Interference - Revision history

Volker gast: /* Semantic interference */

2009-10-22T06:57:40Z

Semantic interference

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 22 October 2009
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	Since the German Perfekt (''habe gespielt'') is not used in the same way as the English Present Perfect, it may come to interference at the syntactic level (cf. the learner English-example). Speakers of German apply the Perfekt in similar contexts (here: a narrative use) as the German Imperfekt (~the German equivalent of the Past Tense), whereas this is different with the English Present Perfect and the English Past Tense. Here, reference to definite moments in the past requires the Past Tense.		Since the German Perfekt (''habe gespielt'') is not used in the same way as the English Present Perfect, it may come to interference at the syntactic level (cf. the learner English-example). Speakers of German apply the Perfekt in similar contexts (here: a narrative use) as the German Imperfekt (~the German equivalent of the Past Tense), whereas this is different with the English Present Perfect and the English Past Tense. Here, reference to definite moments in the past requires the Past Tense.

	====~~Semantic~~ interference====		====Lexical interference====
	Transfer from English to German: cf. {{cite web \|url=http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/med-magazine/August2007/46-ArabictoEngl.htm#3 \|title=Bennoudi, Hanan. 2007. Lost in Translation: From Arabic to English and back again. ''MED Magazine'' 46.}}		Transfer from English to German: cf. {{cite web \|url=http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/med-magazine/August2007/46-ArabictoEngl.htm#3 \|title=Bennoudi, Hanan. 2007. Lost in Translation: From Arabic to English and back again. ''MED Magazine'' 46.}}

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	Correct German: ''Er schrieb den Buchstaben an die Tafel''.		Correct German: ''Er schrieb den Buchstaben an die Tafel''.

	In English, ''letter'' carries various meanings. This example illustrates especially the following ones: i) the ''letter'' that one can mail by post and ii) the ''letter'' as an element of the alphabet. Since each of the two meanings has its particular counterpart in German, interference at a ~~semantic~~ level could arise. Therefore, a strict word-by-word translation (i.e. with the help of a dictionary) could result in the incorrect choice of ''Brief'' although the context of the English ''letter'' implied the German ''Buchstabe''.		In English, ''letter'' carries various meanings. This example illustrates especially the following ones: i) the ''letter'' that one can mail by post and ii) the ''letter'' as an element of the alphabet. Since each of the two meanings has its particular counterpart in German, interference at a lexical level could arise. Therefore, a strict word-by-word translation (i.e. with the help of a dictionary) could result in the incorrect choice of ''Brief'' although the context of the English ''letter'' implied the German ''Buchstabe''.

	===Polysemy===		===Polysemy===

Volker gast: /* Syntactic interference */

2009-10-22T06:56:56Z

Syntactic interference

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:56, 22 October 2009
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	Correct Received Pronunciation: ''I played ball yesterday''.		Correct Received Pronunciation: ''I played ball yesterday''.

	Since the German Perfekt (''habe gespielt'') is not used in the same way as the English Present Perfect, it may come to interference at the syntactic level (cf. the learner English-example). Speakers of German apply the Perfekt in similar contexts (here: a narrative use) as the German Imperfekt (~the German equivalent of the Past Tense), whereas this is different with the English Present Perfect and the English Past Tense. Here, ~~references~~ to definite moments in the past ~~require~~ the Past Tense.		Since the German Perfekt (''habe gespielt'') is not used in the same way as the English Present Perfect, it may come to interference at the syntactic level (cf. the learner English-example). Speakers of German apply the Perfekt in similar contexts (here: a narrative use) as the German Imperfekt (~the German equivalent of the Past Tense), whereas this is different with the English Present Perfect and the English Past Tense. Here, reference to definite moments in the past requires the Past Tense.

	====Semantic interference====		====Semantic interference====

Volker gast: /* Phonological interference */

2009-10-22T06:56:16Z

Phonological interference

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:56, 22 October 2009
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	Correct R.P.: Finger ({{IPA\|/ˈfɪŋgə/}})		Correct R.P.: Finger ({{IPA\|/ˈfɪŋgə/}})

	Words including the combination “''ng''” may be pronounced incorrectly in English, since they are realized as {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}in Dutch. In that case, the {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}pronounced by a native speaker of Dutch would be transferred to the learner language English, where {{IPA\|[ŋɡ]}}would be the correct pronunciation. Therefore, the realization of “''ng''” as ({{IPA\|[ŋ]}})in the native language would interfere with the pronunciation of the learner language, e.g. the “''ng''”-combination in ''Finger'': Dutch: {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}vs. Received Pronunciation: {{IPA\|[ŋɡ]}}.		Words including the combination “''ng''” may be pronounced incorrectly in English, since they are realized as {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}in Dutch. In that case, the {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}pronounced by a native speaker of Dutch would be transferred to the learner language English, where {{IPA\|[ŋɡ]}}would be the correct pronunciation. Therefore, the realization of “''ng''” as {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}in the native language would interfere with the pronunciation of the learner language, e.g. the “''ng''”-combination in ''Finger'': Dutch: {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}vs. Received Pronunciation: {{IPA\|[ŋɡ]}}.

	====Syntactic interference====		====Syntactic interference====

Volker gast at 20:27, 21 October 2009

2009-10-21T20:27:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:27, 21 October 2009
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	The influence of one language on another in the speech of bilinguals is relevant both to the field of [[second language acquisition]] (where the interference from the learner's [[native language]] is studied) and to the field of [[historical linguistics]] (where the effects of interference on language change are studied).		The influence of one language on another in the speech of bilinguals is relevant both to the field of [[second language acquisition]] (where the interference from the learner's [[native language]] is studied) and to the field of [[historical linguistics]] (where the effects of interference on language change are studied).

	In the context of [[second language acquisition]], interference may lead to either [[negative transfer]] (transfer which results in non-target-like use of L2) or [[positive transfer]] (transfer resulting in target-like use of L2) (cf. Ellis, Rod. 1998. ''Second Language Acquisition''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 51, p. 140). ~~‘’’Interference’’’~~ is mostly (and sometimes exclusively) used for instances of [[negative transfer]], and the two terms are often regarded as synonyms (cf. Ellis, Rod. 1997. ''The Study of Second Language Acquisition''. 5th, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, p. 302). Recently, many researchers investigating [[second language acquisition]] have observed that '''interference''' carries a negative connotation and have therefore increasingly tended to avoid it, preferring the term [[transfer]] instead.		In the context of [[second language acquisition]], interference may lead to either [[negative transfer]] (transfer which results in non-target-like use of L2) or [[positive transfer]] (transfer resulting in target-like use of L2) (cf. Ellis, Rod. 1998. ''Second Language Acquisition''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 51, p. 140). '''Interference''' is mostly (and sometimes exclusively) used for instances of [[negative transfer]], and the two terms are often regarded as synonyms (cf. Ellis, Rod. 1997. ''The Study of Second Language Acquisition''. 5th, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, p. 302). Recently, many researchers investigating [[second language acquisition]] have observed that '''interference''' carries a negative connotation and have therefore increasingly tended to avoid it, preferring the term [[transfer]] instead.

	Historical linguists have generally focused on languages rather than speakers, and have used the term ''interference'' in a different, historical sense. However, since the term [[contact-induced change]] has now widely established itself, '''interference''' is no longer common in historical linguistics.		Historical linguists have generally focused on languages rather than speakers, and have used the term ''interference'' in a different, historical sense. However, since the term [[contact-induced change]] has now widely established itself, '''interference''' is no longer common in historical linguistics.

Volker gast at 20:02, 21 October 2009

2009-10-21T20:02:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 21 October 2009
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	The influence of one language on another in the speech of bilinguals is relevant both to the field of [[second language acquisition]] (where the interference from the learner's [[native language]] is studied) and to the field of [[historical linguistics]] (where the effects of interference on language change are studied).		The influence of one language on another in the speech of bilinguals is relevant both to the field of [[second language acquisition]] (where the interference from the learner's [[native language]] is studied) and to the field of [[historical linguistics]] (where the effects of interference on language change are studied).

	In the context of [[second language acquisition]], interference may lead to either [[negative transfer]] (transfer which results in non-target-like use of L2) or [[positive transfer]] (transfer resulting in target-like use of L2). ‘’’Interference’’’ is mostly (and sometimes exclusively) used for instances of [[negative transfer]], and the two terms are often regarded as synonyms. Recently, many researchers investigating [[second language acquisition]] have observed that '''interference''' carries a negative connotation and have therefore increasingly tended to avoid it, preferring the term [[transfer]] instead.		In the context of [[second language acquisition]], interference may lead to either [[negative transfer]] (transfer which results in non-target-like use of L2) or [[positive transfer]] (transfer resulting in target-like use of L2) (cf. Ellis, Rod. 1998. ''Second Language Acquisition''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 51, p. 140). ‘’’Interference’’’ is mostly (and sometimes exclusively) used for instances of [[negative transfer]], and the two terms are often regarded as synonyms (cf. Ellis, Rod. 1997. ''The Study of Second Language Acquisition''. 5th, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, p. 302). Recently, many researchers investigating [[second language acquisition]] have observed that '''interference''' carries a negative connotation and have therefore increasingly tended to avoid it, preferring the term [[transfer]] instead.

	Historical linguists have generally focused on languages rather than speakers, and have used the term ''interference'' in a different, historical sense. However, since the term [[contact-induced change]] has now widely established itself, '''interference''' is no longer common in historical linguistics.		Historical linguists have generally focused on languages rather than speakers, and have used the term ''interference'' in a different, historical sense. However, since the term [[contact-induced change]] has now widely established itself, '''interference''' is no longer common in historical linguistics.
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	====Phonological interference====		====Phonological interference====
	Phonological interference is a common type of interference, its most prominent manifestation being a “foreign accent”.		Phonological interference is a common type of interference, its most prominent manifestation being a “foreign accent”.

			Transfer from Dutch to English (Received Pronunciation): (cf. Swan, Michael and Smith, Bernard. 1988. ''Learner English – A Teacher’s Guide to Interference and Other Problems''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 4).

			Dutch: Vinger ({{IPA\|/ˈv̥ɪŋəʀ/}})

			Incorrect learner English: Finger (*{{IPA\|/ˈfɪŋə/}})

			Correct R.P.: Finger ({{IPA\|/ˈfɪŋgə/}})

			Words including the combination “''ng''” may be pronounced incorrectly in English, since they are realized as {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}in Dutch. In that case, the {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}pronounced by a native speaker of Dutch would be transferred to the learner language English, where {{IPA\|[ŋɡ]}}would be the correct pronunciation. Therefore, the realization of “''ng''” as ({{IPA\|[ŋ]}})in the native language would interfere with the pronunciation of the learner language, e.g. the “''ng''”-combination in ''Finger'': Dutch: {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}vs. Received Pronunciation: {{IPA\|[ŋɡ]}}.

			====Syntactic interference====

			Transfer from German to English (Received Pronunciation) (cf. König, Ekkehard and Gast, Volker. 2009. ''Understanding English-German Contrasts''. 2., neu bearbeitete Auflage. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, pp. 86f, p. 91 or {{cite web \|url=http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2007/3054/ \|title=Rothstein, Björn Michael. 2007. ''The Perfect Time Span: On the Present Perfect in German, Swedish and English''.}}):

			German: ''Gestern habe ich Ball gespielt''.

			Incorrect Learner English: *''I have played ball yesterday''.

			Correct Received Pronunciation: ''I played ball yesterday''.

			Since the German Perfekt (''habe gespielt'') is not used in the same way as the English Present Perfect, it may come to interference at the syntactic level (cf. the learner English-example). Speakers of German apply the Perfekt in similar contexts (here: a narrative use) as the German Imperfekt (~the German equivalent of the Past Tense), whereas this is different with the English Present Perfect and the English Past Tense. Here, references to definite moments in the past require the Past Tense.

			====Semantic interference====
			Transfer from English to German: cf. {{cite web \|url=http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/med-magazine/August2007/46-ArabictoEngl.htm#3 \|title=Bennoudi, Hanan. 2007. Lost in Translation: From Arabic to English and back again. ''MED Magazine'' 46.}}

			English: ''He wrote the letter on the blackboard''.

			Incorrect Learner German: ''Er schrieb den *Brief an die Tafel''.

			Correct German: ''Er schrieb den Buchstaben an die Tafel''.

			In English, ''letter'' carries various meanings. This example illustrates especially the following ones: i) the ''letter'' that one can mail by post and ii) the ''letter'' as an element of the alphabet. Since each of the two meanings has its particular counterpart in German, interference at a semantic level could arise. Therefore, a strict word-by-word translation (i.e. with the help of a dictionary) could result in the incorrect choice of ''Brief'' although the context of the English ''letter'' implied the German ''Buchstabe''.

	===Polysemy===		===Polysemy===
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	The term became well-known through Weinreich's influential (1953) book ''Languages in contact''. Weinreich used the term in both senses (interference in speech and interference in language change).		The term became well-known through Weinreich's influential (1953) book ''Languages in contact''. Weinreich used the term in both senses (interference in speech and interference in language change).

	Since its introduction into linguistics by Uriel Weinreich in 1953, the term '''interference''' has undergone some changes. Weinreich used the term to refer to any type of pattern transfer (from L1 to L2 and from L2 to L1). in specific fields of [[second language acquisition]], the term came to be used in a narrower sense, i.e. (i) only for transfer from La to L2 and (ii) only for [[negative transfer]].		Since its introduction (cf. {{cite web \|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=7kVF-RVuKH4C&pg=RA1-PA802&lpg=RA1-PA802&dq=%22interference+introduced+by+weinreich%22&source=bl&ots=87VJ7xCRr7&sig=ssm9nvbs_CMv2Niy2VOgR7CXSX4&hl=de&ei=6BqqSv3uNsmO_AbC-dG0Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false \|title= Ammon, Ulrich, Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. 2004. ''Sociolinguistics – An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society''. 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 800ff.}}) into linguistics by Uriel Weinreich in 1953, the term '''interference''' has undergone some changes (cf. Ringbom, Håkan. 2007. ''Cross-Linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning''. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 32f). Weinreich used the term to refer to any type of pattern transfer (from L1 to L2 and from L2 to L1) (cf. Nemser, William. 1991. Language Contact and Foreign Language Acquisition. In: Ivir, Vladimir. 1991. ''Languages in Contact and Contrast: Essays in Contact Linguistics''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 346). Cf. Odlin, Terence. 1989. ''Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 12, p. 24. In specific fields of [[second language acquisition]], the term came to be used in a narrower sense, i.e. (i) only for transfer from L1 to L2 and (ii) only for [[negative transfer]].

	===References===		===References===
	*Ammon, Ulrich, Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. 2004. [http://books.google.de/books?id=7kVF-RVuKH4C&pg=RA1-PA802&lpg=RA1-PA802&dq=%22interference+introduced+by+weinreich%22&source=bl&ots=87VJ7xCRr7&sig=ssm9nvbs_CMv2Niy2VOgR7CXSX4&hl=de&ei=6BqqSv3uNsmO_AbC-dG0Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Sociolinguistics – An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society'']. 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.		*Ammon, Ulrich, Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. 2004. [http://books.google.de/books?id=7kVF-RVuKH4C&pg=RA1-PA802&lpg=RA1-PA802&dq=%22interference+introduced+by+weinreich%22&source=bl&ots=87VJ7xCRr7&sig=ssm9nvbs_CMv2Niy2VOgR7CXSX4&hl=de&ei=6BqqSv3uNsmO_AbC-dG0Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Sociolinguistics – An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society'']. 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
			*Bennoudi, Hanan. 2007. [http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/med-magazine/August2007/46-ArabictoEngl.htm#3 Lost in Translation: From Arabic to English and back again]. ''MED Magazine'' 46.
	*Ellis, Rod. 1986. ''Understanding Second Language Acquisition''. 2nd, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.		*Ellis, Rod. 1986. ''Understanding Second Language Acquisition''. 2nd, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
	*Ellis, Rod. 1997. ''The Study of Second Language Acquisition''. 5th, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.		*Ellis, Rod. 1997. ''The Study of Second Language Acquisition''. 5th, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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	*Jarvis, Scott and Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. ''Crosslinguistic Influence in Language and Cognition''. New York: Routledge.		*Jarvis, Scott and Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. ''Crosslinguistic Influence in Language and Cognition''. New York: Routledge.
	*Kerr, J. 1988. [http://www.iier.org.au/qjer/qr4/kerr.html A study of the identification of instances of language transfer and interference in samples of writing and speech]. ''Queensland Researcher'' 4(1). 4-22.		*Kerr, J. 1988. [http://www.iier.org.au/qjer/qr4/kerr.html A study of the identification of instances of language transfer and interference in samples of writing and speech]. ''Queensland Researcher'' 4(1). 4-22.
			* König, Ekkehard and Gast, Volker. 2009. Understanding English-German Contrasts. 2., neu bearbeitete Auflage. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
	*Nemser, William. 1991. Language Contact and Foreign Language Acquisition. In: Ivir, Vladimir. 1991. ''Languages in Contact and Contrast: Essays in Contact Linguistics''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 345-364.		*Nemser, William. 1991. Language Contact and Foreign Language Acquisition. In: Ivir, Vladimir. 1991. ''Languages in Contact and Contrast: Essays in Contact Linguistics''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 345-364.
	*Odlin, Terence. 1989. ''Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.		*Odlin, Terence. 1989. ''Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
	*Ringbom, Håkan. 2007. ''Cross-Linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning''. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.		*Ringbom, Håkan. 2007. ''Cross-Linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning''. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
	*Ritchie, William C. 1996. ''Handbook of Second Language Acquisition''. San Diego: Academic Press.		*Ritchie, William C. 1996. ''Handbook of Second Language Acquisition''. San Diego: Academic Press.
			*Rothstein, Björn Michael. 2007. [http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2007/3054/ ''The Perfect Time Span: On the Present Perfect in German, Swedish and English''].
	*Saville-Troike, Muriel. 2006. ''Introducing Second Language Acquisition''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.		*Saville-Troike, Muriel. 2006. ''Introducing Second Language Acquisition''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
	*Schröder, Ulrike. 2007. [http://www.revistamatices.unal.edu.co/pdfs/Zweitspracherwerb_Tendenzen__Ulrike_S.pdf ''Holistische und integrative Tendenzen in der Zweitspracherwerbsforschung''].		*Schröder, Ulrike. 2007. [http://www.revistamatices.unal.edu.co/pdfs/Zweitspracherwerb_Tendenzen__Ulrike_S.pdf ''Holistische und integrative Tendenzen in der Zweitspracherwerbsforschung''].
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	*Wendt, Michael. 1993. ''Die drei Dimensionen der Lernersprache''. Tübingen: Narr.		*Wendt, Michael. 1993. ''Die drei Dimensionen der Lernersprache''. Tübingen: Narr.

	===~~other~~ languages===
			===Other languages===
	German [[Interferenz]]		German [[Interferenz]]

	[[Category:En]]		[[Category:En]]
	[[Category:Bilingualism]]		[[Category:Bilingualism]]

Volker gast at 12:59, 12 October 2009

2009-10-12T12:59:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:59, 12 October 2009
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	The term became well-known through Weinreich's influential (1953) book ''Languages in contact''. Weinreich used the term in both senses (interference in speech and interference in language change).		The term became well-known through Weinreich's influential (1953) book ''Languages in contact''. Weinreich used the term in both senses (interference in speech and interference in language change).

	===~~Reference~~===		Since its introduction into linguistics by Uriel Weinreich in 1953, the term '''interference''' has undergone some changes. Weinreich used the term to refer to any type of pattern transfer (from L1 to L2 and from L2 to L1). in specific fields of [[second language acquisition]], the term came to be used in a narrower sense, i.e. (i) only for transfer from La to L2 and (ii) only for [[negative transfer]].

			===References===
	*Ammon, Ulrich, Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. 2004. [http://books.google.de/books?id=7kVF-RVuKH4C&pg=RA1-PA802&lpg=RA1-PA802&dq=%22interference+introduced+by+weinreich%22&source=bl&ots=87VJ7xCRr7&sig=ssm9nvbs_CMv2Niy2VOgR7CXSX4&hl=de&ei=6BqqSv3uNsmO_AbC-dG0Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Sociolinguistics – An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society'']. 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.		*Ammon, Ulrich, Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. 2004. [http://books.google.de/books?id=7kVF-RVuKH4C&pg=RA1-PA802&lpg=RA1-PA802&dq=%22interference+introduced+by+weinreich%22&source=bl&ots=87VJ7xCRr7&sig=ssm9nvbs_CMv2Niy2VOgR7CXSX4&hl=de&ei=6BqqSv3uNsmO_AbC-dG0Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Sociolinguistics – An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society'']. 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
	*Ellis, Rod. 1986. ''Understanding Second Language Acquisition''. 2nd, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.		*Ellis, Rod. 1986. ''Understanding Second Language Acquisition''. 2nd, improved edition. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Volker gast at 12:56, 12 October 2009

2009-10-12T12:56:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:56, 12 October 2009
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	There is a verb that is derivationally related to the noun '''interference''', i.e. (''to'') ''interfere'' (e.g. "The phonology of the speaker's native language interferes with the use of the second language").		There is a verb that is derivationally related to the noun '''interference''', i.e. (''to'') ''interfere'' (e.g. "The phonology of the speaker's native language interferes with the use of the second language").

			===Examples===
			====Phonological interference====
			Phonological interference is a common type of interference, its most prominent manifestation being a “foreign accent”.

	===Polysemy===		===Polysemy===

Volker gast at 12:53, 12 October 2009

2009-10-12T12:53:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:53, 12 October 2009
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	~~The~~ term '''interference''' ~~is sometimes used to refer~~ to the influence of one language on another ~~one~~ in the speech of [[bilingual]]s who ~~know~~ both languages.		===Definition===
			In research on [[second language acquisition]] and [[language contact]], the term '''interference''' refers to the influence of one language (or variety) on another in the speech of [[bilingual]]s who use both languages.

	::*''"Those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as a result of their familiarity with more than one language, i.e. as a result of language contact, will be referred to as INTERFERENCE phenomena."'' (Weinreich 1953:1)		:''"Those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as a result of their familiarity with more than one language, i.e. as a result of language contact, will be referred to as INTERFERENCE phenomena."'' (Weinreich 1953:1)

	~~===Grammar===~~		Interference can take place at all levels of the linguistic system, i.e. in [[phonology]], [[morphology]], [[syntax]], [[semantics]], [[pragmatics]], and the [[lexicon]].
	~~The verb ''to interfere''~~ can ~~also be used~~ in ~~this sense ("The~~ phonology of the ~~speaker's native language interferes with the use of the second language.")~~.

	===Comments===		===Comments===
	The influence of one language on another in the speech of bilinguals is relevant both to the field of [[second language acquisition]] (where the interference from the learner's [[native language]] is studied) and to the field of [[historical linguistics]] (where the effects of interference on language change are studied).		The influence of one language on another in the speech of bilinguals is relevant both to the field of [[second language acquisition]] (where the interference from the learner's [[native language]] is studied) and to the field of [[historical linguistics]] (where the effects of interference on language change are studied).

	~~Second~~ language ~~aquisition~~ researchers have ~~often~~ observed ~~the negative connotations of the term~~ ''interference'', and have ~~in recent decades~~ tended to avoid it, preferring the term [[transfer]].		In the context of [[second language acquisition]], interference may lead to either [[negative transfer]] (transfer which results in non-target-like use of L2) or [[positive transfer]] (transfer resulting in target-like use of L2). ‘’’Interference’’’ is mostly (and sometimes exclusively) used for instances of [[negative transfer]], and the two terms are often regarded as synonyms. Recently, many researchers investigating [[second language acquisition]] have observed that '''interference''' carries a negative connotation and have therefore increasingly tended to avoid it, preferring the term [[transfer]] instead.

	Historical linguists have generally focused on languages rather than speakers, and have ~~tended to use~~ the term ''interference'' in a different, historical sense. However, since the term [[contact-induced change]] is now ~~more common for this sense~~, ''interference'' is ~~not~~ common in historical linguistics ~~anymore either~~.		Historical linguists have generally focused on languages rather than speakers, and have used the term ''interference'' in a different, historical sense. However, since the term [[contact-induced change]] has now widely established itself, '''interference''' is no longer common in historical linguistics.

			There is a verb that is derivationally related to the noun '''interference''', i.e. (''to'') ''interfere'' (e.g. "The phonology of the speaker's native language interferes with the use of the second language").

	===Polysemy===		===Polysemy===

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 ===Reference===
 *Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. ''Languages in contact.'' New York.
 ===other languages===

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	*Ammon, Ulrich, Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. 2004. [http://books.google.de/books?id=7kVF-RVuKH4C&pg=RA1-PA802&lpg=RA1-PA802&dq=%22interference+introduced+by+weinreich%22&source=bl&ots=87VJ7xCRr7&sig=ssm9nvbs_CMv2Niy2VOgR7CXSX4&hl=de&ei=6BqqSv3uNsmO_AbC-dG0Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''~~Sociolinguistics – An International Handbook~~ of the ~~Science~~ of ~~Language and Society''~~]. ~~2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Berlin~~: ~~Mouton de Gruyter.~~		The term '''interference''' is sometimes used to refer to the influence of one language on another one in the speech of [[bilingual]]s who know both languages.
	*~~Ellis, Rod. 1986.~~ ''~~Understanding Second Language Acquisition''. 2nd~~, ~~improved edition~~. ~~Oxford: Oxford Univ~~. ~~Press.~~
	*Ellis, ~~Rod. 1997~~. ''~~The Study of Second Language Acquisition''. 5th, improved edition. Oxford~~: ~~Oxford Univ. Press.~~		::*''"Those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as a result of their familiarity with more than one language, i.e. as a result of language contact, will be referred to as INTERFERENCE phenomena."'' (Weinreich 1953:1)
	*Ellis, Rod. 1998. ''~~Second Language Acquisition''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.~~
	*Jarvis, Scott and Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. ''~~Crosslinguistic Influence~~ in ~~Language and Cognition'~~'. ~~New York: Routledge~~.		===Grammar===
	*Kerr, J. 1988. [http://www.iier.org.au/qjer/qr4/kerr.html A study of the ~~identification~~ of ~~instances~~ of language ~~transfer~~ and ~~interference in samples~~ of ~~writing and speech~~]. ''~~Queensland Researcher~~'' ~~4(1). 4-22.~~		The verb ''to interfere'' can also be used in this sense ("The phonology of the speaker's native language interferes with the use of the second language.").
	*Nemser, William. 1991. Language Contact and Foreign Language Acquisition. In: Ivir, ~~Vladimir. 1991. ''Languages in Contact~~ and ~~Contrast: Essays~~ in ~~Contact Linguistics''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter~~, ~~345-364~~.
	*Odlin, ~~Terence. 1989.~~ ''~~Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning~~''. ~~Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.~~		===Comments===
	*Ringbom, ~~Håkan. 2007. ''Cross~~-~~Linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning''. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.~~		The influence of one language on another in the speech of bilinguals is relevant both to the field of [[second language acquisition]] (where the interference from the learner's [[native language]] is studied) and to the field of [[historical linguistics]] (where the effects of interference on language change are studied).
	*Ritchie, ~~William C. 1996.~~ ''~~Handbook of Second Language Acquisition~~''. ~~San Diego: Academic Press.~~
	*Saville-Troike, Muriel. 2006. ''~~Introducing Second Language Acquisition~~''~~. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.~~		Second language aquisition researchers have often observed the negative connotations of the term ''interference'', and have in recent decades tended to avoid it, preferring the term [[transfer]].
	*Schröder, Ulrike. 2007. [http://www.revistamatices.unal.edu.co/pdfs/Zweitspracherwerb_Tendenzen__Ulrike_S.pdf ''Holistische und integrative Tendenzen in ~~der Zweitspracherwerbsforschung''].~~
	*Sharwood Smith, ~~Michael. 1996. Crosslinguistic Influence with Special Reference~~ to the ~~Acquisition~~ of ~~Grammar~~. ~~In: Jordens, Peter~~. ~~1996~~. ~~''Investigating Second Language Acquisition''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter~~, ~~71-86~~.		Historical linguists have generally focused on languages rather than speakers, and have tended to use the term ''interference'' in a different, historical sense. However, since the term [[contact-induced change]] is now more common for this sense, ''interference'' is not common in historical linguistics anymore either.
	*Swan, Michael and Smith, Bernard. 1988. ''~~Learner English – A Teacher’s Guide to Interference and Other Problems~~''. ~~Cambridge: Cambridge University Press~~.
			===Polysemy===
			''Interference'' can refer to the influence on one language on another in speech (as in second language acquisition research), or to the influence of one language on another in language change (as in historical linguistic research) (see [[interference (i.e. contact-induced change)]]). In some contexts, the term may be used in a vague sense that is neutral between the two readings.

			===Origin===
			The term became well-known through Weinreich's influential (1953) book ''Languages in contact''. Weinreich used the term in both senses (interference in speech and interference in language change).

			===Reference===
	*Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. ''Languages in contact.'' New York.		*Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. ''Languages in contact.'' New York.
	*Wendt, Michael. 1993. ''Die drei Dimensionen der Lernersprache''. Tübingen: Narr.


	===other languages===		===other languages===