Difference between revisions of "Particle"

From Glottopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(New page: '''Particle''' is a general term for a type words that are not major parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives) and are not inflected. ===Comments=== *"In nearly all gr...)
 
m (+ utrecht)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
'''Particle''' is a general term for a type words that are not major [[part of speech|parts of speech]] (nouns, verbs, adjectives) and are not inflected.
+
'''Particle''' is a general term for a type words that are not major [[part of speech|parts of speech]] ([[noun]]s, [[verb]]s, [[adjective]]s) and are not [[inflection|inflected]].
 +
 
 +
The term is also used to refer to an element, often a preposition, which combines with an existing verb to form what looks like a [[complex verb]]. Verb-particle combinations are quite common in [[German]], [[Dutch]], [[Polish]].
 +
 
  
 
===Comments===
 
===Comments===
−
*"In nearly all grammars adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections are treated bas four distinct "parts of speech," the difference between them being thus put on a par with that between substantives, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. But in this way the dissimilarities between these words are grossly exaggerated, and their evident similarities correspondingly obscured, and I therefore propose to revert to the old terminology by which these four classes are treated as one called "particles." " (Jespersen 1924:87)
+
:"In nearly all grammars [[adverb]]s, [[preposition]]s, [[conjunction]]s and [[interjection]]s are treated as four distinct "parts of speech," the difference between them being thus put on a par with that between substantives, adjectives, [[pronoun]]s, and verbs. But in this way the dissimilarities between these words are grossly exaggerated, and their evident similarities correspondingly obscured, and I therefore propose to revert to the old terminology by which these four classes are treated as one called "particles." " (Jespersen 1924:87)
 +
 
 +
=== Example ===
 +
 
 +
the Dutch particle ''uit'', which is also a preposition, combines with the verb ''lachen'' in (i).
 +
 
 +
(i)  Ik hoorde dat Jan zijn moeder uitlachte
 +
      I heard that Jan his mother out-laughed
 +
      'I heard that Jan laughed at his mother'
 +
 
 +
Although the particle ''uit'' seems to be a morphological part of the verb in (i), it is not in (ii).
 +
 
 +
(ii) Jan lachte zijn moeder uit
 +
 
 +
In this example the verb ''lachte'' is preposed under [[Verb Second]], and the particle ''uit'' is left behind.
 +
 
 +
=== Links ===
 +
 
 +
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Particle&lemmacode=382 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
 +
 
 +
=== References ===
  
−
===References===
+
* Haegeman, L. 1991. ''Introduction to Government and Binding Theory,'' Oxford, Blackwell.
 
*[[Otto Jespersen|Jespersen, Otto]]. 1924. ''The philosophy of grammar.'' London: Allen & Unwin.
 
*[[Otto Jespersen|Jespersen, Otto]]. 1924. ''The philosophy of grammar.'' London: Allen & Unwin.
 +
* Kipka, P. 1990. ''Slavic aspect,'' MITWPL.
 +
* Koster, J. 1975. ''Dutch as an SOV language,'' Linguistic Analysis 1, .
 
*[[Arnold M. Zwicky|Zwicky, Arnold M.]] 1985. "Clitics and particles." ''Language'' 61:283-305.
 
*[[Arnold M. Zwicky|Zwicky, Arnold M.]] 1985. "Clitics and particles." ''Language'' 61:283-305.
  
 
{{dc}}
 
{{dc}}
 
[[Category:Part of speech]]
 
[[Category:Part of speech]]
 +
{{cats}}

Revision as of 11:58, 19 February 2009

Particle is a general term for a type words that are not major parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives) and are not inflected.

The term is also used to refer to an element, often a preposition, which combines with an existing verb to form what looks like a complex verb. Verb-particle combinations are quite common in German, Dutch, Polish.


Comments

"In nearly all grammars adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections are treated as four distinct "parts of speech," the difference between them being thus put on a par with that between substantives, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. But in this way the dissimilarities between these words are grossly exaggerated, and their evident similarities correspondingly obscured, and I therefore propose to revert to the old terminology by which these four classes are treated as one called "particles." " (Jespersen 1924:87)

Example

the Dutch particle uit, which is also a preposition, combines with the verb lachen in (i). 

(i)  Ik hoorde dat Jan zijn moeder uitlachte
     I heard that Jan his mother out-laughed
     'I heard that Jan laughed at his mother'

Although the particle uit seems to be a morphological part of the verb in (i), it is not in (ii). 

(ii) Jan lachte zijn moeder uit

In this example the verb lachte is preposed under Verb Second, and the particle uit is left behind.

Links

Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics

References

  • Haegeman, L. 1991. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory, Oxford, Blackwell.
  • Jespersen, Otto. 1924. The philosophy of grammar. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Kipka, P. 1990. Slavic aspect, MITWPL.
  • Koster, J. 1975. Dutch as an SOV language, Linguistic Analysis 1, .
  • Zwicky, Arnold M. 1985. "Clitics and particles." Language 61:283-305.
CAT This article needs proper categorization. You can help Glottopedia by categorizing it
Please do not remove this block until the problem is fixed.
Retrieved from "http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Particle&oldid=8299"