Restricted quantifier

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Restricted quantifier is a quantifier which ranges over a subset of the universe of discourse selected by means of a predicate. Restricted quantification is sometimes represented as in (i), with the restricted quantifier between brackets and the predicate P indicating the subset:

(i)  [ All(x) : P(x) ] Q(x)
     [ ThereIs(x) : P(x) ] Q(x)

It can also be represented in standard predicate logic by means of connectives:

(ii) All(x) [ P(x) -> Q(x) ]
     ThereIs(x) [ P(x) & Q(x) ]

In (ii) quantification is restricted to P: all or some entities that are P have property Q. In natural language, quantifiers are always restricted; either by the common noun following the quantifying determiner (every man, some woman) or by an inherent meaning element (everyone, something).

Links

Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics

References

• Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. Logic, language, and meaning, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.