http://glottopedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Admin&feedformat=atomGlottopedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T16:06:51ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.2http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&diff=13194Glottopedia:Benutzerkonto anlegen2013-05-14T16:30:18Z<p>Admin: </p>
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<div>Bevor Sie einen Artikel bearbeiten oder schreiben können, müssen Sie sich anmelden. Wenn Sie noch kein Benutzerkonto haben, müssen Sie sich ein Konto anlegen lassen. Schreiben Sie bitte eine E-Mail an <span style="text-decoration: underline;">glottopedia [at] uni-trier.de</span> und geben Sie einen Benutzernamen an (Ihren Realnamen, oder eine Abkürzung davon; bitte keine Pseudonyme), Ihre E-Mail-Adresse, Ihre Affiliation und Ihren Realnamen. Sobald Ihr Benutzerkonto erstellt wurde wird Ihnen eine E-Mail zugeschickt, um Ihnen Ihr Passwort mitzuteilen und Ihre E-mail-Adresse zu verifizieren. Nachdem Sie diese bestätigt haben, können Sie mit dem Bearbeiten beginnen.<br />
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Bitte vergessen Sie nicht, Ihren Realnamen und Ihre akademische Affiliation (oder frühere Affiliation, wenn Sie gegenwärtig keine haben) auf Ihrer [[Glottopedia:Benutzerseite|Benutzerseite]] einzutragen.<br />
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===Other languages===<br />
*English [[Glottopedia:Creating an account]]<br />
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[[Category:De]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Creating_an_account&diff=13193Glottopedia:Creating an account2013-05-14T16:27:02Z<p>Admin: </p>
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<div>To create or edit pages, you need to have an account created. If you don't have an account yet, please write an e-mail to <span style="text-decoration: underline;">glottopedia [at] uni-trier.de</span> with a preferred user name (your real name, or an abbreviation of it, not a pseudonym please), your e-mail address, your affiliation, and your real name. Once the account is created, an e-mail will be sent to you to tell you your password and to verify your e-mail address. After confirming it, you can start editing.<br />
Please do not forget to write your real name and your affiliation (or former affiliation, if you don't have a current academic affiliation) on your user page.<br />
<br />
Please do not forget '''to write your real name and your affiliation''' (or former affiliation, if you don't have a current academic affiliation) on your [[Glottopedia:User page|user page]].<br />
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===Other languages===<br />
*German [[Glottopedia:Benutzerkonto anlegen]]<br />
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[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:How_to_contribute&diff=13192Glottopedia:How to contribute2013-05-14T16:24:10Z<p>Admin: </p>
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<div>Thank you for your interest in Glottopedia! Contributing to this free encyclopedia of linguistics is easy. Please take the following steps:<br />
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==Getting started==<br />
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Before you can modify or write an article, you have to log in, and if you don't have an account yet, you need to '''[[Glottopedia:Creating an account|have an account created]]'''. Please write an e-mail to <span style="text-decoration: underline;">glottopedia [at] uni-trier.de</span> with a preferred user name (your real name, or an abbreviation of it, not a pseudonym please), your e-mail address, your affiliation, and your real name. Once the account is created, an e-mail will be sent to you to tell you your password and to verify your e-mail address. After confirming it, you can start editing.<br />
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Please do not forget to write your real name and your affiliation (or former affiliation, if you don't have a current academic affiliation) on your [[Glottopedia:User page|user page]].<br />
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==Modify an article==<br />
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The first thing to note is that you should not be afraid to make mistakes. Even if you are a novice and you are not familiar with the way the software works, you can hardly do any damage. Even if you accidentally delete a passage that should be kept, this can easily be restored again.<br />
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In all Glottopedia articles (except for project pages like this one or the main page), you find an "Edit" tab at the top margin of the article. If you are [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]], you can edit and save the article after clicking this tab. After editing, you can also see a preview of the article (click on "Show preview"). Once you save the article (by clicking on "Save page"), the system creates a backup of the earlier version in the archive, and your new version is the version that is visible to the readers.<br />
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In the field "Summary" you should describe <u>briefly</u> what you changed and why before saving the article. If you only made a minor edit (such as correcting a typo, adding a link, etc.), check the field "This is a minor edit" and leave the "Summary" field empty.<br />
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While editing an article, you see at the bottom right a link [[Glottopedia:Help|Editing help]]. This will lead you to a page that helps you with explanations of the main features of the software for editing, formatting, adding links, etc. And of course you should observe the [[Glottopedia:Guidelines|Guidelines]] (you also find these in the sidebar under "Guidelines").<br />
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==Create a new article==<br />
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The following page explains how to create a new page in a Mediawiki wiki:<br />
*[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page Starting a new page]<br />
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Suppose in an existing article you see a word that is not linked and that seems worth an article of its own.<br />
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*Edit this article<br />
*Select the word and click on ''Internal Link'' in the editing toolbar.<br />
*Save the article<br />
*Click on the word with the newly created link (it should still be red)<br />
*A new window opens, in which you can write the new article<br />
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This is only an example. It could be that you notice a red link (i.e. there is no article for this word yet), for which you would like to create an article, or maybe you would merely like to correct or add information in an existing article. There are many different ways in which you can help Glottopedia.<br />
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==The structure of Glottopedia articles==<br />
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There are four different types of articles in Glottopedia: <br />
*[[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles]] (which define, exemplify, translate, and comment on general and specific concepts and terms of linguistics)<br />
*[[Glottopedia:Survey articles]] (which offer a comprehensive discussion of linguistic concepts and methods)<br />
*[[Glottopedia:Biographical articles]] (about the life and work of linguists)<br />
*[[Glottopedia:Language articles]] (which provide basic information about most natural languages [coming soon])<br />
For each kind of article, there are well-defined standards which specify its structure.<br />
To ensure consistency, all authors should strictly stick to these standards.<br />
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==Copyright Issues==<br />
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Glottopedia exclusively aims at facilitating scientific exchange and has no commercial interests. If you notice any copyright violation in the articles, please alert us immediately by Email so that we can act right away. Do not copy entire passages, images or other copyrighted material into a Glottopedia article. If information is taken from copyrighted works, an indication of the source in the article is required. Please be aware that a violation of these rules can put the entire project in danger.<br />
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==Other languages==<br />
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*German [[Glottopedia:Mitmachen|Mitmachen]]<br />
*Russian [[Glottopedia:содействовать|содействовать]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=13191Main Page2013-05-14T11:57:42Z<p>Admin: </p>
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<div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''Welcome to [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], the free encyclopedia of linguistics.'''<br />
</p><br />
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Introduction]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Frequently asked questions|Frequently asked questions]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Contact|Contact]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Special:Allpages|All articles A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of articles: [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Glottopedia in German]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[Portal:Semantics|Semantics]] | [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology|Phonetics and phonology]] | [[Portal:Morphology|Morphology]] | [[Portal:Syntax|Syntax]] | [[Portal:Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguistics]] | [[Portal:List of portals|other thematic areas]] | [[Portal:Biography|Biography]] | [[Portal:Linguistic research|Linguistic research]] | [[Portal:Linguists|Linguists]] <br />
</p><br />
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{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
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[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] is a freely editable encyclopedia for linguists by linguists that is currently being built up. It will contain [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles|dictionary articles]] on all technical terms of linguistics and is [[Glottopedia:Multilingual|multilingual]]. In addition, there are [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]], [[Glottopedia:Biographical articles|biographical articles]] and [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]], potentially on all linguists and all languages.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia articles also exist in [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|German]] and [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|Spanish]], and in the future hopefully also in [[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|Italian]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|French]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|Russian]], [[Glottopedia:Velkommen|Danish]], Swedish, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|Chinese]], Japanese, [[Glottopedia:Velkomen|Norwegian (Nynorsk)]], or any other language.<br />
----<br />
'''Glottopedia needs your [[Glottopedia:How to contribute|contribution]]'''!<br />
----<br />
=Glottopedia Team=<br />
===Editors===<br />
''Editors-in-Chief'': [[User:NaumSven|Sven Naumann]], [[User:Wohlgemuth|Jan Wohlgemuth]]<br />
<br />
''Technical Editors'': [[User:Bibiko|Hans-Jörg Bibiko]], [[User:Goetz.burger|Götz Burger]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific Advisory Council===<br />
[[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Eva Schoenke]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=Sample dictionary articles=<br />
<br />
===Syntax=== <br />
(see also [[Portal:Syntax]])<br />
<br />
[[adjective]], [[alliterative agreement]], [[applicative]], [[apposition]], [[argument structure]], [[attribute]], [[case]], [[complement]], [[contact clause]], [[coordinand]], [[core argument]], [[c-structure]], [[dative transformation]], [[dependency grammar]], [[ellipsis]], [[ergativity]], [[free state]], [[full verb]], [[gapping]], [[infinitive]], [[internal argument]], [[lexical category]], [[negative concord]], [[nonconfigurationality]], [[noun]], [[part of speech]], [[phrase structure grammar]], [[pied piping]], [[prepositional phrase]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[promotion]], [[rich agreement]], [[semantic macrorole]], [[subject]], [[subordinator]], [[subcomparative construction]], [[syntactic function]], [[X-bar theory]], [[Θ-role]]<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Morphology]])<br />
<br />
[[accusative case]], [[adfix]], [[affix]], [[allocutive]], [[base]], [[category-system]], [[deadjectival]], [[derivation]], [[dimension]], [[Distributed Morphology]], [[expletive infixation]], [[fission]], [[flag]], [[impoverishment]], [[infinitive]], [[inflection]], [[lexeme]], [[macroparadigm]], [[morpheme]], [[morphophonemics]], [[morphosyntactic category]], [[oblique case]], [[plurale tantum]], [[prefix]], [[reduplicant]], [[simplex]], [[supine]], [[suspended affixation]], [[syncretism]]<br />
<br />
===Phonetics and Phonology===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Phonetics and phonology]])<br />
<br />
[[affricate]], [[apocope]], [[apicodental]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[extrametricality]], [[fricative]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[liquid]], [[manner of articulation]], [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[uvular]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]]<br />
<br />
===Semantics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Semantics]])<br />
<br />
[[agent]], [[ambiguity]], [[antonym]], [[aspect]], [[commissive]], [[collective noun]], [[connotation]], [[de dicto and de re]], [[denotation]], [[directive]], [[echo question]], [[face]], [[hedge]], [[holonym]], [[hyperonym]], [[hyponym]], [[idiom]], [[illocution]], [[implicature]], [[indirect speech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[proposition]], [[protasis]], [[semantic marker]], [[semantic role]], [[sense]], [[specificity]], [[speech act]], [[thetic vs. categorical]], [[vagueness]]<br />
<br />
===Diachrony===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Diachrony]])<br />
<br />
[[antigrammaticalization]], [[borrowing]], [[genus]], [[haplology]], [[hyperanalysis]], [[innovation]], [[language family]], [[loanword]], [[normal transmission]], [[propagation]], [[push chain]], [[reanalysis]], [[sound law]], [[syntacticization]], [[xenism]]<br />
<br />
===Computational Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Computational Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[feature logic]], [[finite-state automata]], [[Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar|GPSG]], [[HPSG]], [[Lexical-Functional Grammar|LFG]], [[ID/LP rules]], [[KWIC concordance]], [[parser]], [[shallow parsing]], [[subsumption]], [[tagger]], [[Two-level morphology]], [[unification]], [[unification-based grammars]], [[machine translation]], [[chunking]]<br />
<br />
===Quantitative Linguistics===<br />
(see also [[Portal:Quantitative Linguistics]])<br />
<br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]], [[history of quantitative linguistics ]],<br />
[[property]], [[unit]], [[entropy]], [[frequency]], [[function]], [[law]], [[graph theory]], [[hypothesis]],<br />
[[index]], [[information]], [[information theory]], [[numeric classification]], [[length]], [[measure]],<br />
[[metrics]], [[model (building)]], [[economy]], [[process]], [[scale]], [[language law]], [[statistics]],<br />
[[structure]], [[synergetic linguistics]], [[system]], [[system requirement]], [[text]], [[text statistics]], <br />
[[theory]], [[distribution]], [[repetition]], [[properties of the word]], [[interrelation]], [[polysemy]], [[polytextuality]], [[neighbours]], [[Ngram frequency]]<br />
<br />
=Sample biographical articles=<br />
(see also: [[Portal:Biography]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]]&nbsp;· [[Johannes Benzing]]&nbsp;· [[Simon C. Dik]]&nbsp;· [[Dionysius Thrax]]&nbsp;· [[Stefan Elders]]&nbsp;· [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]]&nbsp;· [[Einar Haugen]]&nbsp;· [[Marco Haverkort]]&nbsp;· [[Karl Erich Heidolph]]&nbsp;· [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;· [[Georg Friedrich Meier]]&nbsp;· [[Harry L. Shorto]]&nbsp;· [[John Sinclair]]&nbsp;· [[Sergej A. Starostin]]&nbsp;· [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
=Other Languages=<br />
* German [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Reflexiv&diff=10379Reflexiv2009-10-29T11:22:58Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Dies ist eine vorläufige Seite. An dieser Stelle soll demnächst Nadja Herzogs '''Reflexiv'''-Artikel erscheinen.<br />
<br />
Wer weitere Informationen (oder Fragen) zum Thema "Reflexiv" hat, bitte in die Diskussions-Seite eingeben!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{stub}}{{cats}}{{format}}</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Admin&diff=10044User talk:Admin2009-07-09T07:19:30Z<p>Admin: /* Interner Fehler */</p>
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<div>Hallo,<br />
in der linguipedia war ich auch "Bürokrat". Wäre es machbar, dass ich hier (wieder) sysop-Status bekomme? --[[User:Wohlgemuth|Wohlgemuth]] 10:14, 10 June 2008 (CEST)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Fehlermeldung (Datenbank) ?==<br />
Hallo,<br />
wenn ich [[Special:Preferences]] aufrufe, bekomme ich im Header folgende Fehlermeldung angezeigt: <br />
urlencode() expects parameter 1 to be string, object given in /var/www/glottopedia/includes/GlobalFunctions.php<br />
<br />
Ich nehme an, da ist irgendwo eine DB-Abfrage nicht ok? <br />
<br />
Gruß, --[[User:Wohlgemuth|wohlgemuth]] 14:03, 13 May 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Interner Fehler ==<br />
<br />
Guten morgen,<br />
mein Problem taucht auf, wenn ich Bilder laden will, dann kommt:<br />
Interner Fehler- Der Webserver hat keine Schreibrechte für das upload-Verzeichnis (Public).<br />
<br />
Abhilfe wäre schön, <br />
Grüße --[[User:Steffen Rehm|Steffen Rehm]] 07:09, 25 June 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Nach dem letzten größeren Update der Mediawiki-Software waren die Zugriffsrechte des Upload-Verzeichnis falsch gesetzt. Das Problem ist nun beseitigt und Uploads sollten wieder problemlos funktionieren.<br />
Gruß --[[User:Admin|Admin]] 07:19, 9 July 2009 (UTC)Götz Burger</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Portal:Quantitative_linguistics&diff=10022Portal:Quantitative linguistics2009-07-07T16:08:08Z<p>Admin: </p>
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<div style="font-size:160%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;"><br />
This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div><br />
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]] <br />
|[[Image:B(F).jpg|100px|]]<br />
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<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
=='''Fundamental Issues'''==<br />
</div><br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[history of quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[law]]&nbsp;– [[theory]]&nbsp;– [[explanation in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[unit]]&nbsp;– [[property]]&nbsp;– [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[Frequency (Quantitative_linguistics)]]&nbsp;– [[distribution]]&nbsp;– [[system]]&nbsp;– [[structure]]&nbsp;– [[function]]&nbsp;– [[process]]&nbsp;– [[polysemy]]&nbsp;– [[polytextuality]]&nbsp;– [[Ngram frequency]]&nbsp;– [[syntactic complexity]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Models and Methods''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
[[diversification processes]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[analogical modeling]]&nbsp;– [[power laws in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[synergetic linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[linguistic economy]]&nbsp;– <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
| style="vertical-align:top;" |<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
[[Zipf's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]]&nbsp;– [[Piotrowski Law]]&nbsp;– [[Bradford's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Arens' Law]]&nbsp;– [[Behaghel's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Beöthy's Law]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[DeMorgan's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Frumkina's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Mizutani's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Gibbs' Law]]&nbsp;– [[Goebl's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Herdan's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Kabashima's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Krylov's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Lotka's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Martin's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Ohno's Law]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[Shibuya's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Yule's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]]&nbsp;– [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]]&nbsp;– [[Goebl's Law]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Fields of Application''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[natural language processing]]&nbsp;– [[machine learning]]&nbsp;– [[probabilistic parsing]]&nbsp;– [[speech processing]]&nbsp;– [[neurolinguistics]]&nbsp;– [[computer assisted learning]]&nbsp;– [[text comprehensibility]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[text to speech]]&nbsp;– [[analysis of writing systems]]&nbsp;– [[terminology]]&nbsp;– [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[text technology]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==<br />
</div><br />
Journals: [[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;- [[Glottometrics]] <br />
<br />
Book series: [[book series Quantitative Linguistics|Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[Bibliographien]]&nbsp;– [[links]]&nbsp;– [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[QUALICO conference]]&nbsp;– [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Biographical Articles''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[Hans Arens]]&nbsp;- [[Adolf Lucas Bacmeister]]&nbsp;- [[Siegfried Behn (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Anton Semënovič Budilovič]]&nbsp;- [[Viktor Jakovlevič Bunjakovskij]]&nbsp;- [[Sergej Grigor'evič Čebanov]]&nbsp;- [[Nikolaj Gavrilovič Černyševskij]]&nbsp;- [[Jan Czekanowski]]&nbsp;- [[Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann]]&nbsp;- [[Georg von der Gabelentz]]&nbsp;- [[Georg Philipp Harsdörffer]]&nbsp;- [[Gustav Herdan (engl.)]]&nbsp;- [[Gustav Herdan]]&nbsp;- [[Jean Paul]]&nbsp;- [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;- [[Karl Knauer (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Reinhard Köhler]]&nbsp;- [[Jiří Krámský]]&nbsp;- [[Dmitrij Nikolaevič Kudrjavskij]]&nbsp;- [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]&nbsp;- [[Wincenty Lutosławski]]&nbsp;- [[Andrei Andrejewitsch Markow]]&nbsp;- [[Helmut Meier]]&nbsp;- [[August Friedrich Pott]]&nbsp;- [[August Schleicher]]&nbsp;- [[Albert Thumb (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Bohumil Trnka]]&nbsp; <div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== ''' Associations''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]<br />
<br />
[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
|}<br />
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<div style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; margin-top:10px;"><br />
This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or<br />
[mailto:koehler@uni-trier.de Email]<br />
<br />
to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Portal|Quantitative Linguistics]]<br />
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics|!]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Frequency&diff=10021Frequency2009-07-07T16:07:48Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Disambig}}<br />
<br />
* [[Frequency (phonetics)]]<br />
* [[Frequency (pragmatics)]]<br />
* [[Frequency (Quantitative linguistics)]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Frequency_(Quantitative_linguistics)&diff=10019Frequency (Quantitative linguistics)2009-07-07T16:07:12Z<p>Admin: moved Frequency (Quantitative Linguistics) to Frequency (Quantitative linguistics)</p>
<hr />
<div>Frequency is one of the most prominent quantitative properties of linguistic units among others, such as length, comlexity, polysemy, age, polytextuality, and homonymy.<br />
<br />
Laws and hypotheses concerning frequency are based on<br />
<br />
(1) distributional analyses (in form of rank-frequency distributions, cf. the well-known Zipf (Zipf-Mandelbrot) law, or in the spectral form, which represents the number of units with a given frequency;<br />
<br />
(2) functional interrelations such as the dependence of the length of many types of units on their frequency or the dependence of frequency on polytextuality;<br />
<br />
(3) the development of the frequency of a given unit (type) over the time.<br />
<br />
There are several linguistic units which can be investigated according to their frequency of occurrence: sounds or phonemes, letters, syllables, morph(em)s, words, word classes such as part-of-speech, and even higher units such as syntactic constructions.<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:DICT]]<br />
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This portal presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div><br />
|[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|100px]] <br />
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=='''Fundamental Issues'''==<br />
</div><br />
[[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[history of quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[law]]&nbsp;– [[theory]]&nbsp;– [[explanation in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[unit]]&nbsp;– [[property]]&nbsp;– [[the role of statistics in quantitative linguistics]]<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Concepts and Terms''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[Frequency (Quantitative_Linguistics)]]&nbsp;– [[distribution]]&nbsp;– [[system]]&nbsp;– [[structure]]&nbsp;– [[function]]&nbsp;– [[process]]&nbsp;– [[polysemy]]&nbsp;– [[polytextuality]]&nbsp;– [[Ngram frequency]]&nbsp;– [[syntactic complexity]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Models and Methods''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
[[diversification processes]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[catastrophe and chaos theory in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[analogical modeling]]&nbsp;– [[power laws in linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[synergetic linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[linguistic economy]]&nbsp;– <br />
<br />
<br />
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=='''Laws and Hypotheses''' ==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
[[Zipf's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Menzerath-Altmann Law]]&nbsp;– [[Piotrowski Law]]&nbsp;– [[Bradford's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Arens' Law]]&nbsp;– [[Behaghel's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Beöthy's Law]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[DeMorgan's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Frumkina's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Mizutani's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Gibbs' Law]]&nbsp;– [[Goebl's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Herdan's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Kabashima's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Krylov's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Lotka's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Martin's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Ohno's Law]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[Shibuya's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Yule's Law]]&nbsp;– [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]]&nbsp;– [[Zipf-Alekseev Law]]&nbsp;– [[Goebl's Law]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Fields of Application''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[natural language processing]]&nbsp;– [[machine learning]]&nbsp;– [[probabilistic parsing]]&nbsp;– [[speech processing]]&nbsp;– [[neurolinguistics]]&nbsp;– [[computer assisted learning]]&nbsp;– [[text comprehensibility]]&nbsp;– <br />
[[text to speech]]&nbsp;– [[analysis of writing systems]]&nbsp;– [[terminology]]&nbsp;– [[stylistics and forensic linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[text technology]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Information Sources and Conferences''' ==<br />
</div><br />
Journals: [[Journal of Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;- [[Glottometrics]] <br />
<br />
Book series: [[book series Quantitative Linguistics|Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[Bibliographien]]&nbsp;– [[links]]&nbsp;– [[International Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[QUALICO conference]]&nbsp;– [[Trier symposium on quantitative linguistics]]<br />
<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== '''Biographical Articles''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[Hans Arens]]&nbsp;- [[Adolf Lucas Bacmeister]]&nbsp;- [[Siegfried Behn (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Anton Semënovič Budilovič]]&nbsp;- [[Viktor Jakovlevič Bunjakovskij]]&nbsp;- [[Sergej Grigor'evič Čebanov]]&nbsp;- [[Nikolaj Gavrilovič Černyševskij]]&nbsp;- [[Jan Czekanowski]]&nbsp;- [[Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann]]&nbsp;- [[Georg von der Gabelentz]]&nbsp;- [[Georg Philipp Harsdörffer]]&nbsp;- [[Gustav Herdan (engl.)]]&nbsp;- [[Gustav Herdan]]&nbsp;- [[Jean Paul]]&nbsp;- [[Boris Isaakovič Jarcho]]&nbsp;- [[Karl Knauer (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Reinhard Köhler]]&nbsp;- [[Jiří Krámský]]&nbsp;- [[Dmitrij Nikolaevič Kudrjavskij]]&nbsp;- [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]&nbsp;- [[Wincenty Lutosławski]]&nbsp;- [[Andrei Andrejewitsch Markow]]&nbsp;- [[Helmut Meier]]&nbsp;- [[August Friedrich Pott]]&nbsp;- [[August Schleicher]]&nbsp;- [[Albert Thumb (de)]]&nbsp;- [[Bohumil Trnka]]&nbsp; <div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
<br />
== ''' Associations''' ==<br />
</div><br />
[[International Quantitative Linguistics Association (IQLA)]]<br />
<br />
[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]<br />
<div style="font-size:80%;"><br />
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This portal is maintained by [[Reinhard Köhler]]. Please use the discussions tab or<br />
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to enter your comments, critical remarks, or suggestions. Thank you.<br />
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<div>Frequency is one of the most prominent quantitative properties of linguistic units among others, such as length, comlexity, polysemy, age, polytextuality, and homonymy.<br />
<br />
Laws and hypotheses concerning frequency are based on<br />
<br />
(1) distributional analyses (in form of rank-frequency distributions, cf. the well-known Zipf (Zipf-Mandelbrot) law, or in the spectral form, which represents the number of units with a given frequency;<br />
<br />
(2) functional interrelations such as the dependence of the length of many types of units on their frequency or the dependence of frequency on polytextuality;<br />
<br />
(3) the development of the frequency of a given unit (type) over the time.<br />
<br />
There are several linguistic units which can be investigated according to their frequency of occurrence: sounds or phonemes, letters, syllables, morph(em)s, words, word classes such as part-of-speech, and even higher units such as syntactic constructions.<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:DICT]]<br />
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Property_frequency&diff=10009Property frequency2009-07-07T15:49:15Z<p>Admin: moved Property frequency to Frequency (Quantitative Linguistics):&#32;Moving to full name</p>
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<div>== Definition ==<br />
<br />
The philosophy of science defines the term '''scientific law''' as a meaningful universal hypothesis which is systematically connected to other hypotheses in the field and at the same time well corroborated on relevant empirical data (cf. Bunge 1967). A law is called universal because it is valid at all times, everywhere, and for all objects of its scope. A well known example is the law of gravitation in physics. A law can be said to be a statement representing universal patterns in the world (the phenomenological type of law) or universal mechanisms (the representational or mechanistic type). While the first one relates two or more variables to each other without specifying the origin of this relation (black box), the second one includes such a specification.<br />
A system of laws is called a [[theory]]. The value of theories and their components, the laws, lies not only in their role as the containers of scientific knowledge but also in the fact that there can be no explanation without at least one law: A valid scientific explanation (the so-called deductive-nomological explanation) is a subsumption under laws taking into account boundary conditions. A specific form of the deductive-nomological explanation is the functional explanation, which follows an extended scheme and is possible only under special conditions (self-organizing systems such as biological evolution and language).<br />
Laws must not be confused with rules, which are either prescriptive or descriptive tools without any explanatory power; hence, also grammars and similar formalisms cannot explain anything. Another significant difference is that rules can be violated - laws (in the scientific sense) cannot.<br />
<br />
== Laws in the Study of Language and Text ==<br />
<br />
In quantitative linguistics, the exact science of language and text, three kinds of uni-versal laws are known. The first kind takes the form of probability distributions, i.e. it makes predictions about the number of units of a given property. A well-known example of this kind is the Zipf-Mandelbrot Law (the status of the corresponding phenomenon has been discussed since the days of George K. Zipf, who was the first to systematically study quantitative properties of language from a scientific point of view). The law relates (a) the frequency of a word in a given text (in any language) to the number of words with the given frequency (called fre-quency spectrum), and (b) the frequency of a word in relation to its rank (called rank-frequency distribution). The first formulation by Zipf stated that about one half of the word tokens of a text have the frequency one (the so-called hapax legomena), a third of the rest – a frequency two (dis legomena), a quarter of the rest occurs three times in the text, etc. Zipf called it the harmonic law. It was later modified and corrected by Benoit Mandelbrot (outside linguistics known from his fractal geometry). He derived the law from the assumption that languages organize their lexicons in the way that the most frequent words become the shortest ones, using an optimization method (Lagrange multipliers) under the condition that the information of each code element must be greater than zero. This resulted in the famous formula (1), which has the form of a rank-frequency distribution: If the words are arranged according to their frequency, the most frequent word is assigned rank one etc. The formula gives the frequency a word should have at a given rank:<br />
<br />
<math>f(r) = \frac{K}{(b+r)^\gamma}</math><br />
<br />
where f(r) is the frequency, r - the rank, b and γ - parameters, and K a normalizing constant.<br />
Since the seminal works of Zipf and Mandelbrot, numerous laws have been found. Other ex-amples of distributional laws are (in morphology and lexicon) the distribution of length, polysemy, synonymy, age, part-of-speech etc., (in syntax) the frequency distribution of syn-tactic constructions, the distribution of their complexity, depth of embedding, information, and position in mother constituent, (in semantics) the distribution of the lengths of definition chains in semantic networks, semantic diversification, etc. Any property and any linguistic unit studied so far displays a characteristic probability distribution.<br />
The second kind of law is called the functional type, because these laws link two (or more) variables, i.e. properties. An illustrative example of this kind is Menzerath’s Law (in the literature also called Menzerath-Altmann Law), which relates the size of linguistic constituents to the size of the corresponding construct. Thus, the (mean) length of the syllables of a word depends on the number of syllables the word consists of; the (mean) length of the clauses in a sentence depends on the length of the sentence (measured in terms of the number of clauses it consists of). The most general form of this law is given by the formula:<br />
<br />
<math>y = Ax^be^(-cx) ,</math><br />
<br />
where y is the mean length of the constituents, x the length of the construct, and A, b, and c are parameters.<br />
The parameters of this law are mainly determined by the level of the units under study; they increase from the level of sound length gradually to the sentence and supra-sentence level. Fig. 1 gives an impression of a typical curve.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Menzhung.jpg|400px]]<br />
<br />
Fig. 1: The functional dependence of mean syllable length on word length in Hungarian. The line represents the prediction by the law; the marks show the coordinates of the empirical data points.<br />
<br />
Other examples of functional laws are the dependence of word (or morph) frequency on word (or morph) length, the frequency of syntactic constructions on their complexity, of polysemy on length, of length on age, etc.<br />
The third kind of law is the developmental one. Here, a property is related to time. The best known example is the Piotrowski Law, which represents the development (increase and/or decrease) of the portion of new units or forms over time. This law is a typical growth process and can be derived from a simple differential equation with the solution:<br />
,<br />
where p is the proportion of new forms at time t, c is the saturation value, and a and b are empirical parameters. Fig. 2 shows the increase of the forms with /u/ at the cost of the older form with /a/ in the German word ward>wurde (/vart/ > /vurde/) in the time period from 1445 to 1925.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Piotrbest.jpg|400px]] <br />
<br />
Fig. 2: typical curve representing the replacement of a linguistic unit by a new one.<br />
<br />
A variant of this third kind of law is based on (discrete) ‘linguistic’ instead of (continuous) physical time. The simplest way to operationalize linguistic time is the reference to text posi-tion. In oral texts, there is a direct correspondence of the sequence of linguistic units to physi-cal time intervals while written texts map this correspondence in a slightly more indirect way.<br />
A typical example of this variant is the type-token ratio (TTR), which was, in the beginning, a single number (the quotient of the number of different words, the types, and the number of running words, the tokens), used to characterize the vocabulary richness of a text. Later, it became apparent that this value is inappropriate for several reasons. Instead, at each text position, the number of types occurred so far is counted, which yields a monotonously increasing curve, because the number of words used before a given text position cannot decrease in the course of the rest of the text. A straightforward theoretical derivation of a corresponding law was given by Gustav Herdan (Herdan, 1966), represented by the simple formula:<br />
,<br />
where y is the number of types, x -- the number of tokens (= text position), and b -- an empiri-cal parameter, a text characteristic. The parameter a is equal to unity if types and tokens are measured in terms of the same unit (as in almost all cases). The law is valid whether word-forms or lemmas are counted, just with a different parameter b. This parameter is also an indi-cator of the morphological type of the language under study if word-forms are considered because morphologically rich languages display a faster increase in word-form types than isolating languages.<br />
A problem of the TTR is that it is not independent of the overall text length. Therefore, more complicated formulae are used to take this influence into account or quite different models (cf. Popescu, Altmann 2006, 2007) are applied.<br />
Recent investigations found that other linguistic units show a similar behavior in their text dynamics (letters, morphs, syntactic constructions, syntactic function types etc.). However, depending on the size of their inventory in language (which may vary over several orders of magnitude -- compare, e.g. the size of an alphabet or a phoneme system to the size of a lexicon), different models have to be used. The TTR of syntactic units, e.g., follows the formula:<br />
, c < 0<br />
Fig. 3 shows a corresponding curve.<br />
<br />
[[Image:TTRsynt.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Fig. 3: The TTR of syntactic constructions in a text. The smooth line corresponds to the prediction by formula (5); the irregular line represents the empirical data.<br />
<br />
There are many other examples of sequential regularities, e.g. rhythm, distances between like units, patterns of properties of units, fractal sequences of manifold properties displaying, however, typical time series character, chaotic sequences, which can be measured in terms of Hurst´s or Lyapunov´s coefficients, runs of properties and much more (cf. Altmann, 1980, Hrebicek 1997). Such dynamic patterns can be found on all levels of linguistic analysis including semantics and pragmatics.<br />
<br />
== Theory Construction ==<br />
<br />
Currently, there are two approaches to the construction of a linguistic theory (in the sense of the philosophy of science): (1) synergetic linguistics and (2) Altmann’s and Wimmer’s unified theory.<br />
The basic idea behind synergetic linguistics (cf. Köhler 1986, 2005) is the aim to integrate the separated laws and hypotheses which have been found so far into a complex model which not only describes the linguistic phenomena but also provides a means to explain them. This is achieved by introducing the central axiom that language is a self-regulating and self-organizing system. An explanation of existence, properties, and changes of linguistic, more generally semiotic systems is not possible without the aspect of the (dynamic) interdependence of structure and function. Genesis and evolution of these systems must be attributed to repercussions of communication upon structure (cf. Bunge 1998 as opposed to Köhler/Martináková 1998). This axiom (i.e. the view of language as a system that develops in reaction to the properties and requirements of its environment by adaptation mechanisms in analogy to biological evolution) makes possible to set up a model on the basis of synergetics. The synergetic approach (cf. Haken/Graham 1971; Haken 1978) is a specific branch of sys-tems theory (von Bertalanffy 1968) and can be characterized as an interdisciplinary approach to the modeling of certain dynamic aspects of systems, which occur in different disciplines for different objects of investigation in an analogous way. Its particularity which separates it from other systems theoretical approaches is that it focuses on the ‘spontaneous’ rise and the devel-opment of structures.<br />
Synergetic modeling in linguistics starts from axiomatically assumed requirements, which a semiotic system must meet such as the coding requirement (semiotic systems have to provide means to create meaningful expressions), the requirement of coding and decoding efficiency, of memory saving, of transmission security, minimization of effort and many others.<br />
These requirements can be subdivided into three kinds (cf. Köhler 1990, 181f): (1) language-constitutive requirements, (2) language-forming requirements, and (3) control-level require-ments (the adaptation requirement, i.e. the need for a language to adapt itself to varying circumstances, and the opposite stability requirement).<br />
The second step is the determination of system levels, units, and variables which are of inter-est to the current investigation.<br />
In step three, relevant consequences, effects, and interrelations are determined. Here, the researcher sets up or systematizes hypotheses about dependences of variables on others, e.g. with increasing polytextuality of a lexical item its polysemy increases monotonically, or, the higher the position of a syntactic construction (i.e. the more to the right hand side of its mother constituent) the less its information, etc.<br />
The forth step consists of the search for functional equivalents and multi-functionalities.<br />
Step five is the mathematical formulation of the hypotheses set up so far – a precondition for any rigorous test - and step 6 is the empirical test of these mathematically formulated hy-potheses.<br />
In this way, for each subsystem of language (i.e. the lexical, morphological, syntactical etc. subsystems), models of arbitrary complexity are formed. The elements, the system variables, represent linguistic units or their properties, while the specific links between these elements are universal hypotheses, which obtain the status of laws if they have been intensively tested and corroborated.<br />
The other approach at theory construction in linguistics is Wimmer’s and Altmann’s unified theory. Integration of separately existing laws and hypotheses starts from a very general dif-ferential (alternatively: difference) equation and two also very general assumptions: (1) If y is a continuous linguistic variable (i.e. some property of a linguistic unit) then its change over time or with respect to another linguistic variable will be determined in any case by its tempo-rary value. Hence, a corresponding mathematical model should be set up in terms of its relative change (dy/y). Consider, as an example, the change of word length in dependence on its frequency. We know that words become shorter if they are used more frequently but a long word will be shortened to a higher extent than an already relatively short one. (2) The independent variable which has an effect on y has to be taken into account also in terms of its rela-tive change (i.e., dx/x). In our example, it is not the absolute increase in usage of a word that causes its shortening but the relative one. The discrete approach is analogical; one considers the relative difference Δyx/yx. Hence, the general formulas are dy/y = g(x)dx and Δyx-1 / yx-1 = g(x). Based on various results in linguistics it could be shown that for the continuous case<br />
it is sufficient to consider<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
and for the discrete case<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
Both are well interpretable linguistically and yield the same results as the synergetic ap-proach. The great majority of laws known up to now can be derived from the above equations (e.g. Menzerath´s law, Zipf-Mandelbrot law, Frumkina´s law, all laws of length, diversifica-tion laws, TTR, synonymy, polysemy, polytextuality laws, morphological productivity, vo-cabulary growth, Krylov´s law, the law of change, etc.). The discrete and continuous ap-proaches can be transformed into one another (cf. Mačutek, Altmann 2007) and yield all discrete probability distributions used in linguistics. The parameters are interpreted as specific language forces as known from synergetic linguistics.<br />
Both models, the unified one and the synergetic one, turn out to be two representations of the same basic assumptions. The synergetic model allows easier treatment of multiple de-pendencies for which in the general model partial differential equations must be used.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
*Altmann, Gabriel. 1980. ''Wiederholungen in Texten''. Bochum: Brockmeyer.<br />
<br />
*Bertalanffy, Ludwig van. 1968. ''General System Theory. Foundations, development, applications''. New York: George Braziller.<br />
<br />
*Bunge, Mario. 1967. ''Scientific Research I, II''. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.<br />
<br />
*Bunge, Mario. 1998. Semiotic systems. In: Altmann & Koch (eds.). ''Systems. A new paradigm for the human sciences''. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 337-349.<br />
<br />
*Haken, Hermann. 1978. ''Synergetics''. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.<br />
<br />
*Haken, Hermann & Graham, R.. 1971. ''Synergetik. Die Lehre vom Zusammenwirken''. Umschau 6: 191.<br />
<br />
*Hřebíček, Ludek. 1997. ''Lectures on Text Theory''. Prague: Oriental Institute.<br />
<br />
*Herdan, Gustav. 1966. ''The advanced theory of language as choice and chance''. Berlin: Springer.<br />
<br />
*Köhler, Reinhard. 1995. ''Bibliography of quantitative linguistics = Bibliographie zur quantitativen Linguistik = Bibliografija po kvantitativnoj lingvistike''. Amsterdam: Benjamins.<br />
<br />
*Köhler, Reinhard. Laws of language. In: Colm Hogan, Patrick (ed.). ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences''. (to appear).<br />
<br />
*Popescu, Ioan-Iovitz & Altmann, Gabriel. 2006. Some aspects of word frequencies. ''Glottometrics 13''. 23-46.<br />
<br />
*Popescu, Ioan-Iovitz & Altmann, Gabriel. 2007. Some geometric properties of word frequency distributions. ''Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft''. (in press).<br />
<br />
*Zipf, George Kingsley. 1935. (<sup>2</sup>1968). ''The Psycho-Biology of Language. An Introduction to Dynamic Philology''. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.<br />
<br />
*Zipf, George Kingsley. 1949. ''Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort''. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.<br />
<br />
==Link==<br />
[http://www-alt.uni-trier.de/uni/fb2/ldv/lql_wiki/index.php/Main_Page U Trier page on laws in Quantitative Linguistics]<br />
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[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Quantitative Linguistics]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Argument&diff=2905Argument2007-07-27T13:04:59Z<p>Admin: </p>
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<div>An '''argument''' is a [[noun phrase]] (or sometimes [[adpositional phrase]]) that is required to cooccur with a [[verb]] (or other argument-taking expression).<br />
<br />
===Examples===<br />
In the following sentences, the italicized noun phrases (or adpositional phrases) are arguments:<br />
<br />
* ''Tasaku'' bought ''a ticket'' on Friday.<br />
* Please give ''my regards'' ''to your husband''.<br />
* On the boat ''the passengers'' rely ''on the captain''.<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
''Arguments'' are typically contrasted with [[adjunct]]s, i.e. noun phrases or adpositional phrases that are not syntactically required, but serve to modify the clause or another constituent.<br />
<br />
===Subtypes===<br />
* [[core argument]]<br />
* [[peripheral argument]]<br />
<br />
* [[external argument]]<br />
* [[internal argument]]<br />
<br />
===Synonyms===<br />
* [[actant]] (Tesnière's term)<br />
* [[complement]] (though this term only refers to nonsubject arguments)<br />
<br />
===Polysemy===<br />
''Argument'' also refers to<br />
* an argument of a function (in mathematical logic)<br />
<br />
===other languages===<br />
German [[Argument (de)|Argument]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Valence]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Argument&diff=2898Argument2007-07-27T11:45:55Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''ADMIN-TEST'''<br />
Math-Test für Herrn Shen (Rechenzentrum Trier):<br />
<br />
<math>\and</math><math>\or</math><math>\neg</math><math>\Rightarrow</math><br />
<br />
Wenn Symbole angezeigt werden, folgt ein virtueller Schulterkopfer!<br />
<br />
<br />
An '''argument''' is a [[noun phrase]] (or sometimes [[adpositional phrase]]) that is required to cooccur with a [[verb]] (or other argument-taking expression).<br />
<br />
===Examples===<br />
In the following sentences, the italicized noun phrases (or adpositional phrases) are arguments:<br />
<br />
* ''Tasaku'' bought ''a ticket'' on Friday.<br />
* Please give ''my regards'' ''to your husband''.<br />
* On the boat ''the passengers'' rely ''on the captain''.<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
''Arguments'' are typically contrasted with [[adjunct]]s, i.e. noun phrases or adpositional phrases that are not syntactically required, but serve to modify the clause or another constituent.<br />
<br />
===Subtypes===<br />
* [[core argument]]<br />
* [[peripheral argument]]<br />
<br />
* [[external argument]]<br />
* [[internal argument]]<br />
<br />
===Synonyms===<br />
* [[actant]] (Tesnière's term)<br />
* [[complement]] (though this term only refers to nonsubject arguments)<br />
<br />
===Polysemy===<br />
''Argument'' also refers to<br />
* an argument of a function (in mathematical logic)<br />
<br />
===other languages===<br />
German [[Argument (de)|Argument]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Valence]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Argument&diff=2897Argument2007-07-27T11:45:18Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''ADMIN-TEST'''<br />
Math-Test für Herrn Shen (Rechenzentrum Trier):<br />
<br />
<math>\and</math> <math>\or</math>, <math>\neg</math>,<math>\Rightarrow</math><br />
<br />
Wenn Symbole angezeigt werden, folgt ein virtueller Schulterkopfer!<br />
<br />
<br />
An '''argument''' is a [[noun phrase]] (or sometimes [[adpositional phrase]]) that is required to cooccur with a [[verb]] (or other argument-taking expression).<br />
<br />
===Examples===<br />
In the following sentences, the italicized noun phrases (or adpositional phrases) are arguments:<br />
<br />
* ''Tasaku'' bought ''a ticket'' on Friday.<br />
* Please give ''my regards'' ''to your husband''.<br />
* On the boat ''the passengers'' rely ''on the captain''.<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
''Arguments'' are typically contrasted with [[adjunct]]s, i.e. noun phrases or adpositional phrases that are not syntactically required, but serve to modify the clause or another constituent.<br />
<br />
===Subtypes===<br />
* [[core argument]]<br />
* [[peripheral argument]]<br />
<br />
* [[external argument]]<br />
* [[internal argument]]<br />
<br />
===Synonyms===<br />
* [[actant]] (Tesnière's term)<br />
* [[complement]] (though this term only refers to nonsubject arguments)<br />
<br />
===Polysemy===<br />
''Argument'' also refers to<br />
* an argument of a function (in mathematical logic)<br />
<br />
===other languages===<br />
German [[Argument (de)|Argument]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Valence]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Argument&diff=2896Argument2007-07-27T11:45:03Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''ADMIN-TEST'''<br />
Math-Test für Herrn Shen (Rechenzentrum Trier):<br />
<br />
math>\and</math> <math>\or</math>, <math>\neg</math>,<math>\Rightarrow</math><br />
<br />
Wenn Symbole angezeigt werden, folgt ein virtueller Schulterkopfer!<br />
<br />
<br />
An '''argument''' is a [[noun phrase]] (or sometimes [[adpositional phrase]]) that is required to cooccur with a [[verb]] (or other argument-taking expression).<br />
<br />
===Examples===<br />
In the following sentences, the italicized noun phrases (or adpositional phrases) are arguments:<br />
<br />
* ''Tasaku'' bought ''a ticket'' on Friday.<br />
* Please give ''my regards'' ''to your husband''.<br />
* On the boat ''the passengers'' rely ''on the captain''.<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
''Arguments'' are typically contrasted with [[adjunct]]s, i.e. noun phrases or adpositional phrases that are not syntactically required, but serve to modify the clause or another constituent.<br />
<br />
===Subtypes===<br />
* [[core argument]]<br />
* [[peripheral argument]]<br />
<br />
* [[external argument]]<br />
* [[internal argument]]<br />
<br />
===Synonyms===<br />
* [[actant]] (Tesnière's term)<br />
* [[complement]] (though this term only refers to nonsubject arguments)<br />
<br />
===Polysemy===<br />
''Argument'' also refers to<br />
* an argument of a function (in mathematical logic)<br />
<br />
===other languages===<br />
German [[Argument (de)|Argument]]<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]<br />
[[Category:Valence]]</div>Adminhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Confirmemail_oncreate&diff=297MediaWiki:Confirmemail oncreate2007-06-15T09:55:13Z<p>Admin: New page: Your account has been created. A confirmation code was sent to your e-mail address. In order to be able to edit Glottopedia pages and use e-mail-based features in the wiki, you will need ...</p>
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[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]</div>Admin