Difference between revisions of "Maxim of manner"
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* M-Principle | * M-Principle | ||
| − | === | + | ===Links=== |
| − | [http://www2.let.uu.nl/Uil-OTS/Lexicon/ Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics] | + | * [http://www2.let.uu.nl/Uil-OTS/Lexicon/ Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics] |
| + | * Brown.edu Grice’s Conversational Maxims. 26 Jul 2009 <http://www.cog.brown.edu/courses/cg45/lecture%20slides/Gricean%20Maxims.pdf> | ||
| + | * [http://books.google.de/books?id=LSJbj_GQBcoC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=maxim+of+manner+horn&source=bl&ots=wBmVtbukZu&sig=Jg2R5iqZd03BnspEw4yxLp9YduY&hl=de&ei=LwDCSs_5LseG4Qbl_5WLCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6#v=onepage&q=maxim%20of%20manner%20horn&f=false books.Google.de Horn - Maxim of Manner. Semantics and Pragmatics: Meaning in Language and Discourse. 29 Sept 2009] | ||
| + | * [http://books.google.de/books?id=lW36ropcz9wC&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=levinson+2000+Q,+I+M+principle&source=bl&ots=LHnUY1CQGw&sig=ldNNT5xlwPMRiaFRUIyxIh7FWTY&hl=de&ei=vwbCSq2XAZSw4QatsZSLCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=levinson%202000%20Q%2C%20I%20M%20principle&f=false books.Google.de Levinson 2000 - Q,I,M Principle. Zitat und Bedeutung. 29 Sept 2009] | ||
| + | |||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
| − | * Atlas, J. and S. Levinson (1981) It-clefts, informativeness, and logical form, In: P. Cole ed., Radical Pragmatics, 1-61, New York: Academic Press | + | * Atlas, J. and S. Levinson (1981) It-clefts, informativeness, and logical form, In: P. Cole ed., Radical Pragmatics, 1-61, New York: Academic Press. |
* Horn, Lawrence. (1984) Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference: Q-based and R-based implicature, In: D. Schiffrin ed., Meaning, Form and Use in Context (GURT '84), 11-42, Washington: Georgetown University Press. | * Horn, Lawrence. (1984) Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference: Q-based and R-based implicature, In: D. Schiffrin ed., Meaning, Form and Use in Context (GURT '84), 11-42, Washington: Georgetown University Press. | ||
| − | * Levinson, S. 2000. ''Presumptive Meanings | + | * Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In: P. Cole and J.L. Morgan (eds.), ''Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts'', 41-58. New York: Academic Press. |
| + | * Leech, G. (1983/1995). ''Principle of Pragmatics''. 9th edition. London: Longman. | ||
| + | * Levinson, S. (2000). ''Presumptive Meanings – The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature''. Cambridge: MIT Press. | ||
* Sperber, D. and D. Wilson (1986) ''Relevance: Communication and Cognition'', Oxford: Blackwell. | * Sperber, D. and D. Wilson (1986) ''Relevance: Communication and Cognition'', Oxford: Blackwell. | ||
| − | + | ||
{{dc}} | {{dc}} | ||
[[Category:Semantics]] | [[Category:Semantics]] | ||
[[Category:Pragmatics]] | [[Category:Pragmatics]] | ||
Revision as of 18:41, 4 February 2010
The maxim of manner is one of the Gricean conversational maxims which constitute the Cooperative Principle. It makes the following requirements:
- ‘Be perspicuous’
- Avoid obscurity of expression.
- Avoid ambiguity.
- Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
- Be orderly.
The maxim of manner thus relates "not [...] to what is said but, rather, to HOW what is said to be said [...]" (Grice 1975: 46).
An elaboration of the Gricean maxim of manner was proposed by Leech (1983: 100), who distinguishes two kinds of clarity: "One kind consists in making unambiguous use of syntax and phonology of the language in order to construct a clear text. Another type [...] consists in framing a clear message, ie a message which is perspicuous or intelligible in the sense of conveying the intended illocutionary goal to the addressee."
Examples
- A: I hear you went to the opera last night; how was the lead singer?
- B: The singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of an aria from 'Rigoletto'. (Levinson 1983: ***)
B flouts the maxim of manner, as the sentence is unnecessarily prolix.
See also
- M-Principle
Links
- Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics
- Brown.edu Grice’s Conversational Maxims. 26 Jul 2009 <http://www.cog.brown.edu/courses/cg45/lecture%20slides/Gricean%20Maxims.pdf>
- books.Google.de Horn - Maxim of Manner. Semantics and Pragmatics: Meaning in Language and Discourse. 29 Sept 2009
- books.Google.de Levinson 2000 - Q,I,M Principle. Zitat und Bedeutung. 29 Sept 2009
References
- Atlas, J. and S. Levinson (1981) It-clefts, informativeness, and logical form, In: P. Cole ed., Radical Pragmatics, 1-61, New York: Academic Press.
- Horn, Lawrence. (1984) Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference: Q-based and R-based implicature, In: D. Schiffrin ed., Meaning, Form and Use in Context (GURT '84), 11-42, Washington: Georgetown University Press.
- Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In: P. Cole and J.L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.
- Leech, G. (1983/1995). Principle of Pragmatics. 9th edition. London: Longman.
- Levinson, S. (2000). Presumptive Meanings – The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Sperber, D. and D. Wilson (1986) Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Oxford: Blackwell.
