Conceptual metaphor - Revision history

Unknown user at 07:57, 11 June 2024

2024-06-11T07:57:08Z

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	Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago.		Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago.



			{{dc}} [[Category:Semantics]]

Unknown user: Wohlgemuth moved page User:Andynsaffa/Draft to Conceptual metaphor

2024-06-11T07:56:15Z

Wohlgemuth moved page User:Andynsaffa/Draft to Conceptual metaphor

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Unknown user: /* Reference */

2024-06-07T07:49:17Z

Reference

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	== Reference ==		== Reference ==

	Lakoff,G., & Johnson,M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago.		Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago.

Unknown user: /* Conceptual Metaphor */ I edited the grammar and punctuations.

2024-06-05T17:35:11Z

Conceptual Metaphor: I edited the grammar and punctuations.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:35, 5 June 2024
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	== Conceptual Metaphor ==		== Conceptual Metaphor ==

	Conceptual ~~Metaphor Theory~~ is a framework developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their 1980 book, "''Metaphors We Live By''". The theory posits that metaphors are not merely linguistic expressions but fundamental mechanisms of human thought, influencing how we perceive, think, and act. Conceptual metaphors are pervasive patterns of thought where one idea or conceptual domain (the target) is understood in terms of another domain (the source).		Conceptual metaphor theory is a framework developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their 1980 book, "Metaphors We Live By". The theory posits that metaphors are not merely linguistic expressions or extraordinary words but fundamental mechanisms of human thought, influencing how we perceive, think, and act (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). Conceptual metaphors are pervasive patterns of thought where one idea or conceptual domain (the target) is understood in terms of another domain (the source).

	For instance, the metaphor "ARGUMENT IS WAR" shapes the way we talk and think about arguments:		For instance, the metaphor "ARGUMENT IS WAR" shapes the way we talk and think about arguments:

	* "He ''attacked'' my point."		* He ''attacked'' my point.

	* "I ''defended'' my position."		* I ''defended'' my position.

	* "She ''won'' the argument."		* She ''won'' the argument."

	In the examples above, the domain of war (source) provides the framework for understanding arguments (target). Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed that many of the things we ''do'' in arguing are partially structured by the concept of '''"war"'''. ~~Eventhough~~ there aren't any physical battle but there is a verbal battle and the structure of an argument (attack, defense, counterattack, etc) reflects this.		In the examples above, the domain of war (source) provides the framework for understanding arguments (target). Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed that many of the things we ''do'' in arguing are partially structured by the concept of '''"war"'''. Even though there aren't any physical battle but there is a verbal battle and the structure of an argument (attack, defense, counterattack, etc) reflects this.

	Lakoff and Johnson, then categorized conceptual metaphors into three distinct types of metaphors which include structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor.		Lakoff and Johnson (1980), then categorized conceptual metaphors into three distinct types of metaphors which include structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor.

	=== Structural Metaphor ===		=== Structural Metaphor ===

	Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" are:		Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book "Metaphors We Live By" in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" are:
	* "You're ''wasting'' my time"		* You're ''wasting'' my time.
	* "I don't ''have'' the time to ''give'' you"		* I don't ''have'' the time to ''give'' you.
	* "You are ''running out'' of time"		* You are ''running out'' of time.

	In the examples above, '''"time"''' is conceptualized with an object that is our daily experience. Time is considered a precious thing and has a value, like money. It is also based on the role of culture that supports '''"time"''' to be conceptualized as '''"money"''' so that the sentence can be ~~succesfully~~ understood. There are cultures that do not use these things to conceptualize time (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).		In the examples above, '''"time"''' is conceptualized with an object that is our daily experience. Time is considered a precious thing and has a value, like money. It is also based on the role of culture that supports '''"time"''' to be conceptualized as '''"money"''' so that the sentence can be successfully understood. There are cultures that do not use these things to conceptualize time (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).

	=== Orientational Metaphor ===		=== Orientational Metaphor ===
	Orientational metaphor are metaphors that reflects spatial concepts, such as on-off, left-right, up-down, etc. This is because orientational metaphors are related to the physical experience of humans in managing directional orientation in their daily lives (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of orientational metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN" are:		Orientational metaphor are metaphors that reflects spatial concepts, such as on-off, left-right, up-down, etc. This is because orientational metaphors are related to the physical experience of humans in managing directional orientation in their daily lives (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of orientational metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN" are:
	* "She'll ''rise'' to the ''top''"		* She'll ''rise'' to the ''top''.
	* "He's ''climbing'' the ladder"		* He's ''climbing'' the ladder.
	* "She's at the ''peak'' of her career"		* She's at the ''peak'' of her career.

	In the examples above, the sentences are considered orientational metaphor because the object represents everyday experiences in human life (social status) that are shaped into correlated spatial concepts.		In the examples above, the sentences are considered orientational metaphor because the object represents everyday experiences in human life (social status) that are shaped into correlated spatial concepts.
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	=== Ontological Metaphor ===		=== Ontological Metaphor ===
	Ontological metaphor are metaphors that sees something that has a non-physical trait (abstract) into something that have physical a physical trait (concrete object). The difference between ontological metaphor and structural metaphor is that ontological metaphor is associated with our daily experience towards human body itself that experience how we see an event, feel emotions, thoughts, etc., which are analogized as an entity and substantial (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of ontological metaphor according to Lakoff & Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of " THE MIND IS A MACHINE" are:		Ontological metaphor are metaphors that sees something that has a non-physical trait (abstract) into something that have physical a physical trait (concrete object). The difference between ontological metaphor and structural metaphor is that ontological metaphor is associated with our daily experience towards human body itself that experience how we see an event, feel emotions, thoughts, etc., which are analogized as an entity and substantial (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of ontological metaphor according to Lakoff & Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of " THE MIND IS A MACHINE" are:
	* "I'm ''a little rusty'' today"		* I'm ''a little rusty'' today.
	* "My mind just isn't ''operating'' today"		* My mind just isn't ''operating'' today.
	* "We've been working on this problem all day and now we're ''running out of steam''"		* We've been working on this problem all day and now we're ''running out of steam''.

	In the examples above, the sentences are considered ontological metaphor because those sentences correlates a non-physical object of the human body or experience (mind) as a physical object (machine).		In the examples above, the sentences are considered ontological metaphor because those sentences correlates a non-physical object of the human body or experience (mind) as a physical object (machine).


	== Reference ==		== Reference ==

	Lakoff,G., & Johnson,M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago.		Lakoff,G., & Johnson,M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago.

Unknown user: I add the reason why the examples of ontological metaphor considered as ontological metaphor.

2024-06-05T17:07:21Z

I add the reason why the examples of ontological metaphor considered as ontological metaphor.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:07, 5 June 2024
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	=== Structural Metaphor ===		=== Structural Metaphor ===

	Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" is:		Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" are:
	* "You're ''wasting'' my time"		* "You're ''wasting'' my time"
	* "I don't ''have'' the time to ''give'' you"		* "I don't ''have'' the time to ''give'' you"
	* "You are ''running out'' of time"		* "You are ''running out'' of time"

	In the examples above, '''"time"''' is conceptualized with an object that is our daily experience. Time is considered a precious thing and has a value, like money. It is also based on the role of culture that supports '''"time"''' to be conceptualized as '''"money"''' so that the sentence can be succesfully understood. There are cultures that do not use these things to conceptualize time (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).		In the examples above, '''"time"''' is conceptualized with an object that is our daily experience. Time is considered a precious thing and has a value, like money. It is also based on the role of culture that supports '''"time"''' to be conceptualized as '''"money"''' so that the sentence can be succesfully understood. There are cultures that do not use these things to conceptualize time (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).

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	* "She's at the ''peak'' of her career"		* "She's at the ''peak'' of her career"

	In the examples above, the sentences is considered orientational ~~metaphors~~ because the object represents everyday experiences in human life (social status) that are shaped into correlated spatial concepts.		In the examples above, the sentences are considered orientational metaphor because the object represents everyday experiences in human life (social status) that are shaped into correlated spatial concepts.

	=== Ontological Metaphor ===		=== Ontological Metaphor ===
	Ontological metaphor are metaphors that sees something that has a non-physical trait (abstract) into something that have physical a physical trait (concrete object). The difference between ontological metaphor and structural metaphor is that ontological metaphor is associated with our daily experience towards human body itself that experience how we see an event, feel emotions, thoughts, etc., which are analogized as an entity and substantial (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of ontological metaphor according to Lakoff & Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "MIND IS ~~AN ENTITY~~" are:		Ontological metaphor are metaphors that sees something that has a non-physical trait (abstract) into something that have physical a physical trait (concrete object). The difference between ontological metaphor and structural metaphor is that ontological metaphor is associated with our daily experience towards human body itself that experience how we see an event, feel emotions, thoughts, etc., which are analogized as an entity and substantial (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of ontological metaphor according to Lakoff & Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of " THE MIND IS A MACHINE" are:
	* "I'm ''a little rusty'' today"		* "I'm ''a little rusty'' today"
	* "My mind just isn't ''operating'' today"		* "My mind just isn't ''operating'' today"
	* "We've been working on this problem all day and now we're ''running out of steam''"		* "We've been working on this problem all day and now we're ''running out of steam''"

	~~What to write next:~~		In the examples above, the sentences are considered ontological metaphor because those sentences correlates a non-physical object of the human body or experience (mind) as a physical object (machine).
	- ~~The definition~~ of ~~ontological metaphors~~
	~~- The example of ontological metaphors~~

	== Reference ==		== Reference ==

	Lakoff,G., & Johnson,M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago.		Lakoff,G., & Johnson,M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago.

Unknown user: I add the definition and examples of ontological metaphor based on the book "Metaphors We Live By"

2024-06-05T17:02:36Z

I add the definition and examples of ontological metaphor based on the book "Metaphors We Live By"

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 5 June 2024
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	* "She ''won'' the argument."		* "She ''won'' the argument."

	In the examples above, the domain of war (source) provides the framework for understanding arguments (target). Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed that many of the things we ''do'' in arguing are partially structured by the concept of "war". Eventhough there aren't any physical battle but there is a verbal battle and the structure of an argument (attack, defense, counterattack, etc) reflects this.		In the examples above, the domain of war (source) provides the framework for understanding arguments (target). Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed that many of the things we ''do'' in arguing are partially structured by the concept of '''"war"'''. Eventhough there aren't any physical battle but there is a verbal battle and the structure of an argument (attack, defense, counterattack, etc) reflects this.

	Lakoff and Johnson, then categorized conceptual metaphors into three distinct types of metaphors which include structural, orientational, and ontological ~~metaphors~~.		Lakoff and Johnson, then categorized conceptual metaphors into three distinct types of metaphors which include structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor.

	=== Structural Metaphor ===		=== Structural Metaphor ===

	Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor ~~given by~~ Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" is:		Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" is:
	* "You ~~waste~~ my time"		* "You're ''wasting'' my time"
	* "I have no time ~~for~~ you"		* "I don't ''have'' the time to ''give'' you"
	* "You are running out of time"		* "You are ''running out'' of time"
	In the examples above, "time" is conceptualized with an object that is our daily experience. Time is considered a precious thing and has a value, like money. It is also based on the role of culture that supports "time" to be conceptualized as "money" so that the sentence can be succesfully understood. There are cultures that do not use these things to conceptualize time (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).		In the examples above, '''"time"''' is conceptualized with an object that is our daily experience. Time is considered a precious thing and has a value, like money. It is also based on the role of culture that supports '''"time"''' to be conceptualized as '''"money"''' so that the sentence can be succesfully understood. There are cultures that do not use these things to conceptualize time (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).

	=== Orientational Metaphor ===		=== Orientational Metaphor ===
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	* "He's ''climbing'' the ladder"		* "He's ''climbing'' the ladder"
	* "She's at the ''peak'' of her career"		* "She's at the ''peak'' of her career"

			In the examples above, the sentences is considered orientational metaphors because the object represents everyday experiences in human life (social status) that are shaped into correlated spatial concepts.

	=== Ontological Metaphor ===		=== Ontological Metaphor ===
	Ontological metaphor are		Ontological metaphor are metaphors that sees something that has a non-physical trait (abstract) into something that have physical a physical trait (concrete object). The difference between ontological metaphor and structural metaphor is that ontological metaphor is associated with our daily experience towards human body itself that experience how we see an event, feel emotions, thoughts, etc., which are analogized as an entity and substantial (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of ontological metaphor according to Lakoff & Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "MIND IS AN ENTITY" are:
			* "I'm ''a little rusty'' today"
			* "My mind just isn't ''operating'' today"
			* "We've been working on this problem all day and now we're ''running out of steam''"

	What to write next:		What to write next:

Unknown user at 16:40, 5 June 2024

2024-06-05T16:40:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:40, 5 June 2024
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	Lakoff and Johnson, then categorized conceptual metaphors into three distinct types of metaphors which include structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors.		Lakoff and Johnson, then categorized conceptual metaphors into three distinct types of metaphors which include structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors.

	== Structural Metaphor ==		=== Structural Metaphor ===

	Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor given by Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" is:		Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor given by Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" is:
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	In the examples above, "time" is conceptualized with an object that is our daily experience. Time is considered a precious thing and has a value, like money. It is also based on the role of culture that supports "time" to be conceptualized as "money" so that the sentence can be succesfully understood. There are cultures that do not use these things to conceptualize time (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).		In the examples above, "time" is conceptualized with an object that is our daily experience. Time is considered a precious thing and has a value, like money. It is also based on the role of culture that supports "time" to be conceptualized as "money" so that the sentence can be succesfully understood. There are cultures that do not use these things to conceptualize time (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).

	== Orientational Metaphor ==		=== Orientational Metaphor ===
	Orientational metaphor are metaphors that reflects spatial concepts, such as on-off, left-right, up-down, etc. This is because orientational metaphors are related to the physical experience of humans in managing directional orientation in their daily lives (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of orientational metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN" are:		Orientational metaphor are metaphors that reflects spatial concepts, such as on-off, left-right, up-down, etc. This is because orientational metaphors are related to the physical experience of humans in managing directional orientation in their daily lives (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of orientational metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN" are:
	* "She'll ''rise'' to the ''top''"		* "She'll ''rise'' to the ''top''"
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	* "She's at the ''peak'' of her career"		* "She's at the ''peak'' of her career"

	== Ontological Metaphor ==		=== Ontological Metaphor ===
	Ontological metaphor are		Ontological metaphor are

Unknown user: I add the examples of orientational metaphor based on the book "Metaphors We Live By"

2024-06-05T16:40:10Z

I add the examples of orientational metaphor based on the book "Metaphors We Live By"

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:40, 5 June 2024
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	== Orientational Metaphor ==		== Orientational Metaphor ==
	Orientational metaphor are metaphors that reflects spatial concepts, such as left-right, up-down, etc. This is because orientational metaphors are related to the physical experience of humans in managing directional orientation in their daily lives (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of orientational metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN" are:		Orientational metaphor are metaphors that reflects spatial concepts, such as on-off, left-right, up-down, etc. This is because orientational metaphors are related to the physical experience of humans in managing directional orientation in their daily lives (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of orientational metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN" are:
	-		* "She'll ''rise'' to the ''top''"
			* "He's ''climbing'' the ladder"
			* "She's at the ''peak'' of her career"

			== Ontological Metaphor ==
			Ontological metaphor are

	What to write next:		What to write next:
	~~- Some examples of orientational metaphors~~
	- The definition of ontological metaphors		- The definition of ontological metaphors
	- The example of ontological metaphors		- The example of ontological metaphors

Unknown user: /* Orientational Metaphor */

2024-06-05T16:34:33Z

Orientational Metaphor

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 5 June 2024
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	== Orientational Metaphor ==		== Orientational Metaphor ==
	Orientational metaphor are metaphors that reflects spatial concepts, such as left-right, up-down, etc. This is because orientational metaphors are related to the physical experience of humans in managing directional orientation in their daily lives (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of orientational metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson in the concept of "HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN" are:		Orientational metaphor are metaphors that reflects spatial concepts, such as left-right, up-down, etc. This is because orientational metaphors are related to the physical experience of humans in managing directional orientation in their daily lives (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The examples of orientational metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN" are:
			-

	What to write next:		What to write next:

Unknown user: /* Structural Metaphor */

2024-06-05T16:33:20Z

Structural Metaphor

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 5 June 2024
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	== Structural Metaphor ==		== Structural Metaphor ==

	Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor given by Lakoff and Johnson in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" is:		Structural metaphor is a type of metaphor that conceptualizes a more abstract thing into a more concrete concept. Structural metaphors are based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. It assumes that the target domain is based on systemic correlations in our daily life. An example of a structural metaphor given by Lakoff and Johnson on their book ''"Metaphors We Live By"'' in the concept of "TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT" is:
	* "You waste my time"		* "You waste my time"
	* "I have no time for you"		* "I have no time for you"