change. Language Variation and Change, 2(2), 205-254. 
Ladefoged, P. (2005). Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages. 
Ozerina, A. A., & Ulyana, O. A. (2023). FEATURES OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL IDENTITY OF A MODERN STUDENT. Obrazovanie i Nauka, 25(2), 164-190. 10.17853/1994-5639-2023-2-164-190 

{{dc}} [[Category:Sociolinguistics]][[Category:Phonetics]]

Sociophonetics

2024-06-11T11:47:58Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

Fonem

2024-06-11T11:47:00Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

== Fonem ==

''Fonem'' merupakan salah satu satuan bahasa yang dipelajari dalam ilmu fonologi. Berdasarkan Kamus Merriam-Webster (n.d.), kata ''fonem'' sendiri diserap dari bahasa Prancis ''phonème'' dan bahasa Yunani ''phōnēmat'' yang berati sebuah suara yang dihasilkan oleh manusia atau binatang. ''Fonem'' adalah satuan bunyi bahasa terkecil. Menurut Kentjono dalam Kushartanti (2005), pada dasarnya ''fonem'' merupakan hasil satuan penyairan bunyi yang dikeluarkan oleh seorang penutur. ''Fonem'' biasanya berperan untuk membedakan satu bunyi bahasa dengan yang lain. Satu ''fonem'' dapat direialisasikan dengan beberapa bunyi.

''Fonem'' tidak sama dengan bunyi, tapi fonem diberi nama sesuai dengan bunyi yang muncul. Satu fonem juga dapat diucapkan dengan banyak bunyi.

'''Contoh:''' ''Fonem /e/ dapat diucapkan dengan fon [ə], [e], atau [ɛ] dalam pengucapan bahasa Indonesia.''

''Fonem'' dan bunyi biasanya dibedakan menggunakan simbol yang menghimpit mereka. Misalnya, ''/p/'' adalah ''fonem plosif bilabial'' dan ''[p]'' adalah bunyi plosiv bilabial. ''Fonem'' biasanya diidentifikasi dengan pemakaian garis miring (/) dalam proses transkrip.

'''Contoh:''' ''/p/, /b/, /m/''

Dalam beberapa kasus, ''fonem'' biasanya terbatas sebagai huruf vokal atau konsonan. Beberapa ahli linguistik berpendapat bahwa fonem dapat digunakan untuk mengindikasikan perbedaan intonasi, penekanan dan irama dalam suatu bahasa (''The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica'', n.d)

=== Fonem dan Alofon ===

Seperti yang dibicarakan sebelumnya, fonem adalah bentuk bunyi yang berfungsi sebagai pembeda. Wujud dari sebuah bunyi yang membentuk fonem dapat disebut sebagai ''alofon''. Sebuah fonem dapat memiliki banyak alofon dan bentuk alofon dapat berubah tergantung pada cara pengucapan sebuah kata.

'''Contoh''': ''Fonem /i/ dalam kata ''praktis'' memiliki alofon [i] sedangkan dalam kata ''kali'' fonem /i/ memiliki alofon [i:]
''
Dapat dilihat bahwa sebuah alofon berubah bunyinya bergantung pada lingkungan sebuah kata terbentuk. Fonem dan alofon-alofonnya memillki hubungan komplimenter karena ''alofon'' dan fonem bersama membangun citra sebuah ''fonem''. Alofon dalam sebuah fonem dapat memperlihatkan kemiripan fonetis dan/atau saling mengecualikan.

== Referensi ==
* Kushartanti, Yuwono, U., & Lauder, M. R. M. T. (Eds.). (2005). Pesona bahasa: langkah awal memahami linguistik. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
* Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Phoneme. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved June 9, 2024, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phoneme
* The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Phoneme | Speech Sounds, Phonetics, Phonology. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2024https://www.britannica.com/topic/syllable

{{di}} [[Category:Phonetics]]

Slang

2024-06-11T11:46:23Z

Wohlgemuth:

== '''Slang''' ==

Slang, by definition, is a particular language (occuring in casual and playful speech) that is used by an exclusive group or community with a shared interest or identity, and the use of it which designates who belongs to the group or does not (Adams, 2012). The term slang derived from "jargon" which is a French word for unintelligible talk.. Since slang is known to be playful, racy, and irreverent language that outlines social in-group, breaking the English-standart's grammar, the aim of using slang in daily conversation is to exchange informations within the group itself. 
 
Slang serves social purposes, such as to identify members of a groups or community. It acts like the linguistic equivalent of fashion in daily life, which serves the same purpose as in indicating the era or period the words or slangs is used in daily conversation (Izmaylova et al., 2017). 
 
Slang also showcases our daily proficiency in the artistry or language, as we adeptly manipulate the auditory, visual, and stylistic aspects or words. There will be some particular enjoyment derived from using and encountering slang and it is a form of a aesthetic gratification.

===Characterictics of Slang===
There is slang and there is also jargon, both used to have the same meaning. However, they serve different purposes in stating meanings nowadays. Based on Adams (2012), there are some ground basic characteristics of slang: 
# Informal, unfit to be used in formal conversation. 
# Mostly associated with certain social groups and favored by the young generations.
# Distinctly metaphorical and involve exaggeration.
# Exclusively used as a marker of an in-group (members).
# Implicate creative respelling and reduplication as a form of language game.
# Some slangs oftenly can be taboo as an insult for the out-group members.

=== Examples ===
* ''stoned/stoner'': used to be referred to someone who is very drunk or under the influence of alcohol, hence in 21st century it is used to address someone who is under the influence or drugs or using drugs (marijuana, cocaine).
''He spent the whole evening getting stoned at the beach.'' 
 
* ''Bet'': serves the same meaning as 'okay' or agreeing to something, however it can also mean as putting a wager in a gambling.
''A: Party at Rick's house at 8? It'll be awesome!'' 
''B: Bet!'' 
 
* ''Rizz'': short from ''charisma'', an ability to be charming and easily well-liked by others, usually in flirtatious manner.
''Dude, you got that rizz that you can pull such a beauty like her!'' 
 
* ''Slay'': oftenly used as supportive phrase to someone who is excelling in a particullar area or praising someone's appearance, it also can be used to address some men who's also showing some feminine sides.
''Girl, you totally slay that dress!'' 
 
* ''Sus'': short from ''suspicious'', used for calling out someone or something that indicates scepticism and possibly deceitful.
''He's so sus, I'll keep my eye on him.''

=== References ===

Adams, M. (2012). Slang: The people’s poetry. OXFORD University Press INC. 

Izmaylova, G. A., Zamaletdinova, G. R., & Zholshayeva, M. S. (2017). Linguistic and social features of slang. International Journal of Scientific Study, 5(6), 75-78. 
LanguageTool. (2024). Twenty-five common and current English slang words. LanguageTool Insights. https://languagetool.org/insights/post/slang-words-definitions/

{{dc}} [[Category:Pragmatics]][[Category:Sociolinguistics]]

Implikatur (id)

2024-06-11T11:45:32Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

== '''Implikatur''' ==

Komunikasi yang baik adalah komunikasi yang menghadirkan nilai efektif dan efisien (''rationality in conversation''). Dalam kehidupan sosial, memahami sebuah kalimat atau tuturan tidak akan cukup jika hanya memaknainya secara semantis (literal saja), tetapi perlu dimaknai juga secara pragmatis (konteks atau komunikatif).

=== Perbedaan Makna Konvensional dan Konversional ===
'''Makna Konvensiona'''l (''Conventional Meaning'') merupakan makna literal atau makna harafiah dari sebuah kalimat, sedangkan '''makna konversional''' (''Conversational Meaning'') merupakan makna komunikatif, yang memerlukan pemahaman secara konteks tentang apa yang dituturkan. Pemahaman konteks dan kondisi ini diperlukan karena makna konversional biasanya memuat beragam inferensi pragmatis atau beragam implikatur.

Contoh: "Aku lelah"
* Makna konvensional: Penutur merasa capek (''truth conditional meaning'')
* Makna konversional: Penutur (mungkin) sedang malas atau (dalam keadaan) sudah malam, sehingga penutur harus istirahat.

=== Definisi ===
Seperti penjelasan sebelumnya, dalam sebuah kalimat biasanya akan memuat beragam implikatur. '''Implikatur''' adalah maksud yang terkandung dalam ucapan yang biasanya tidak dinyatakan secara langsung. Istilah lainnya adalah makna tersirat dari apa yang diujarkan oleh penutur.

Dalam percakapan, penutur akan berusaha menyampaikan dialog dengan memperhatikan relevansi, situasi dan konteks dalam percakapan, agar dapat dipahami oleh mitra tutur dengan jelas. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, kaidah yang harus diperhatikan adalah prinsip kerja sama yang memuat empat maksim. Biasanya, makna implikatur termuat dalam pelanggaran prinsip kerja sama tersebut.

=== Contoh ===
P: Hari ini kita main bulu tangkis, kan?

Q: Saya sibuk hari ini.

Dalam contoh di atas, P bertanya atau memastikan kepada Q tentang kegiatan bulu tangkis hari ini. Q tidak memberikan jawaban iya atau tidak, tetapi memberikan keterangan saya sibuk, yang menyiratkan dia tidak tidak bisa pergi.

=== Prinsip Kerja Sama & Maksim-Maksim ===
Tuturan biasanya memuat banyak makna implikatur yang sulit dipahami dengan baik oleh mitra tutur. Untuk menghindari kesalahpahaman pemaknaan dan interpretasi antara mitra tutur dan penutur, seorang filsuf, Paul Grice (1975) mengemukakan teori tentang ''''Prinsip Kerja Sama'''' yang membantu membatasi implikatur agar komunikasi dapat berjalan dengan ajek.

Dalam prinsip kerja sama, terdapat empat maksim yang wajib dipatuhi agar dapat mencapai tujuan komunikasi.
# Maksim Kuantitas, mengenai kontribusi informasi yang diberikan harus secukupnya
# Maksim Kualitas, mengenai muatan informasi yang dituturkan harus benar/diyakini benar oleh mitra tutur
# Maksim Relevansi, mengenai muatan tuturan yang tidak keluar dari topik pembicaraan.
# Maksim Cara, mengenai muatan tuturan yang lugas, jelas, singkat dan tidak membingungkan.

=== Bahasa lain ===
Bahasa Inggris [[Implicature]]

=== Referensi ===
Grice, H.P. (1975). ''Logic and Conversation'', In: P. Cole and J.L. MOrgan eds., Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, 41-58, New YorkL Academic Press.Retrieved from https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ls/studypacks/Grice-Logic.pdf

Implikatur. 2023. KBBI Kemdikbud Daring. melalui https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/implikatur

Kushartanti, Yuwono, U. & Lauder, M. R. M. T. (2005). ''Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik''. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

{{di}} [[Category:Pragmatics]]

Denglisch (en)

2024-06-11T11:44:48Z

Wohlgemuth: /* References */

== Denglisch ==
'''Denglisch''' is the use of English words in German with an attempt to incorporate them into German grammar '''or''' a hybrid of Deutsch (German) and Englisch (English) which makes uses of Anglicisms and [[''Pseudo-anglicisms'']]. This term has been coined in the language since 1965 and is embedded in German culture.

Holt (2017) said that Denglisch can be characterised by the following:
# The influence of English words on the German grammar
# The heavy use of English words, phrases and slogans
# The influence of English spelling and punctuation
# The creation of imitation English words that do not exist in English or with altered meanings in German

The term also has several names, i.e Denglish, Germlish, Genglish and Angleutsch.

=== Origin ===
As '''Denglisch''' is noted as far back as the 16th and 17th centuries, in the last few years after World War II, German increasingly borrowed from English. At the same time that English became the dominant world language of science, technology and business, German adopted more English vocabulary than any other European language. They also created their own words for English terms to minimise the use of the characteristic transfer of English to a non-English language, which were then called ''Anglicisms'', to come across as more cospolitan and modern, as well as to distance themselves from the stigma of nationalism that was a result of World War II (Holt, 2017).

Not only does Denglisch include words borrowed from English, but there is also a series of unique pseudo-anglicisms or words that sound like English, but actually are not (Safina, 2024). That is why Denglisch is often associated and even considered the same as Anglicisms.

Denglisch is also often referred to as language mixing, which is actually not a new concept. However, it could be argued that Denglisch is one of the newest mixed languages in Europe; while loan words and literal translations from English to German can be traced back to the 18th century (Safina, 2024). As the loan words were uncommon and restricted to certain areas in the late Middle Ages, many of these loan words have now become fully assimilated and barely recognisable as loans to the German speaker in general. This indicates that the phenomenon of Denglisch is not new. What is new is the term used to describe the use of English words in German.

=== Discussion ===
'''Denglisch''' is not just a linguistic quirk. It reflects the ability of languages to adjust as they meet the ever evolving needs of a globalised society. In business and technology where English terminology is prevalent, Denglisch stands as a bridge between languages; enabling effective communication in international contexts. Although people may spell Denglisch words differently based on their preferences, the knowledge or familiarity of the conversation partner as well as with Denglisch allows for easy communication. The term also represents the fluidity of language, demonstrating how speakers creatively incorporate foreign elements into their language repertoire.

Despite its practicability, Denglisch has faced criticism from language purists who argue that it dilutes the purity of both languages. Some are concerned about the erotion of German linguistic identity amidst the increasing influence of English. In recently years, following the increasing use of English in media and marketing, German politicians and academicians have made further efforts to protect the German language from further English influence, to the extent that some have even said that German language should be enshrined in the constitution.

=== Example ===
'''Denglisch''' could appear and be used at any time in various sectors, such as daily conversation, advertising, technology, business and media. Some commonly found Denglisch words are:
# '''Handy''' - means ''cellphone'' in German, but to an English speaker it is a synonym for ''practical''.
# '''Beamer''' - is a slang word for a BMW car, but in Germany it means ''projector''.
# '''Download''' - the proper German term for this verb is ''herunterladen'', but it gets a Germanified past tense in Denglisch ''downgeloadet''.
# '''Chef''' - means "boss" in German, but to an English speaker it means a professional cook and tradesperson who is proficient in all aspects of food preparation".

Yet there are some more examples of Denglisch based on its definition and usage.
* Denglisch as the use of English words, phrases or slogans in German advertising: A German magazine ad for Lufthansa Germain airline displayed a slogan "There's no better way to fly" and a street sweeper in Bitburg showed a slogan "We kehr for you!".
* Denglisch as the mixing of English and German vocabulary in sentences by English speaker whose German skills are weak.
* Denglisch as the coining of English words in German that are not found in English at all: "der Dressman" (male model) and "Showmaster" (Host or MC).

== References ==
* "Denglish": A German-English Mixture. DW. 
* Holt, L. T. R. (2017). ''Speaking Denglish: Exploring the impact of Denglisch and Anglicisms in German culture and identity''. 
* Partsch, F. (2017). ''English slogans in German advertising: Comprehensibility and perception by Germans''. TESOL Working Paper Series. 15, 55-57. 
* Safina, F. (2024). ''"Denglish" The Fusion of German and English''. 2, 286-292.

{{dc}} [[Category:Single language]][[Category:German]][[Category:English]][[Category:Mixed language]]

Denglisch (en)

2024-06-11T11:44:33Z

Wohlgemuth:

Bahasa perantara

2024-06-11T11:43:45Z

Wohlgemuth: /* Referensi */ yeah

== '''Bahasa Perantara''' ==
'''Bahasa perantara''' (bahasa Inggris: ''lingua franca'') adalah istilah linguistik untuk bahasa yang digunakan sebagai "titik temu" antara dua pihak yang menuturkan dua bahasa berbeda dan keduanya tidak dapat berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa apapun yang lawan bicaranya kuasai (Kushartanti, Yuwono, & Lauder, 2005).

=== Asal Usul ===
Istilah ''lingua franca'' secara harfiah berarti "lidah orang Frank" dalam bahasa Italia (Harper, (n.d.)). ''Lingua franca'' diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Ayatrohaedi (1985), seorang sastrawan Indonesia, sebagai "basantara". Kata "basantara" merupakan singkatan dari "bahasa" dan "antara" yang juga dikenal sebagai "bahasa perantara" dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Bahasa perantara awalnya juga digunakan untuk mempermudah komunikasi dalam dunia perdagangan di daerah Mediterania pada abad pertengahan. Hal ini menyebabkan bahasa perantara sering dijuluki sebagai "bahasa dagang".

=== Contoh ===
==== Bahasa Kuno ====
''Bahasa Koine'' yang berasal dari Yunani menjadi bahasa perantara dalam dunia pendidikan dan perdagangan pada zaman Helenistik dan Romawi Kuno (Harper, D., (n.d.)).

''Bahasa Latin'' yang berkembang pesat di Eropa setelah akhir abad pertengahan digunakan sebagai bahasa perantara dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan alam dan menjadi bahasa perantara antara para ilmuwan (Nye, 2016).

==== Bahasa Indonesia ====
Indonesia adalah negara dengan beragam etnis dan budaya, tempat bagi 704 [[bahasa daerah]] seperti [[bahasa Sunda]], [[bahasa Jawa]], [[bahasa Bali]], dan lainnya (Eberhard, Simons & Fennig, 2024). Pada tanggal 28 Oktober 1928, ''Bahasa Indonesia'' lahir sebagai hasil dari peristiwa Sumpah Pemuda. Akibatnya, bahasa ini digunakan sampai hari ini oleh bangsa Indonesia sebagai bahasa persatuan dan bahasa nasional.

''Bahasa Indonesia'' mempermudah komunikasi antara masyarakat Indonesia yang beragam, serta diajarkan juga dalam kurikulum sekolah di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, ''bahasa Indonesia'' berfungsi sebagai bahasa perantara bagi berbagai komunitas di Indonesia.

==== Bahasa Inggris ====
''Bahasa Inggris'' adalah salah satu contoh bahasa perantara yang paling umum dengan sekitar 1,8 miliar penutur (Corradi, 2017). Bahasa ini digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan penutur asing lainnya yang tidak memiliki bahasa ibu yang sama. Selain itu, globalisasi juga mendorong ''bahasa Inggris'' untuk menjadi bahasa perantara budaya populer, dunia akademis, dan ekonomi global.

Posisi ''bahasa Inggris'' sebagai salah satu bahasa yang paling banyak dituturkan di dunia terkait erat dengan sejarah imperialisme Inggris, terutama peran Inggris sebagai salah satu negara adidaya di era kolonial. Inggris mendirikan sekolah-sekolah untuk mengajarkan ''bahasa Inggris'' di daerah jajahannya, sehingga ''bahasa Inggris'' menjadi bahasa resmi di beberapa negara bekas jajahannya, seperti Ghana, Amerika Serikat, dan Afrika Selatan.

=== Bahasa Lainnya ===
Bahasa Inggris [[Lingua franca]] (en)

=== Referensi ===
* Ayatrohaedi. (1985). Bahasa Melayu: Jejak Sejarah dalam ''Seminar "Masyarakat Melayu Riau dan Kebudayaannya"''. Tanjungpinang, Riau, Indonesia.
* Chua, A. (2022). How the English language conquered the world. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/books/review/the-rise-of-english-rosemary-salomone.html
* Corradi, A. (2017). The Linguistic Colonialism of English. The Brown Political Review. https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/linguistic-colonialism-english/
* Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G.F., & Fennig, C. D. (2024). ''Indonesia | Ethnologue''. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved May 21, 2024, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID
* Harper, D. (n.d.). ''Etymology of lingua franca''. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved May 8, 2024, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/lingua%20franca#:~:text=lingua%20franca%20(n.),of%20communication%20in%20the%20Levant
* Harper, D. (n.d.). ''Etymology of koine''. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved May 8, 2024, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/koine
* Kushartanti, Yuwono, U., & Lauder, M. R. M. T. (Eds.). (2005). ''Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik''. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
* Nye, M. J. (2016). Speaking in Tongues: Science's centuries-long hunt for a common language. ''Distillations''. 2 (1): 40-43.
* Riyanto, S. (2010). Basantara. ''Seminar Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia''. Retrieved May 8, 2024, from https://pustaka.unpad.ac.id/archives/128183
* Romanti. (2023). ''Menilik Sejarah Bahasa Indonesia''. Inspektorat Jenderal Kemendikbudristek. Retrieved May 21, 2024, from https://itjen.kemdikbud.go.id/web/menilik-sejarah-bahasa-indonesia/

{{di}} [[Category:Contact languuage]][[Category:Language contact]]

Bahasa perantara

2024-06-11T11:43:31Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

Bahasa perantara

2024-06-11T11:42:56Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

Hiponimi

2024-06-11T11:41:54Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

== '''Hiponimi''' ==

'''Hiponimi''' merupakan "relasi makna yang berkaitan dengan peliputan makna spesifik dalam makna generik" (Darmojuwono, 2005, p. 118). Sementara itu, Chaer (2014) mendefinisikan hiponimi sebagai "hubungan semantik antara sebuah bentuk ujaran yang maknanya tercakup dalam makna bentuk ujaran lain" (p. 305). Berdasarkan dua definisi tersebut, hiponimi dapat diartikan sebagai hubungan antara bentuk ujaran (misalnya kata) yang memiliki makna spesifik dengan bentuk ujaran lain yang memiliki makna generik. Bentuk ujaran yang memiliki makna spesifik disebut dengan [[User:HansJonathanAM/Draft|hiponim]], sementara yang memiliki makna generik disebut dengan [[User:HansJonathanAM/Draft1|hipernim]]. 

Relasi ini bersifat satu arah, yang berarti jika A berhiponim dengan B, maka B berhipernim dengan A, bukan berhiponim. Ini artinya A adalah hiponim dari B, sementara B adalah hipernim dari A. Hiponimi berbeda dengan [[meronimi]].

=== Contoh ===

1. Makna kata ''nyamuk'' tercakup dalam makna kata ''serangga''. Ini berarti bahwa ''nyamuk'' merupakan ''serangga'', tetapi ''serangga'' bukan hanya ''nyamuk'', melainkan bisa juga ''capung, lalat'', atau ''lebah''.

2. Makna kata ''burung, ayam'', dan ''itik'' tercakup dalam makna kata ''unggas''. Oleh karena itu, ''burung, ayam'', dan ''itik'' merupakan hiponim dari ''unggas'', sementara ''unggas'' adalah hipernim dari ketiga kata tersebut.

3. ''Serangga'' adalah hiponim dari ''binatang''. Begitu juga dengan ''unggas'' dan ''reptil''. Ketiganya berhiponim dengan ''binatang''. Sementara itu, ''binatang'' berhipernim dengan ''serangga, unggas'', dan ''reptil''.

=== Lihat Juga ===
* [[Hiponim]]
* [[Hipernim]]

=== Referensi ===
# Chaer, A. (2014). ''Linguistik umum'' (Rev. ed.). Rineka Cipta.
# Darmojuwono, S. (2005). Semantik. In Kushartanti, U. Yuwono, & M. R. M. T. Lauder (Eds.), ''Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik'' (pp. 114-122). Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

{{di}}
[[Category: Semantics]][[Lexicology]]

Hipernim

2024-06-11T11:41:08Z

Wohlgemuth:

== '''Hipernim''' ==

Berdasarkan definisi [[User:HansJonathanAM/Draft2|hiponimi]] menurut Chaer (2012), '''hipernim''' dapat diartikan sebagai bentuk ujaran yang maknanya mencakup makna bentuk ujaran lain. Selain itu, berdasarkan definisi dalam KBBI dan definisi hiponimi menurut Darmojuwono (2005), hipernim juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata yang memiliki makna lebih luas (generik) dari kata yang memiliki makna lebih khusus (spesifik). Ada juga yang menyebut hipernim sebagai superordinat (Chaer, 2012). Dalam KBBI, superordinat diartikan sebagai kata yang menunjukkan objek yang lebih tinggi dalam suatu sistem klasifikasi. Hipernim adalah kebalikan dari [[User:HansJonathanAM/Draft|hiponim]]. Keduanya termasuk dalam sebuah hubungan makna yang disebut dengan [[User:HansJonathanAM/Draft2|hiponimi]].

=== Contoh ===

1. ''Serangga'' merupakan hipernim dari ''capung, nyamuk,'' dan ''lalat''.

2. ''Unggas'' merupakan hipernim dari ''burung, ayam,'' dan ''itik''.

3. ''Binatang'' merupakan hipernim dari ''serangga'', ''unggas'' dan ''reptil''.

4. ''Makhluk hidup'' merupakan hipernim dari ''binatang, manusia,'' dan ''tumbuhan''.

=== Bahasa Lain ===
* Bahasa Inggris [[Hyperonym]] (en)
* Bahasa Jerman [[Hyperonym (de)|Hyperonym]] (de)

=== Lihat Juga ===
* [[Hiponim]]
* [[Hiponimi]]

=== Referensi ===
# Chaer, A. (2014). ''Linguistik umum'' (Rev. ed.). Rineka Cipta.
# Darmojuwono, S. (2005). Semantik. In Kushartanti, U. Yuwono, & M. R. M. T. Lauder (Eds.), ''Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik'' (pp. 114-122). Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
# hipernim. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 9 Juni 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/hipernim
# superordinat. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 3 Juni 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/superordinat

{{di}}
[[Category: Semantics]][[Category:Lexicology]]

Hiponim

2024-06-11T11:40:32Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

== '''Hiponim''' ==

'''Hiponim''' merupakan istilah untuk bentuk ujaran yang maknanya tercakup dalam makna bentuk ujaran lain. Definisi ini didasarkan pada definisi [[User:HansJonathanAM/Draft2|hiponimi]] menurut Chaer (2012). Berdasarkan definisi dalam KBBI dan definisi hiponimi menurut Darmojuwono (2005), hiponim juga dapat diartikan sebagai kata yang memiliki makna lebih sempit (spesifik) dan terliput dalam makna dari satu kata yang lebih umum (generik). Hubungan antara kata-kata (atau bentuk ujaran lain) yang merupakan hiponim dari sebuah kata yang sama disebut dengan kohiponim. Hiponim adalah kebalikan dari [[User:HansJonathanAM/Draft1|hipernim]]. Keduanya termasuk dalam sebuah hubungan makna yang disebut dengan [[User:HansJonathanAM/Draft2|hiponimi]].

=== Contoh ===

1. ''Capung, nyamuk,'' dan ''lalat'' adalah hiponim dari ''serangga''. Ketiganya merupakan kohiponim ''serangga''.

2. ''Burung, ayam,'' dan ''itik'' adalah hiponim dari ''unggas''. Ketiga kata tersebut merupakan kohiponim ''unggas''.

3. ''Serangga'' adalah hiponim dari ''binatang''. Begitu juga dengan ''unggas'' dan ''reptil''. Ketiganya pun merupakan kohiponim ''binatang''.

4. ''Binatang, manusia,'' dan ''tumbuhan'' adalah hiponim dari ''makhluk hidup''. Ketiganya juga merupakan kohiponim ''makhluk hidup''.

=== Bahasa Lain ===
* Bahasa Inggris [[Hyponym]] (en)
* Bahasa Jerman [[Hyponym (de)|Hyponym]] (de)

=== Lihat Juga ===
* [[Hipernim]]
* [[Hiponimi]]

=== Referensi ===
# Chaer, A. (2014). ''Linguistik umum'' (Rev. ed.). Rineka Cipta.
# Darmojuwono, S. (2005). Semantik. In Kushartanti, U. Yuwono, & M. R. M. T. Lauder (Eds.), ''Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik'' (pp. 114-122). Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
# hiponim. 2016. Pada KBBI Daring. Diambil 9 Juni 2024, dari https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/hiponim

{{di}} [[Category: Semantics]][[Category:Lexicology]]

Punctuation

2024-06-11T11:39:10Z

Wohlgemuth:

=Punctuation=
'''Punctuation''' is a sign or gestures used to separate various parts of written language units. The rules of punctuation have changed throughout the years and will continue to change. The punctuation marks are used to signal grammatical structure, give the reader clues about how to read the text aloud, highlight semantic units, and emphasize or clarify the meaning of our words. There are various types of punctuation marks that have different functions.

=Types of Punctuation=
===Period (.)===
* to end a sentence
Example: ''I went to Manhattan last month.''
* to indicate abbreviations
Example: ''127 lbs.''
* to indicate courtesy titles
Example: ''Mr. Anderson''
* to indicate initials of a name
Example: ''W. A. Mozart''
* to separate the decimal part of a number
Example: ''3.5 GPA''

===Comma (,)===
* to separate items in a list of three or more
Example: ''I love chocolate, ice cream, and flowers.''
* to connect two or more independent clauses in a sentence
Example: ''We ran out of groceries, so I went to the store.''
* to set apart non-restrictive relative clauses
Example: ''The baker, whose name was Jacob, gave us free donuts last weekend.''
* to set apart nonessential appositives
Example: ''Her brother, Colin, came to the party last night.''
* to set apart introductory phrases
Example: ''Without knowing why, she started crying.''
* to separate parts of a date
Example: ''I was born on Monday, September 22, 2003.''
* to set apart question tags
Example: ''The moon is beautiful, isn't it?''
* to set apart names in direct address
Example: ''Hello, Daphne.''
* to set off a direct quotation
Example: ''"It's cold outside," she said.''

===Question Mark (?)===
* to indicate question in a sentence
Example: ''When will we get there?''

===Exclamation Point (!)===
* to indicate a forceful command or statement
Example: ''Get out of here!''
* to express strong feelings or convey emotion
Example: ''What a lovely view you have here!''
* to emphasize short phrases
Example: ''Careful!''

===Colon (:)===
* to name a list of items
Example: ''I have a few favorite subjects: physics, chemistry, and mathematics.''
* to give emphasis
Example: ''She only has one love: books.''
* to present dialogue
Example: ''Donna: Let's grab a bite before we leave.''
* to separate time units
Example: ''11:11 a.m.''
* to separate a piece of work's title from its subtitle
Example: ''Avengers: Endgame''

===Semicolon (;)===
* to connect two independent clauses
Example: ''Mia has gone to the shop; her sister has gone to play tennis.''
* to divide items in a serial list
Example: ''There are countries I want to visit: Germany and Spain in Europe; Japan and China in Asia; and South Africa in Africa.''

===Apostrophe (’)===
* to show ownership
Example: ''She used Xavier's phone.''
* to show contractions
Example: ''I'd do anything for her.''
* to indicate dialect
Example: '''Twas two days ago.''

===Quotation Marks (“ ”)===
* to enclose a direct quote
Example: ''He said, "Don't go home too late."''
* to show dialogue or transcribe speech
Example: ''"Why are we here?" he wondered.''
* to show titles of a piece of work
Example: ''He watched "Back to the Future" for the second time today.''
* to indicate unusual, unfamiliar, slang terms, or words that being used in a special way
Example: ''I thought he was a "stuffed shirt."''
* to discuss a word, phrase, or letter
Example: ''The "p" in "raspberry" is actually silent.''
* to differentiate a nickname from a given name
Example: ''John "Duke" Wayne was a popular actor.''

===Parentheses (( ))===
* to add additional information
Example: ''I'm planning to visit my grandma (my dad's mom) tomorrow.''
* to define acronyms
Example: ''NASA (The National Aeronautics and Space Administration) discovered an exoplanet in double star system.''

===Hyphen (-)===
* to connect words before nouns
Example: ''We're looking for a pet-friendly park.''
* to show compound words
Example: ''She is my mother-in-law.''
* to separate tens and ones in numbers
Example: ''Ricky has arrived in Barcelona twenty-two hours ago.''
* to separate numerator and denominator in fractional numbers
Example: ''That is about one-third of the affected population.''
* to form words with prefixes
Example: ''She's so self-centered that she believed that the universe revolved around her.''
* to separate two a's, two i's, two o's, and other combinations of letters
Example: ''He came from an anti-intellectual environment.''

=== En Dash (–)===
* to indicate a span of time or a range of numbers
Example: ''Add 10–20 grams of sugar.''
* to mean "to" in certain contexts
Example: ''I'm taking the Berlin–Munich train.''

===Em Dash (—)===
* to separate extra information
Example: ''A regular selection of three kinds of milk—plain, vanilla, and chocolate—has easily run out of stock.''
* to mark a break in a sentence
Example: ''I'll be there soon—I promise!''

===Slash (/)===
* to indicate "or"
Example: ''Each has his/her own struggle.''
* to form abbreviations
Example: ''She looks prettier w/o her glasses.''
* to denote dates
Example: ''09/06/22''
* to denote fractions
Example: ''¼''
* to separate lines of poetry
Example: ''Roses are red / Violets are blue / Sugar is sweet / And so are you''

===Brackets ([ ])===
* to explain a part of the sentence within a direct quote
Example: ''Liam said, "I read that novel [Harry Potter] in middle school."''

===Ellipsis (...)===
* to indicate the omission of words
Example: ''"... and you'll never guess who I met! I believe we're destined for each other."''
* to depict a small pause
Example: ''Are you ... serious?''
* to depict silence in text
Example: ''Should I take it, or ...''
* to suggest an incomplete thought
Example: ''The only thing I want to do is ...''

=References=
# Crystal, David. (1995). ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language''. Cambridge University Press.
# Olson, Gary A. (1999). ''Punctuation Made Simple''. The College of Arts and Sciences at Illinois University.
# Straus, J., & Kaufman, L. (2014). ''The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

{{dc}} [[Category:Graphematics]]

Denglisch (en)

2024-06-11T11:38:37Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

Collocation

2024-06-11T11:37:14Z

Wohlgemuth:

==Collocation==

'''Collocation''' is a linguistic phenomenon in which two or more lexical items tend to simultaneously appear together in the natural use of a language. It refers to a set of words that are frequently paired or combined together on the basis of more than just syntax and semantics.

==Historical Context==

The term was first used by J. R Firth, who can be credited with establishing the concept in modern linguistics. The British linguist famously said "''You shall know a word by a company it keeps''" to introduce collocation. He argued that what makes up the meaning of a word derives from the other words in which it co-occurs.

''"Meaning by '''collocation''' is an abstraction at the syntagmatic level and is not directly concerned with the conceptual or idea approach to the meaning of words. One of the meanings of night is its collocability with dark, and of dark, of course, collocation with night. "'' '''(Firth, 1957)'''

In this way, '''collocation''' was given a new accord in the realm of meaning that is separated from the ideas of cognitive ability in semantics. Even so, Firth stated that '''collocation''' can only be defined by a repetitive combination of semantically related words. Hence it also required a quantitative basis to study the actual numbers of the occurrences when certain lexical items make an appearance together.

The statement can also be a basis for why '''collocation''', in people's minds, consisted of such words as ''"doctor – hospital – nurse”''. This is because the lexical items belong to the same semantic field, which has the tendency to co-occur in the same context.

==Qualification and Examples==
Over the course of linguistic studies, three criteria to qualify for '''collocation''' have been proposed.

* '''Distance'''
To study the potential relationship between a node word (the word we are interested in) and the collocate, there is a need to look for a ''"collocation window."'' It specifies the length we look for a range of words around our particular word of interest. Depending on the word studied, it can be as short as one word or as long as four words on each side of the node word.

(i) '''Example:''' Technology
If the collocation window for each side of "technology" is set between four our five words, there is a possibility to find words such "innovation", "digital", "artificial intelligence", "internet", etc. These words may not be directly adjacent to "technology", but they're within the specified distance and share a strong relation with it in a broader context.

* ''' Frequency'''
As stated before, how often a word is used in pairs is important. Part of what makes a collocation sound "correct" is the consensus that it is widely accepted by natives.

(ii) '''Example:''' In love
Since "in" and "love" often appear together, "in love" is a common expression in English. However, "in" can also be used with a wide range of other words, such as "case" or "fact". Thus, the relationship between "love" and "in" is not exclusive. This is where Gries (2013) tries to suggest considering dispersion as a support. Dispersion refers to the distribution of the node and the collocates in one set corpus. Through this corpus, the pair which appeared more often would be revealed.

* ''' Exclusivity'''
This criteria refers to the extent to which a certain collocate is linked to the "node word", in relation to other possible collocates.
(iii) '''Example:''' Traffic jam
The collocate "jam" has a high-exclusivity connection with the node word "traffic" because in this context, "jam" means a situation where movement is slowed - identical to the traffic congestion.

==References==
Bartsch, S., Evert, S., & Erlangen-Nürnberg, F. (2014). Towards a Firthian Notion of Collocation.

Brezina, V., McEnery, T., & Wattam, S. (2015). Collocations in context: A new perspective on collocation networks. ''International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20''(2), pp 139-173.

Bobkova, T. (2016) “Classification of Collocation: The Main Approaches and Criteria”, ''Respectus Philologicus, 29''(34), pp. 87–98. doi:10.15388/RESPECTUS.2016.29.34.09

Krishnamurthy, R. (2006). Collocations. Encylopedia of Language & Linguistics, 596-600. DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00414-4.

{{dc}} [[Category:Phraseology]]

Homofon

2024-06-11T11:36:37Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

=Homofon=
Secara etimologis, '''homofon''' berasal dari bahasa Yunani kuno yaitu ''homos'' yang berarti 'sama' dan ''phone'' yang berarti 'suara/bunyi'<ref>Hamid, R. 2024. Dinamika Homonim, Homofon, dan Homograf dalam percakapan sehari-hari. ''Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, dan Sastra, 10''(1) 871-886. https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v10i1.3390</ref>. Homofon dapat diartikan sebagai relasi kata yang memiliki pelafalan serupa dengan kata lain, tetapi memiliki perbedaan dalam tulisan dan makna pada kata atau kalimat tertentu<ref>Homofon, 2016. KBBI Daring, melalui https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/homofon</ref>. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, homofon dapat ditemui pada kata, ''bank'' dan ''bang'', ''babad'' dan ''babat''. 

=== Ciri-ciri Homofon ===
# Memiliki pelafalan yang sama 
# Memiliki makna yang berbeda 
# Memiliki tulisan yang berbeda 

=== Contoh Homofon ===
Berikut adalah contoh kalimat dari homofon: 

* Minggu lalu, saya memakan soto ''babat'' di restoran. 
Dalam kalimat ini, kata "''babat''" dapat diartikan sebagai bagian dari organ dalam sapi. Babat biasanya digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk salah satu kuliner Indonesia, soto babat. 

* ''Babad'' Tanah Jawi berisi sejarah tentang tanah Jawa. 
Pada kalimat ini, kata "''babad''" dapat diartikan sebagai salah satu jenis karya sastra Jawa. 
 
=Kesimpulan=
Dari kedua kalimat contoh yang diberikan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa homofon memiliki persamaan dalam pengucapan, namun makna dan arti yang disampaikan berbeda. Dalam mengidentifikasi sebuah homofon, pembaca/pendengar dapat menggunakan insting kebahasaan yang dimiliki. Hal ini dikarenakan struktur makna homofon dalam komunikasi secara verbal dapat dipengaruhi oleh konteks dan insting dari pendengar. Selain itu, homofon tidak hanya ditemui dalam bahasa Indonesia saja, namun juga dalam berbagai bahasa lainnya di dunia, seperti contohnya dalam bahasa Inggris. Dalam bahasa Inggris, homofon dapat ditemui pada kata ''rows'' dan ''rose'', ''ate'' dan ''eight'', ''flour'' dan ''flower''<ref>Trott, S. Bergen, B. 2020. Why do human languages have homophones?. ''Cognition, 205'' 104449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104449 </ref>. 

==== Bahasa Lainnya ====
English :[[Homophony]] 
Deutsch : [[Homophon|Homophon]]

{{di}} [[Category:Phonology]][[Category:Lexicology]]
=Referensi=

Dactyl

2024-06-11T11:35:31Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

== Definition ==

A Dactyl represents a long [[Syllable|syllable]] and two short ones afterwards in Greek or Latin [[poetry]]. The term ''dactyl'' helps to understand rhythm and stress patterns in language (e.g. Pinsky 1999) and [[Phonology]], the study of how sounds are organized within languages, uses patterns like the dactyl to explore how stress and rhythm shape [[linguistic]] structures. This analysis aids linguists in identifying subtle variations in the flow of language and influences how words are pronounced and perceived within communication (e.g. Revesz 2024).

===== Example =====
Pattern of dactyl – ◡ ◡ 

* The Rape of Lucrece (1594) by Shakespears

Cozening the pillow of a lawful kiss; 
– ◡ ◡ ◡ – ◡ ◡ ◡ – ◡ ◡

Thus, in the line "Cozening the pillow of a lawful kiss," the words "Cozening" and "lawful kiss" are dactyl because each follows the pattern of a lengthy syllable and two small ones. The pattern is as follows:

Co (–) zen (◡) ing (◡): Dactyl 
Law (–) ful (◡) kiss (◡): Dactyl 

* Sonnet 18 Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? (1609) by Shakespears

Thou art more lovely and more temperate; 
– – – – ◡ ◡ – – ◡ ◡ 

In the line “Thou art more lovely and more temperate,” in Sonnet 18 there is a dactyl at the end of the line, which is temperate. The pattern is:

Tem (–) pe (◡) rate (◡): Dactyl

===== Origin =====
The concept "dactyl" is taken from the Greek word "dáktylos," which stands for "finger". This is because, similar to the finger, the dactyl has just one lengthy syllable followed by two short ones.

===== Other language =====
* Deutsch: [[Daktylus]]
* Indonesian: [[Daktil]]

===== References =====

Omond, T. S. (1897). English Hexameter Verse: With a Specimen. David Douglas. 
Pinsky, R. (1999). The Sounds of Poetry: A Brief Guide. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN: 978-0-374-52617-7. 
Revesz, P. Z. (2024). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry: An Interdisciplinary approach. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry (MAA) Journal. ISSN: 2241-8121. 
Shakespeare, W. (1896). Rape of Lucrece. J.M. Dent. 
Shakespeare, W. (2007). Shakespeare’s Sonnets: With Three Hundred Years of Commentary. Associated University Presse.

{{dc}} [[Category:Phonology]]

Deiksis

2024-06-11T11:33:06Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

= Deiksis =

== Pengertian Etimologis ==
Istilah '''"Deiksis"''' sudah digunakan oleh ahli tata bahasa Yunani Kuno, tetapi baru dipopulerkan kembali oleh ahli tata bahasa modern; tepatnya oleh K. Bühler, seorang psikolog asal Jerman. Istilah ini digunakan dalam bidang linguistik, filsafat, dan psikologi. Dalam bahasa Yunani, deiksis memiliki arti "menunjuk" atau "menunjukkan". Menunjuk dengan tangan adalah cara identifikasi melalui gestur tubuh. Oleh karena itu, deiksis berkaitan erat dengan [[referensi gestural]].
Contoh: Ungkapan "Lukisan ini bagus sekali." bisa diganti dengan hanya "Bagus sekali." sambil menunjuk lukisan yang dimaksud.

== Pengertian Deiksis ==
'''Deiksis''' adalah cara merujuk pada suatu hal yang berkaitan erat dengan konteks penutur. Dengan demikian, ada rujukan yang berasal dari [[penutur]], dekat dengan penutur, dan jauh dari penutur. Dalam deiksis digunakan kata ganti personal (contoh: dia, mereka), demonstratif (contoh: ini, itu), tempat (contoh: di sini, di situ), dan waktu (contoh: nanti, sekarang).

==Jenis Deiksis==
Ada tiga jenis deiksis, yaitu deiksis ruang, persona, dan waktu. Ketiga jenis ini bergantung pada interpretasi penutur dan [[mitra tutur]] yang berada di dalam konteks yang sama.

=== Deiksis Ruang ===
'''Deiksis''' ruang berkenaan dengan cara merujuk suatu lokasi relatif bagi penutur dan mitra tutur.
Contoh: "Di sini hujan."
 Kita harus mengetahui konteks ujaran tersebut agar bisa memahami di mana "di sini" yang dimaksud penutur. "Di sini" bagi penutur bisa berarti "di situ" atau "di sana" bagi mitra tutur.

=== Deiksis Persona ===
'''Deiksis''' persona berkenaan dengan cara merujuk seseorang menggunakan pronomina atau kata ganti persona. Pronomina bisa dibagi menjadi sudut pandang orang pertama (tungal: saya, aku; jamak: kami, kita), orang kedua (tunggal: kamu; jamak: kalian), dan orang ketiga (tunggal: dia; jamak: mereka).
Contoh: "Kami berlibur ke Eropa."
 Kita harus mengetahui konteks ujaran tersebut agar bisa memahami siapa "kami" yang dimaksud penutur.

=== Deiksis Waktu ===
'''Deiksis''' waktu berkenaan dengan cara merujuk suatu waktu relatif bagi penutur dan mitra tutur.
Contoh: "Nanti saya telepon kamu."
 Kita harus mengetahui konteks ujaran tersebut agar bisa memahami kapan "nanti" yang dimaksud penutur.

==Bahasa Lain==
English: [[Deixis]]
 Deutsch: [[Deixis (de)]]

== Sumber ==
* Kushartanti, Yuwono, U., & Lauder, M. R. (Eds.). (2008). Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
* Lyons, J. (2005). Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.

{{di}} [[Category:Semiotics]][[Category:Semantics]]

Frasa

2024-06-11T11:31:53Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

== Definisi Frasa ==
Frasa adalah satuan gramatik yang terdiri dari dua kata atau lebih yang tidak melampaui batas fungsi (Chaer, 1997). Menurut Eriyanti, et al. (2020), frasa sering disebut sebagai gabungan kata gramatikal yang mengisi bagian pada fungsi sintaksis. Frasa tidak memiliki predikat seperti klausa, sehingga tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap. Frasa dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek, predikat, objek, pelengkap, atau keterangan dalam sebuah kalimat. Gabungan kata yang memiliki morfem bebas seperti “ahli biologi” atau “tangan di atas” dapat dikatakan sebagai frasa. Frasa tidak bisa dipisahkan karena makna dalam kalimat akan berubah jika frasa dipisahkan. Contohnya pada kalimat yang diusulkan oleh Eriyanti, et al. (2020), “Indra memasak di dapur baru”. Ketika ingin memindahkan frasa “dapur baru”, pemindahan frasa itu harus dilakukan pada semua unsur frasa itu atau secara keseluruhan dan tidak bisa memindahkannya menjadi “Dapur Indra memasak di baru” karena pemindahan frasa yang dipisahkan akan menyebabkan makna kalimat menjadi tidak jelas. Menurut Sihombing dan Kentjono (2009) frasa dibagi menjadi tiga jenis yaitu, frasa eksosentris, frasa endosentris, dan frasa koordinatif. Berikut adalah penjelasannya.

== Jenis-Jenis Frasa ==
=== Frasa Eksosentris ===
Frasa eksosentris adalah frasa yang tidak memiliki konstruksi yang sama dengan komponen pembentuknya (Eriyanti, 2020). Dalam kata lain, frasa eksosentris adalah frasa yang salah satu pembentuknya adalah preposisi. Misalnya frasa “di rumah” pada kalimat “Kami bermain di rumah”. Ketika salah satu unsur pada frasa “di rumah” dihilangkan, maka frasa tersebut tidak dapat menduduki unsur keterangan dalam kalimat. Kalimat akan menjadi “Kami bermain di” atau “Kami bermain rumah”, dimana kalimat itu tidak dapat berterima maknanya.

=== Frasa Endosentris ===
Frasa endosentris adalah frasa yang memiliki distribusi yang setara, sehingga frasa tetap dapat digunakan apabila dihilangkan salah satu unsurnya (Eriyanti, 2020). Frasa endosentris juga dapat dipahami sebagai frasa yang mempunyai induk. Frasa endosentris memiliki komponen atasan dan komponen bawahan. Contohnya adalah frasa “kucing hitam” dalam kalimat “Saya melihat kucing hitam”, yang menjadi komponen atasan adalah “kucing” dan komponen bawahannya adalah “hitam”. Meskipun komponen bawahan dalam frasa “kucing hitam” dihilangkan, hal tersebut tidak mengubah makna kalimat, yaitu “Saya melihat kucing”. Dalam Frasa “kucing hitam” yang menjadi induknya adalah kucing yang menjadi frasa ini sebagai frasa nominal karena induknya adalah nomina. Induk frasa endosentris ditentukan oleh kelas kata atau jenisnya.

=== Frasa Koordinatif ===
Frasa koordinatif adalah frasa yang komponen pembentuknya bersifat sama atau sederajat. Frasa koordinatif dapat dihubungkan dengan penghubung karena memiliki bentuk yang sama atau sederajat. Contohnya adalah frasa “ayah (dan) ibu” atau “panjang (atau) pendek”, kedua contoh frasa itu dapat dihubungkan dengan penghubung dan, atau, maupun, tetapi, dan lain sebagainya. 
 
== Contoh-Contoh Frasa ==
=== Frasa Eksosentris ===
==== Frasa Preposisional ====
Frasa preposisional adalah frasa yang diawali dengan preposisi dan diikuti oleh objek preposisi.
* Di atas meja 
* Dengan cepat
==== Frasa Adverbial ====
Frasa adverbial adalah frasa yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan dalam kalimat dan memberikan informasi tambahan.
* Karena hujan 
* Setelah makan
==== Frasa Idiomatik ====
Frasa idiomatik adalah frasa yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan secara harfiah, tetapi memiliki makna kiasan yang diakui secara umum.
* Kambing hitam 
* Buah tangan
=== Frasa Endosentris ===
==== Frasa Nominal ====
Frasa nominal adalah frasa yang intinya adalah kata benda atau kata yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda.
* Buku baru 
* Rumah besar
==== Frasa Verbal ====
Frasa verbal adalah frasa yang intinya adalah kata kerja atau kata yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja.
* Membaca buku 
* Menulis surat 
==== Frasa Adjektival ====
Frasa adjektival adalah frasa yang intinya adalah kata sifat atau kata yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat.
* Sangat indah 
* Tinggi sekali 
=== Frasa Koordinatif ===
==== Subjek koordinatif ====
Subjek koordinatif adalah frasa yang berlaku sebagai subjek dalam kalimat yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih unsur subjek yang dihubungkan oleh konjungsi.
* Ayah dan ibu 
* Siswa dan siswi 
==== Objek Koordinatif ====
Objek koordinatif adalah frasa yang berlaku sebagai objek (kata benda) dalam kalimat yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih unsur objek yang dihubungkan oleh konjungsi.
* Buku dan pensil 
* Meja atau kursi 
==== Pelengkap Koordinatif ====
Pelengkap koordinatif adalah frasa yang berlaku sebagai pelengkap (kata sifat) dalam kalimat yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih unsur pelengkap yang dihubungkan oleh konjungsi.
* Cepat dan tepat 
* Besar dan kecil 
==== Keterangan Koordinatif ====
Keterangan koordinatid adalah frasa yang berlaku sebagai keterangan dalam kalimat yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih unsur keterangan yang dihubungkan oleh konjungsi.
* Di rumah dan di sekolah 
* Pagi atau sore

== Referensi ==
# Badriyah, S. (n.d.). ''Pengertian Frasa: Ciri-Ciri, Dan Jenis-Jenisnya Yang perlu dipahami!''. Gramedia Literasi. https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/pengertian-frasa/
# Chaer, A. (2012). ''Linguistik Umum''. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
# Eriyanti, R. W., Syarifuddin, K. T., Datoh, K., & Yuliana, E. (2020). ''Linguistik Umum''. Ponorogo: CV Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia.
# Lauder, M. R., Yuwono, U., & Kushartanti. (2009). ''Pesona Bahasa Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik''. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

{{di}} [[Category:Syntax]][[Category:Phraseology]]

Singaporean English

2024-06-11T11:30:34Z

Wohlgemuth: /* References */

== '''Definition''' ==

Singaporean English, often referred to as "''Singlish''", is a distinctive variation of English spoken in Singapore. Singlish is a mixture of English with elements from various other languages spoken in Singapore, such as Malay, Mandarin, Hokkien, Tamil, and other languages.

Singlish plays a significant role as a unique creole language in Singapore, representing the country's multicultural and multilingual identity. Singlish is a marker of local identity and solidarity among Singaporeans, and is frequently used informally to express a sense of belonging and cultural pride. Singlish is known for its efficiency and economy of expression, allowing for concise communication while packing rich meaning into short phrases. Its unique syntax and vocabulary allow for a high level of expressiveness and humor, making it popular in local media, comedy, and everyday conversations. Despite government efforts to promote Standard English through initiatives such as the Speak Good English Movement, Singapore

== '''History''' ==

The origins of Singlish can be traced back to the early 19th century, when Singapore joined the British Empire. English was then made available as a language for commerce, education, and administration. The local populace was taught English in colonial schools, but the instruction was frequently combined with the native tongues of the people, including Tamil, Chinese, and Malay. Singapore is a busy international port that attracts a large number of immigrants from different linguistic and ethnic backgrounds, resulting in a multilingual and multicultural environment. In Singapore, languages like Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Malay, and Tamil are beginning to affect how people speak English. Pinggin, a mixed language used for simple conversation between various ethnic groups, was the original form from which singlish evolved.

In order to increase national cohesion and integrate a multiethnic community, the Singaporean government placed an extreme priority on English education after Singapore's independence in 1965. However, students' native tongues often have an influence on the English which is taught and used in schools, leading to localized versions of the language. The government's bilingualism policy mandates that Singaporeans learn English in addition to one of their mother tongues (Tamil, Mandarin, or Malay). This promotes the use of English that has been infused with components of these other languages, enhancing and changing the form of English used in daily speech.

Recently, Singlish has evolved into a symbol of cultural pride and national identity for many Singaporeans. Even with government initiatives like the "Speak Good English Movement" to encourage the use of standard English, Singlish is still widely used in daily conversation. Overall, the history of Singlish is a reflection of the social and political history of Singapore itself, reflecting colonial influences, migration, language policies, and national identity

== '''Singlish Adaptation''' ==

The evolution of Singlish is significantly influenced by the local languages. Chinese dialects, particularly those from Southern China, along with Malay and Tamil, contribute various discourse particles to Singlish. For example, particles such as "lah" "ah" and "meh" are widely used across different registers of Singapore English, from informal to more formal settings. These particles serve specific interactive functions, such as inviting a response or confirming a statement, which are culturally significant in the context of Singapore's multilingual society.

For example, when someone says "He very cute lah" the addition of "lah" adds a layer of politeness and expresses appreciation or admiration. Singlish often skip the verb "to be," simplifying sentences without altering the intended meaning. Additionally, the use of "lah" at the end of a sentence can soften a command, turning it into a friendly suggestion or request. Another example is the particle "meh" which is used to express surprise or disbelief, as in "You sure meh?" indicating doubt or seeking confirmation.

Furthermore, the integration of Malay words like "makan" (to eat) and "jalan" (to walk or travel) showcases the linguistic blending that characterizes Singlish. These borrowed words often retain their original meanings while being seamlessly integrated into everyday conversation. The Tamil influence can be seen in expressions like "aiyah" (an exclamation of frustration or surprise), further enriching the Singlish lexicon.

== '''References''' ==

Lim, L. (Ed.). (2004). ''Singapore English: A grammatical description''. John Benjamin Publishing Company.

Wierzbicka, A. (2003). Singapore English: ''A semantic and cultural perspective. Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 22'' (4), 327-366.

{{dc}} [[Category:Single language]][[Category:English]]

Singaporean English

2024-06-11T11:30:19Z

Wohlgemuth:

Language change in Indonesian

2024-06-11T11:28:43Z

Wohlgemuth:

=Language Change=

'''Language Change''' is a series of alterations inside various aspects of a language. These alterations can occur due to numerous causes, such as modernization, adaptation, cultural assimilation, political changes, and so forth. Unlike animals, humans have the ability to create complexity in their way of interacting and communicating with their interlocutors. This evolving language can affect every aspect of the linguistic system at a certain rate. Wadsworth (2009) stated, that the rate of language change depends on the attitude of the speakers. When a speech group value changes more than stability, therefore their language will change more quickly. When they value stability more, it will change more slowly. Language change can also result in the distribution of regional language styles.

This can be explained more broadly by taking the '''Indonesian''' language as an example. Deriving from the Malay language as lingua franca before the language was officially formed, the Indonesian language started its first development on 28 October 1928. Since then, intergenerational communication has created continuing development in many aspects of the language. Many Indonesian words were adapted from both foreign and traditional words. It occurs also due to differences in Indonesia's regional dialects, along the fact that colonialism had brought significant influence in the language, resulting in numerous types of changes.

=Examples=

===Spelling Change===

There are numerous variety of Indonesian language spelling guidelines that set the standard for correct spelling. The most popular that are still in use today would be "PUEBI" (''Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia''). PUEBI was made official in 2015, replacing the former "EYD" (''Ejaan yang Disempurnakan'') that was made official in 1972-2015. The list goes on until the first spelling guideline from prof. Charles van Ophuijsen in 1901.

Ali (1998), shows us list of spelling change sample:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ophuysen 1901 !! Soewandi 1947
|-
| Pende' || Pendek
|-
| Tida' || Tidak
|-
| Boekoe || Buku
|-
| 'Adil || Adil
|}

Other Instances are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ophuysen 1901 !! LBK
|-
| sj || sy
|-
| j || y
|-
| tj || c
|-
| e, é || e
|-
| dj || j
|}
===Semantic Change===

Throughout Generations, the Indonesian language undergoes processes of cultural assimilation. This resulted changes in word meaning from both formal and informal form of speeches and written texts. Chaer (2003) asserted, that changes of meaning may also happen due to the development of science and technology, social interactions, differences of fields and perspectives, grammatical factors, and so forth. Examples of meaning changes will be shown in this following tables:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Word !! Old Meaning (KUBI 1984) !! New Meaning (KBBI 2008)
|-
| Nona || a term for a young girl or an unmarried woman (usually for foreigners) || a term for married woman ; a wife
|-
| Putri || the daughter of a king or the wife of a king || a biological daughter
|-
| Pembantu || a helper - a person who helped the writing of a newspaper || a housemaid (female)
|-
| Kacung || a little boy - a newspaper boy || a servant - an errand boy
|-
| Pembela || a person who defends || law expert appointed in defense of the defendant in a court hearing - a lawyer
|}

Examples of meaning change in the informal form:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Word !! Original Meaning (KBBI) !! New Meaning
|-
| Garing || hard and dry (like a biscuit); dry || Certain acts or jokes that are not funny
|-
| Pecah || scattered to pieces; cracked; broken || Expression which happens when a party and/or event goes fun and wild
|-
| Cabai/cabe || A Chili || Young girls with an unusually open lifestyle
|-
| Receh || Small valued money, usually refers to coins or pennies || A Person, who easily laugh at cheap kind of jokes
|-
| Setan || Unholy spirits (spirit of temptation for humans to do evil things)|| Name calling as a result of expression of hate towards someone
|}

===Slang===

Slang words also encounter alterations. There are a lot of factors to these changes, one of which is the influence of social media in daily life. Although not much information can validate the root of these changes, as slang words are constantly changing without official guidelines with opinions from experts, there are, however, an overwhelming variety of evolution in the slang words.

Here are some following examples and its meanings:
* ''Gokil - Goks'' : (expression) to something that is mind-blowing or awesome
* ''Cabut - Cabs'' : (saying) goodbye to someone close or an act of going somewhere else
* ''Mantap - Ntaps'' : Awesome
* ''Yaudah - Yauds'' : Very well - Okay - Fine

These changes is appears as a shortened version of the words, sometimes its also refers to something that is more. For instance, ''Gokil'' means Awesome and ''Goks'' very awesome. Sometimes its only an expression when one is too lazy to say the full words.

* ''Yuk - Kuy'' : Let's go!
* ''Bisa- Sabi'' : (verb) can
* ''Bang - Ngab'' : Brother - sir - bro

These changes was influenced by Bahasa Walikan (region of malang, east java) which have a unique dialect of word twisting.

=References=

* Nordquist, R. (2019, August 18). Language Change. ThoughtCo.. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-language-change-1691096
* Yulianti, C. (2022, Nov 15). Sejarah Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, Tahun 2022 Kembali ke EYD. detikEdu. https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6407656/sejarah-ejaan-bahasa-indonesia-tahun-2022-kembali-ke-eyd
* Ali, L. (1998). Ikhtisar Sejarah Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jakarta. 7. https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/1917/1/Ikhtisar%20Sejarah%20Ejaan%20Bahasa%20Indonesia%20%281998%29.pdf
* Pramono, E. (2020, September 15). Ingat! Sekarang PUEBI Bukan Lagi EYD. FKIP UMKO. https://fkip.umko.ac.id/2020/09/15/ingat-sekarang-puebi-bukan-lagi-eyd/
* Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (1995). Jakarta. Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia. https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3554/1/Senarai%20kata%20serapan%20dalam%20bahasa%20indonesia.pdf
* Muis. M. (2010). Perluasan Makna Kata dan Istilah dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Kementrerian Pendidikan Nasional. 33-61. https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3409/1/PERLUASAN%20MAKNA%20KATA%20DAN%20ISTILAH%20DALAM%20BAHASA%20INDONESIA.pdf
* Oktavia, S. (2023, November 21). Asal-usul Boso Walikan, Bahasa Gaul Arek Malang. Malang: detikjatim. https://www.detik.com/jatim/budaya/d-7049210/asal-usul-boso-walikan-bahasa-gaul-arek-malang

{{dc}} [[Category:Single language]][[Category:Indonesian]]

Basa Walikan

2024-06-11T11:26:44Z

Wohlgemuth: +cats

== Bahasa Walikan dan Sejarah Bahasa Walikan ==
=== Sejarah ===
'''''Bahasa walikan''''' atau yang dikenal sebagai ''osob ngalaman'' atau ''osob kiwalan'' adalah bahasa sandi ''arek-arek'' Malang yang sudah ada sejak masa penjajahan Belanda. Pada tahun 1940-an peristiwa Gerakan Rakyat Kota Malang merupakan kunci dari asal-usul ''bahasa walikan'' diciptakan di antara komunitas pejuang di kecamatan atau kelurahan masing-masing. Seperti komunitas pemuda di Kayutangan, komunitas di Singosari, komunitas di Claket, dan lain sebagainya. Bahasa ini bertujuan untuk mengelabui pihak penjajah dan warga Malang yang menjadi mata-mata untuk Belanda. Menurut pemerhati ''bahasa malangan'' Abdul Wahab Adinegoro dilansir dari wawancara dengan Kompas.com, bahasa ini lahir dari komunitas yang bersifat regional. Sebuah kata yang diciptakan atau sudah dituturkan oleh sebuah komunitas perlu pengakuan dari komunitas lain untuk menyetujui penggunaan kata tersebut. Apakah kata itu terasa elok bila ditulis, didengar, dan diucapkan. Abdul Wahab juga menambahkan, sebagai contoh kata ‘kaos’ yang bisa dibalik menjadi ‘soak’ yang menurut komunitas hasil kata ini tidaklah elok dan nyaman didengar, sehingga bukan menjadi salah satu kosa kata bahasa walikan. Kompleksitas bahasa malangan tergolong sebagai sub-dialek dari dialek Jawa Timuran, tidak diketahui bagaimana aturan yang pasti terkait linguistik ''bahasa walikan'' seperti kaidah penulisan kata dan urutan huruf yang dibalik. Hal ini didukung oleh pernyataan Adi Soenarno (2011) yang menyatakan jika ''bahasa walikan'' merupakan salah satu gejala bahasa yang '''arbitrer''', ada unsur kesewenang-wenangan dalam membalik kosa kata dan dasar penggunaannya. Menurutnya itulah hal yang menyebabkan ''bahasa walikan'' populer dan dipakai umum.
 

Imam Agus Basuki, pakar bahasa dari Universitas Negeri Malang dalam wawancaranya dengan media berita [https://surabaya.kompas.com/read/2022/10/21/115941278/asal-usul-bahasa-walikan-malang-kode-rahasia-untuk-hindari-mata-mata?page=all%20Kompas.com Kompas cabang Surabaya], memberi contoh sederhana sebagai berikut. Kata '''''ojir''''' (uang), '''''idrek''''' (bekerja), '''''ebes''''' (bapak atau ayah), dan '''''memes''''' (ibu) tidak berasal dari bahasa Jawa maupun bahasa Indonesia tetapi populer dituturkan oleh warga Malang. Sedangkan kata-kata seperti '''''tahes''''' (sehat), '''''kadit''''' (tidak), '''''oyi''''' (iyo), dan '''''ayas''''' (saya) dapat dilacak asal-usul kata tersebut yang diserap dari bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Indonesia.
 

Di daerah Malang Raya (mencakup wilayah Malang Kota dan Malang Kabupaten) beberapa kosa kata dalam ''bahasa walikan'' memiliki makna yang berbeda. Menurut Abdul Wahab hal ini disebabkan oleh faktor perbedaan generasi yang membentuk, menuturkan, dan menurunkan bahasa walikan di lingkungan masyarakat. Cerita rakyat juga turut mengembangkan pembentukan kosa kata dalam bahasa ini. Sebagai contoh kata ''pesi'' yang bermakna ''ngapusi'' dalam bahasa Jawa atau berbohong dalam bahasa Indonesia. Kata ''pesi'' hanya dikenal oleh penutur yang berasal dari komunitas di Kayutangan. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya cerita rakyat bernama “Pelu Pesi” yang berkembang di Kayutangan. Pelu Pesi adalah seseorang yang senang bercerita. Karena kegemarannya bercerita, ia terkadang menceritakan cerita bohong. Setiap warga yang dicap berbohong atau telah berdusta akan dikaitkan dengan tokoh “Pesi” bagi komunitas Kayutangan. Sementara itu kata ''awat'' adalah sebutan untuk berbohong di daerah Sawahan, lalu di daerah Singosari mengenal kata ''ralu'' dan kata ''sanjiplak'' yang bermakna penipu. Setiap komunitas memiliki bahasa sandi tersendiri untuk mengenali anggotanya. Kekhawatiran dan kecurigaan antara anggota komunitas daerah disebabkan oleh peristiwa Gerakan Rakyat Kota Malang untuk mempertahankan wilayah Malang dari ancaman Belanda setelah kemerdekaan. Saat itu Belanda datang ke Malang bertepatan dengan peristiwa '''Agresi Militer Belanda II''' pada tahun 1948.
 

==Sebagai Identitas Masyarakat Malang==
Menurut Adi Soenarno seorang pakar bahasa dan budayawan, dalam bukunya yang berjudul ''Kamus Bahasa Malangan: Osob kiwalan (Boso Walikan), Bahasa "kebalikan" Malang, Bahasa Malang (osob ngalam)'', ''bahasa walikan'' menjadi penunjuk identitas dan kebanggaan jika bertemu orang Malang atau bagi orang yang pernah tinggal, sekolah, atau bekerja di Malang. Mereka akan mencoba bertegur sapa dan menunjukkan beberapa kosa kata yang mereka tahu untuk membuka komunikasi. Ia menambahkan tidak jarang dikarenakan sifat bahasa walikan yang egaliter dan tidak mengenal perbedaan tingkatan seperti bahasa ''Jawa Krama dan Krama Inggil'', maka banyak pejabat dan kaum profesional sering menggunakannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari bahkan bertujuan mendekatkan hubungan untuk masalah bisnis. Sebagai contoh menjelang HUT Kemerdekaan RI akan mudah ditemui program-program pemerintah yang menyisipkan kosa kata ''bahasa walikan'' sebagai sub-judul.

 

Misalnya dalam kalimat di bawah ini,
 
<big>Ayo Rayakan HUT Kemerdekaan RI bersama Wali Kota Malang dalam Rangkaian Acara: Senam '''''Tahes''''' Bersama.</big>
 
Kata '''''tahes''''' dibalik dari kata 'sehat' dalam bahasa Indonesia.

 

Sementara itu dalam keseharian warga Malang ''bahasa walikan'' juga dituturkan oleh orang tua, pedagang, pemuda, pelajar, dan anak-anak sekolahan tanpa mengenal batas usia.
 

===Penggunaan Bahasa Walikan di Zaman Modern===
''Bahasa walikan'' adalah identitas bagi warga Malang. Selain itu bahasa ini juga dituturkan oleh komunitas penggemar klub bola Arema yang berasal Malang terkenal dengan sebutan '''''Aremania''''' yang dibentuk pada 11 Agustus 1987. Sering kali ''merchandise'' yang berkaitan dengan klub Arema seperti ''banner'' suporter, kaus, syal, topi, dan bendera membubuhkan semboyan di bawah logo Arema ''ongis nade'' atau bila dibaca dalam bahasa Jawa sebagai ''singo edan'' yang berarti ''Singa Gila''.
 

Kultur populer turut menjadi wadah penggunaan ''bahasa walikan''. Contohnya adalah beragam bisnis kaus distro yang menjual kaus dan oleh-oleh yang mengangkat tema bahasa walikan dan ikon-ikon Malang. Dalam bidang lain seperti politik, bisnis, dan pendidikan ''bahasa walikan'' juga digunakan dalam baliho-baliho kampanye pemilihan daerah, nama acara yang disponsori baik pemerintah atau lembaga pendidikan, nama produk UMKM, hingga nama produk bisnis seperti kafe atau rumah makan.
 

Sementara itu di daerah Kelurahan Sawojajar, Kecamatan Kedungkandang terdapat tambahan ''signage'' di dalam taman median yang bertuliskan '''''Rajajowas''''' di perbatasan Jalan Danau Bratan dan Jalan Danau Kerinci Raya. Pada awalnya taman median merupakan area U-Turn yang ditutup pada tahun 2022 oleh Dinas Perhubungan Kota Malang. Penambahan ''signage'' Rajajowas oleh Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (DLH) menunjukkan upaya ''bahasa walikan'' diperkenalkan lagi kepada masyarakat.
 

==Kelompok Kata dalam Bahasa Walikan==
Berikut ini adalah jenis kata yang terbentuk dari banyaknya model atau bentuk kata yang dibalik dalam bahasa walikan, yaitu:

===Bersifat Langsung (Direct)===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Rumah || menjadi || '''hamur'''
|-
| Tidak || menjadi || '''kadit'''
|-
| Tidur || menjadi || '''rudit'''
|-
| Pukul || menjadi || '''lukup'''
|-
| Sehat || menjadi || '''tahes'''
|-
| Saya || menjadi || '''ayas'''
|-
| Mas || menjadi || '''sam'''
|}
 

===Mempertahankan Diftong ''ng'' dan ''ny''===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Pulang || menjadi || '''ngalup'''
|-
| Kenyang || menjadi || '''ngayek'''
|}
 

===Menyerap Kata dari Bahasa Jawa===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sego || menjadi || '''oges''' || nasi
|-
| Bengi || menjadi || '''ngayek''' || malam
|-
| Banyu || menjadi || '''unyab''' || air
|-
| Iyo || menjadi || '''oyi''' || iya
|-
| Arek || menjadi || '''kera''' || anak
|}
 

===Menyerap Kata dari Bahasa Madura===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Riko || menjadi || '''okir''' || kamu, Anda
|}
 

===Menyerap Kata dari Bahasa Asing===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Koling''' || artinya || menelepon || berasal dari kata '''calling''' (Inggris)
|-
| '''Imu/Umi''' || artinya || ibu || berasal dari kata '''Ummi''' (Arab)
|-
| '''Etarak''' || artinya || karate || berasal dari kata '''karate''' (Jepang)
|}
 

===Menyerap Kata dari Bahasa Indonesia===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Supmak''' || artinya || Kampus
|-
| '''Hailuk''' || artinya || Kuliah
|-
| '''Izig''' || artinya || Gizi
|-
| '''Halokes''' || artinya || Sekolah
|-
| '''Relidos''' || artinya || Solidaritas
|}
 

===Walikan Nama Orang===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Pardi || menjadi || '''Idrap'''
|-
| Toni || menjadi || '''Inot'''
|-
| Solikin || menjadi || '''Nikilos, Nikolas''' (lebih populer)
|}

Untuk nama orang bisa dibalik sesuka hati dan berdasarkan cara pengucapan dari nama tersebut yang mudah diucapkan.
 

===Walikan Nama Tempat, Daerah, dan Kota===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Mergan || menjadi || '''Nagrem''' || nama kelurahan di Malang
|-
| Mergosono || menjadi || '''Onosogrem''' || nama kelurahan di Malang
|-
| Sawojajar || menjadi || '''Rajajowas''' || nama kelurahan di Malang
|-
| Madura || menjadi || '''Aduram''' || pulau Madura
|-
| Malang || menjadi || '''Ngalam''' || Malang
|}
 

===Walikan Nama Makanan===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Pecel || menjadi || '''Lecep'''
|-
| Rawon || menjadi || '''Nowar'''
|-
| Soto || menjadi || '''Otos'''
|-
| Kikil || menjadi || '''Likik'''
|-
| Tetel || menjadi || '''Letet'''
|}
 

===Walikan Istilah Khusus===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Ojir''' || artinya || uang || berasal dari kata '''raijo'''
|-
| '''Lawet''' || artinya || jual, menjual, dijual || berasal dari kata '''jual'''
|-
| '''Idrek''' || artinya || bekerja || berasal dari kata '''kerja'''
|-
| '''Nes''' || artinya || sesuatu yang baik || berasal dari kata '''zen'''
|-
| '''Oker''' || artinya || rokok || berasal dari kata '''rokok'''
|-
| '''Ebes''' || artinya || orang tua, bapak, atau ibu || -
|-
| '''Memes''' || artinya || ibu || -
|-
| '''Uklam''' || artinya || berjalan || berasal dari kata '''mlaku'''
|}

Kosa kata ini sudah ada sejak lama sehingga tidak bisa dilacak kapan mulai digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari
 

===Walikan dengan Kosa Kata Arbitrer===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Kampes/Kempes''' || artinya || celana dalam || berasal dari kata '''sempak'''
|-
| '''Alanet''' || artinya || celana || berasal dari kata '''celana'''
|-
| '''Kiwalan''' || artinya || terbalik, dibalik || berasal dari kata '''walikan'''
|-
| '''Hedeg''' || artinya || besar || berasal dari kata '''gedhe/gede'''
|-
| '''Elawes''' || artinya || dua puluh lima || berasal dari kata '''selawe'''
|-
| '''Nakus''' || artinya || sungkan, segan || berasal dari kata '''sungkan'''
|-
| '''Isilup, Silup''' || artinya || polisi || berasal dari kata '''polisi'''
|}

Kosa kata ini tidak mirip hasil kebalikannya, tetapi sudah umum diucapkan oleh penutur.
 

==Referensi==
# Soenarno, Adi. (2011). ''Kamus Bahasa Malangan: Osob kiwalan (Boso Walikan), Bahasa "kebalikan" Malang, Bahasa Malang (osob ngalam)''. Bayumedia Pub.
# Werdiono, D. (2024, February 27). ''Bahasa “Walikan” Malang, dari alat perjuangan hingga masuk Dunia intelektual''. kompas.id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2024/02/27/bahasa-walikan-malang-dari-alat-perjuangan-identitas-hingga-masuk-dunia-intelektual. Diakses pada 12 Mei 2024.
# Yannuar, N. (2018). Wolak-Walike Jaman; exploring contemporary walikan in public space. ''Wacana'', 19 (1), 100. https://doi.org/10/17510/wacana.v19il.625. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2024.

{{di}} [[Category:Single language]]

User talk:Putmir

2024-06-11T11:19:33Z

Wohlgemuth: /* Split */

== Hello, Putmir ==

'''Welcome to Glottopedia!''' 

=== How to... ===
We hope you will enjoy working here. If you need help, just drop me (or another [[Special:ActiveUsers|active user]]) a message on the talk page. When you want to start a new article, please make sure that the topic is [[Glottopedia:About|suitable]] for Glottopedia. If you have no idea how to write an article you can test the Wiki markup in our [[Glottopedia:Sandbox|Sandbox]] or on a [[Putmir/test|personal test page]]. Please read (at least) the first paragraph of our '''[[Help:Contents|handbook]]'''.

When you once finished editing an article, please use the ''Show preview'' button at the bottom of the edit window so that you can make sure that your formatting and layout work as you want. Try to fill the ''Summary'' field whenever you edit a page. That will help others to understand what you have done.

=== Your Identity ===
'''As we do not allow anonymous contributions, we ask you to state on [[Putmir|your personal user page]] at least your full (real) name and your linguistic affiliation''' (otherwise we may have to block or delete your account).

Please [[Glottopedia:Signature|sign]] all your posts on talk (discussion) pages by using <code>--~~~~</code>. The four tildes are changed into your personal signature by the software when you save the page. (Do not use signatures in articles, though.)

Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] ([[User talk:Wohlgemuth|talk]]) 13:45, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

===Split===
I split your article draft into two separate articles which both keep the original editing history: [[User:Putmir/Draft]] and [[User:Putmir/Dialects of Indonesian]]. --[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] ([[User talk:Wohlgemuth|talk]]) 11:19, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Putmir

2024-06-11T11:19:18Z

Wohlgemuth:

== Hello, Putmir ==

'''Welcome to Glottopedia!''' 

=== How to... ===
We hope you will enjoy working here. If you need help, just drop me (or another [[Special:ActiveUsers|active user]]) a message on the talk page. When you want to start a new article, please make sure that the topic is [[Glottopedia:About|suitable]] for Glottopedia. If you have no idea how to write an article you can test the Wiki markup in our [[Glottopedia:Sandbox|Sandbox]] or on a [[Putmir/test|personal test page]]. Please read (at least) the first paragraph of our '''[[Help:Contents|handbook]]'''.

When you once finished editing an article, please use the ''Show preview'' button at the bottom of the edit window so that you can make sure that your formatting and layout work as you want. Try to fill the ''Summary'' field whenever you edit a page. That will help others to understand what you have done.

=== Your Identity ===
'''As we do not allow anonymous contributions, we ask you to state on [[Putmir|your personal user page]] at least your full (real) name and your linguistic affiliation''' (otherwise we may have to block or delete your account).

Please [[Glottopedia:Signature|sign]] all your posts on talk (discussion) pages by using <code>--~~~~</code>. The four tildes are changed into your personal signature by the software when you save the page. (Do not use signatures in articles, though.)

Welcome again, and have a lot of fun, --[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] ([[User talk:Wohlgemuth|talk]]) 13:45, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

===Split===
I split your article draft into two separate articles which both keep the original editing history: [[User:Puutmir/Draft]] and [[User:Puutmir/Dialects of Indonesian]]. --[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] ([[User talk:Wohlgemuth|talk]]) 11:19, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Dialect

2024-06-11T11:17:31Z

Wohlgemuth: split

== Dialect ==
'''Dialect''' is a subclass of language that is exclusive to a particular region or community. This includes variations in pronunciation, vocabulary and [[grammar]] that differentiate it from other forms of the same language.
 
== Dialectal variation and continuum ==
The concept of dialectal variation is understood in relation to geographical areas where the same linguistic features are shared. This indicates that dialects are bounded within a specific region. However, an opposing view suggests that dialects form a landscape without clear boundaries. There are often significant differences in pronunciation and other language features, therefore the classifications are indefinable.
 
 
The landscape of dialects is described as a continuum. As Chambers et al. (1998) write, linguistic variation becomes apparent when a person travels from one place to another. These differences accumulate gradually and become more intense as one moves away from the initial point. Neighboring places typically comprehend each other's dialects, but those at the edges of the continuum will have difficulty comprehending each other as it corelates with the geographical distance.
 
== Dialect and language ==
''Dialect'' and ''language'' are two distinct terminologies. The term language has a superior position, while dialect is a subordinate term that is under the domain of [[language]]. Therefore, the correct analogy is ''"A is the dialect of language B"'' instead of ''"B is the language of dialect A."''
 
== Dialect and accent ==
''Dialect'' is a term that often implies informal speech. It is specific to particular geographic areas and includes a broader range of linguistic features, such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. For example, people from London and people from Cardiff speak English, but their usage of words and phrases can vary greatly. ''Accent'' is also associated with a particular region, but it refers to pronunciation patterns and its linguistic elements are not as extensive as dialects.

== References ==
* Bloomfield, L. (1983). An introduction to the study of language. ''An Introduction to the Study of Language'', 1-383
* Boga, H.I. (2020). What is a Language? What is a Dialect?.
* Linn, M.D. (2014). Dialect and language variation.
* Pandiangan, F.S., & Rosadi, M. (2023). Analisis Dialek Dalam Bentuk Bahasa Percakapan Dalam Film "Imperfect" Karya Meira Anastasia. ''Journal of Educational Research and Humaniora (JERH)'', 47-58.
* Van Rooy, R. (2020). ''Language or dialect?: The history of a conceptual pair''. Oxford University Press.

User:Putmir/Dialects of Indonesian

2024-06-11T11:16:56Z

Wohlgemuth: split

== Types of Dialect in Indonesia ==
According to Anastasia (2023), there are three categories of dialect.[https://pusdikra-publishing.com/index.php/jbhs/article/view/1546/1378]

=== Local languages used outside the original region ===
This dialect is the result of adaptation to a specific area for a long period of time. The most influential factors are time and location. For example, local languages spoken in the capital city of Jakarta is different from the original version as it is affected by living conditions in Jakarta.
 
=== National languages influenced by the local region ===
A national language will develop a different dialect in each area as it is affected by the cultural roots of each region. The usage of words, pronunciation and other linguistic elements also differ as they have distinct backgrounds.
 
=== Social dialects ===
This type of dialect is associated with certain communities, ranging from age groups, professional affiliations and more. It displays the characteristics of a particular community.
 
== References ==
* Bloomfield, L. (1983). An introduction to the study of language. ''An Introduction to the Study of Language'', 1-383
* Boga, H.I. (2020). What is a Language? What is a Dialect?.
* Linn, M.D. (2014). Dialect and language variation.
* Pandiangan, F.S., & Rosadi, M. (2023). Analisis Dialek Dalam Bentuk Bahasa Percakapan Dalam Film "Imperfect" Karya Meira Anastasia. ''Journal of Educational Research and Humaniora (JERH)'', 47-58.
* Van Rooy, R. (2020). ''Language or dialect?: The history of a conceptual pair''. Oxford University Press.

User:Putmir/Dialects of Indonesian

2024-06-11T11:16:10Z

Wohlgemuth: Wohlgemuth moved page User:Putmir/Splitpage/User:Putmir/Draft to User:Putmir/Dialects of Indonesian without leaving a redirect: split

== Dialect ==
'''Dialect''' is a subclass of language that is exclusive to a particular region or community. This includes variations in pronunciation, vocabulary and [[grammar]] that differentiate it from other forms of the same language.
 
== Dialectal variation and continuum ==
The concept of dialectal variation is understood in relation to geographical areas where the same linguistic features are shared. This indicates that dialects are bounded within a specific region. However, an opposing view suggests that dialects form a landscape without clear boundaries. There are often significant differences in pronunciation and other language features, therefore the classifications are indefinable.
 
 
The landscape of dialects is described as a continuum. As Chambers et al. (1998) write, linguistic variation becomes apparent when a person travels from one place to another. These differences accumulate gradually and become more intense as one moves away from the initial point. Neighboring places typically comprehend each other's dialects, but those at the edges of the continuum will have difficulty comprehending each other as it corelates with the geographical distance.
 
== Dialect and language ==
''Dialect'' and ''language'' are two distinct terminologies. The term language has a superior position, while dialect is a subordinate term that is under the domain of [[language]]. Therefore, the correct analogy is ''"A is the dialect of language B"'' instead of ''"B is the language of dialect A."''
 
== Dialect and accent ==
''Dialect'' is a term that often implies informal speech. It is specific to particular geographic areas and includes a broader range of linguistic features, such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. For example, people from London and people from Cardiff speak English, but their usage of words and phrases can vary greatly. ''Accent'' is also associated with a particular region, but it refers to pronunciation patterns and its linguistic elements are not as extensive as dialects.
 
== Types of Dialect in Indonesia ==
According to Anastasia (2023), there are three categories of dialect.[https://pusdikra-publishing.com/index.php/jbhs/article/view/1546/1378]
=== Local languages used outside the original region ===
This dialect is the result of adaptation to a specific area for a long period of time. The most influential factors are time and location. For example, local languages spoken in the capital city of Jakarta is different from the original version as it is affected by living conditions in Jakarta.
 
=== National languages influenced by the local region ===
A national language will develop a different dialect in each area as it is affected by the cultural roots of each region. The usage of words, pronunciation and other linguistic elements also differ as they have distinct backgrounds.
 
=== Social dialects ===
This type of dialect is associated with certain communities, ranging from age groups, professional affiliations and more. It displays the characteristics of a particular community.
 
== References ==
* Bloomfield, L. (1983). An introduction to the study of language. ''An Introduction to the Study of Language'', 1-383
* Boga, H.I. (2020). What is a Language? What is a Dialect?.
* Linn, M.D. (2014). Dialect and language variation.
* Pandiangan, F.S., & Rosadi, M. (2023). Analisis Dialek Dalam Bentuk Bahasa Percakapan Dalam Film "Imperfect" Karya Meira Anastasia. ''Journal of Educational Research and Humaniora (JERH)'', 47-58.
* Van Rooy, R. (2020). ''Language or dialect?: The history of a conceptual pair''. Oxford University Press.

User:Putmir/Dialects of Indonesian

2024-06-11T11:15:09Z

Wohlgemuth: 58 revisions imported: split

== Dialect ==
'''Dialect''' is a subclass of language that is exclusive to a particular region or community. This includes variations in pronunciation, vocabulary and [[grammar]] that differentiate it from other forms of the same language.
 
== Dialectal variation and continuum ==
The concept of dialectal variation is understood in relation to geographical areas where the same linguistic features are shared. This indicates that dialects are bounded within a specific region. However, an opposing view suggests that dialects form a landscape without clear boundaries. There are often significant differences in pronunciation and other language features, therefore the classifications are indefinable.
 
 
The landscape of dialects is described as a continuum. As Chambers et al. (1998) write, linguistic variation becomes apparent when a person travels from one place to another. These differences accumulate gradually and become more intense as one moves away from the initial point. Neighboring places typically comprehend each other's dialects, but those at the edges of the continuum will have difficulty comprehending each other as it corelates with the geographical distance.
 
== Dialect and language ==
''Dialect'' and ''language'' are two distinct terminologies. The term language has a superior position, while dialect is a subordinate term that is under the domain of [[language]]. Therefore, the correct analogy is ''"A is the dialect of language B"'' instead of ''"B is the language of dialect A."''
 
== Dialect and accent ==
''Dialect'' is a term that often implies informal speech. It is specific to particular geographic areas and includes a broader range of linguistic features, such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. For example, people from London and people from Cardiff speak English, but their usage of words and phrases can vary greatly. ''Accent'' is also associated with a particular region, but it refers to pronunciation patterns and its linguistic elements are not as extensive as dialects.
 
== Types of Dialect in Indonesia ==
According to Anastasia (2023), there are three categories of dialect.[https://pusdikra-publishing.com/index.php/jbhs/article/view/1546/1378]
=== Local languages used outside the original region ===
This dialect is the result of adaptation to a specific area for a long period of time. The most influential factors are time and location. For example, local languages spoken in the capital city of Jakarta is different from the original version as it is affected by living conditions in Jakarta.
 
=== National languages influenced by the local region ===
A national language will develop a different dialect in each area as it is affected by the cultural roots of each region. The usage of words, pronunciation and other linguistic elements also differ as they have distinct backgrounds.
 
=== Social dialects ===
This type of dialect is associated with certain communities, ranging from age groups, professional affiliations and more. It displays the characteristics of a particular community.
 
== References ==
* Bloomfield, L. (1983). An introduction to the study of language. ''An Introduction to the Study of Language'', 1-383
* Boga, H.I. (2020). What is a Language? What is a Dialect?.
* Linn, M.D. (2014). Dialect and language variation.
* Pandiangan, F.S., & Rosadi, M. (2023). Analisis Dialek Dalam Bentuk Bahasa Percakapan Dalam Film "Imperfect" Karya Meira Anastasia. ''Journal of Educational Research and Humaniora (JERH)'', 47-58.
* Van Rooy, R. (2020). ''Language or dialect?: The history of a conceptual pair''. Oxford University Press.

User:Tebeedimas/test

2024-06-11T09:11:09Z

Wohlgemuth: Wohlgemuth moved page Tebeedimas/test to User:Tebeedimas/test

Tubagus Dimas Bharata

Universitas Indonesia
Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya - Program Studi Jerman
Kampus UI Depok
Depok, Jawa Barat
INDONESIA

User:Paulinearl/Draft

2024-06-11T09:02:04Z

Wohlgemuth: /* System Requirement */

== System Requirement ==
''System Requirement'' is a term used in the field of quantitative linguistics to describe the necessary criteria that must be met for a linguistic model or system to function effectively. This concept encompasses various aspects of linguistic data and the methods used to analyze and interpret this data within a quantitative framework.

== Definition ==
In quantitative linguistics, a system requirement refers to the specific conditions or parameters that must be satisfied for a linguistic theory or model to be considered valid or effective. These requirements ensure that the linguistic system operates within the intended scope and provides accurate and reliable results. System requirements in this context can include data quality, methodological rigor, computational resources, and theoretical coherence.

== Components of System Requirements ==

'''Data Quality''' 
* Bulleted list item Accuracy: The linguistic data used must be accurate and free from errors. This includes ensuring that textual data is correctly transcribed and that metadata is properly annotated. 
* Bulleted list item Completeness: The dataset should be comprehensive, covering a wide range of linguistic phenomena to allow for robust analysis. 
* Bulleted list item Consistency: Data must be consistent across different sources and formats to enable reliable comparisons and generalizations.

'''Methodological Rigor''': 
* Bulleted list item Statistical Validity: The methods employed must be statistically sound, allowing for the generation of meaningful and replicable results. 
* Bulleted list item Reproducibility: The procedures and analyses should be reproducible by other researchers, ensuring that findings are verifiable. 
* Bulleted list item Transparency: Methodologies should be clearly documented, detailing the steps and processes involved in the analysis.

'''Computational Resources''': 
* Bulleted list item Processing Power: Adequate computational power is required to handle large datasets and complex algorithms efficiently. 
* Bulleted list item Software Tools: Appropriate software tools and platforms must be available to support the specific analytical needs of the study. 
* Bulleted list item Storage Capacity: Sufficient storage is necessary to maintain large linguistic datasets and the results of extensive analyses.

'''Theoretical Coherence''': 
* Linguistic Theory: The model or system should be grounded in a well-established linguistic theory that provides a coherent framework for analysis. 
* Conceptual Clarity: The concepts and constructs used within the model must be clearly defined and consistently applied. 
* Empirical Support: The system should be supported by empirical evidence, demonstrating its applicability to real-world linguistic phenomena.

== Importance in Quantitative Linguistics ==
System requirements are crucial in quantitative linguistics as they ensure the reliability and validity of linguistic models. By meeting these requirements, researchers can produce results that are both scientifically sound and practically useful. This is particularly important in applications such as language technology, where accurate and reliable models are essential for tasks like machine translation, speech recognition, and text analysis.

== References ==

* Cin, Mario. (2002). Structured Language for Specifications of Quantitative Requirements. 
* Balasubrahmanyan, V. & Naranan, S.. (1996). Quantitative Linguistics and Complex System Studies.. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics. 3. 177-228. 10.1080/09296179608599629. 
* Christensson, P. (2020, January 30). System Requirements. Retrieved from TechTerms.com: https://techterms.com/definition/system_requirements

Root word

2024-06-11T09:00:32Z

Wohlgemuth:

'''Let's get to know:''' 
== Root Word ==

==== What is a root word? ====
'''Root word''' is a base part of a word that carries the core meaning to the word itself, it can be a complete word itself, but often not. Root word or word root cannot be broken down into a smaller unit. The basic meaning will always be the same no matter where the placement, unless it is built with a negation word. 
 
==== What is the difference between a root word and a base word? ====
'''Root word''' cannot always stand alone as a word in English, '''but base word''' can stand alone or combined with another word to create new words. 
 
==== Root Word Origin ====
There are a few original language source for root words such as, ''French, German, English, Arabic ''and'' Sanskirt''. But, the most common used English root words are from ''Latin'' and ''Greek''. 
 
====What are the examples of a root word?====
* aqua/aqu ''Latin'', aqua has a meaning of water. Meaning, any word that has the word aqua is related to water. Example, aquatic (an activity that has to do with water) and aquarium (a place for water creatures). 
* meter ''Greek'', meter has a meaning of measure. Meaning, any word that has the word meter is related to measure. Example, thermometer (a tool to measure temperature) and centimeter (a unit of length in the metric system). 
====How do you build a new word from a root word?====
A root word can be built by '''adding a prefix or/and suffix''' to it. 
Example, 
===== Prefix + root word =====
rewrite, re- means "again or back", meaning, to write something again 
===== Root word + suffix =====
changeable, -able means "can be done", meaning, can be change 
===== Prefix + root word + suffix =====
disappearance, dis- means "not", -ance means "the act of", meaning, to cease to be visible. 
 
====Types of Root Words====
===== Simple Root =====
The most basic form of root words, example "act", usually the root itself with/or basic suffixes, example "act-ive" (active). 
===== Prefixed Root =====
A prefix added before the root word to change its meaning, example "pre-vent" (prevent) . 
===== Leading Root Compound =====
The root word is in the beginning of a longer word from two or more root words, example "aqua-marine" (aquarium, a place for water creatures) 
===== Trailing Root Compound =====
The root word is at the end (or sometimes in the middle) of a longer word made from two or more words, example "derma-tology" (dermatology, the study of the skin) 
 
'''Sources''': 
[https://www.drnishikantjha.com/papersCollection/A-Thesaurus-of-English-W-265.pdf Danner, H. G & Noone, T.B (2014). A Thesaurus of English Word. United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield. ] 
[https://www.scribbr.com/language-rules/root-words/ Nikolopoulou, K. (2023, September 13). Root Words | Definition, List & Examples.] 
[https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/root_of_a_word.htm https://www.gShrives, C. (n.d.). Word Root: Explanation and examples.rammar-monster.com/glossary/root_of_a_word.htm] 
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zbmv2sg/articles/zkpgr2p#Introduction%20to%20Understanding%20Root%20Words Understanding root words guide for KS3 English students - BBC Bitesize. (2023, October 18). BBC Bitesize. ]

{{dc}}[[Category:Morphology]]

User:Wohlgemuth/penyusunan

2024-06-11T09:00:03Z

Wohlgemuth: /* Division of labor */

==Requirements:==

* minimum 2000 to 2500 bytes of article content
* properly formatted
* properly sourced (books and online)
* no copyright issues
* correct definitions
* proper language

==Division of labor==

<nowiki>~~~ : [[Lemma]]</nowiki>
# [[User:MZnursardi|MZnursardi]] ([[User talk:MZnursardi|talk]]) : [[Bahasa perantara]]
# [[User:Marva|Marva]] ([[User talk:Marva|talk]]) : [[Basa Walikan]]
# [[User:Szasa|Szasa]] ([[User talk:Szasa|talk]]) : [[Denglisch (en)]]
# [[User:Anestyanh|Anestyanh]] ([[User talk:Anestyanh|talk]]) : [[Antonimi]]
# [[User:HansJonathanAM|HansJonathanAM]] ([[User talk:HansJonathanAM|talk]]) : [[Hiponim]], [[Hipernim]], [[Hiponimi]]
# [[User:Avizzardhy|Avizzardhy]] ([[User talk:Avizzardhy|talk]]) : [[Leksem]], [[Bouba-kiki effect]]
# [[User:Asyaasyrd|Asyaasyrd]] ([[User talk:Asyaasyrd|talk]]) [[Dactyl]]
# [[User:AnnisaZA|AnnisaZA]] ([[User talk:AnnisaZA|talk]]) : [[Root word]]
# [[User:Safira|Safira]] ([[User talk:Safira|talk]]) [[Stylistics]] , [[Theolinguistics]]
# [[User:Adli.Rifqi|Adli.Rifqi]] ([[User talk:Adli.Rifqi|talk]]) : [[Apocope]]
# [[User:Tangkeallo|Tangkeallo]] ([[User talk:Tangkeallo|talk]]) : [[Implikatur (id)]]
# [[User:Eliyunint|Eliyunint]] ([[User talk:Eliyunint|talk]]) : [[Slang]]
# [[User:Taskyazahr|Taskyazahr]] ([[User talk:Taskyazahr|talk]]) : [[Homofon]]
# [[User:Zahirah|Zahirah]] ([[User talk:Zahirah|talk]]) [[Fonem]]
# [[User:Vincent|Vincent]] ([[User talk:Vincent|talk]]) : [[Language change in Indonesian]]
# [[User: Salwaa|Salwaa]] ([[User talk: Salwaa|talk]]) : [[Collocation]]
# [[User:Brigittaaemilia|Brigittaaemilia]] ([[User talk:Brigittaaemilia|talk]]) : [[Deiksis]]
# [[User:BangkitP|BangkitP]] ([[User talk:BangkitP|talk]]) : [[Maksim percakapan]]
# [[User:Billy|Billy]] ([[User talk:Billy|talk]]) : [[Metonimia]]
# [[User:Ulisng|Ulisng]] ([[User talk:Ulisng|talk]]) : [[Morfem]], [[Afiks]]
# [[User:AriefL|AriefL]] ([[User talk:AriefL|talk]]) : [[Directive]]
# [[User:Aurora1823|Aurora1823]] ([[User talk:Aurora1823|talk]]) : [[Singaporean English]]
# [[User:Savio123|Savio123]] ([[User talk:Savio123|talk]]) : [[Illocution]]
# [[User:Putmir|Putmir]] ([[User talk:Putmir|talk]]) : [[Dialect]]
# [[User:Nathasa|Nathasa]] ([[User talk:Nathasa|talk]]) : [[Hedge]]
# [[User:Saphirar|Saphirar]] ([[User talk:Saphirar|talk]]) : [[Protasis]], [[Commissive]]
# [[User:Haritsfatih27|Haritsfatih27]] ([[User talk:Haritsfatih27|talk]]) : [[Sociophonetics]]
# [[User:Andynsaffa|Andynsaffa]] ([[User talk:Andynsaffa|talk]]) : [[Conceptual metaphor]]
# [[User:Terran|Terran]] ([[User talk:Terran|talk]]) : [[Punctuation]]
# [[User:Paulinearl|Paulinearl]] ([[User talk:Paulinearl|talk]]) : [[System requirement]]
# [[User:Putkhairr|Putkhairr]] ([[User talk:Putkhairr|talk]]) : [[Innovation]]
# [[User:SantosoDannika|SantosoDannika]] ([[User talk:SantosoDannika|talk]]) : [[Frasa]]
# [[User:Tebeedimas|Tebeedimas]] ([[User talk:Tebeedimas|talk]]) : [[Jost Winteler]]

User:AnnisaZA/Draft

2024-06-11T08:59:37Z

Wohlgemuth: Wohlgemuth moved page User:AnnisaZA/Draft to Root word

#REDIRECT [[Root word]]

Talk:Root word

2024-06-11T08:59:37Z

Wohlgemuth: Wohlgemuth moved page User talk:AnnisaZA/Draft to Talk:Root word

Hi Annisa! I think it is best for you to change the examples : "-" into numbers or bullets, thank you for your work^^ [[User:Safira|Safira]] ([[User:Safira|Safira]])

Hi Annisa, i really like your article. it helps me a lot, Thank You --[[User:Adli.Rifqi|Adli.Rifqi]] ([[User talk:Adli.Rifqi|talk]])

Hi, Annisa! Your article really helps me understand what rooot word is. I think it's better to use statements instead of question sentence for the subtitles. Example, you can write "Root Word Definition" instead of "What is Root Word?". But this is just my opinion, either way your article is already great! Keep up the good work! --[[User:Brigittaaemilia|Brigittaaemilia]] ([[User talk:Brigittaaemilia|talk]])