User:Javier Carro/Linguistic terminology
Contents
A
Abelian group (in semantics)
abstraction (in phonology or phonetics)
acceptability transformational grammar
accesibility (in Sperber and Wilson 1987;1995's Relevance Theory) (Semantics)
accompaniment as a semantic role
accoustics (in phonology or phonetics)
accusative plus infinitive construction
adequacy transformational grammar
adjacency pair (in pragmatics)
afix movement transformational grammar
agent as a semantic role or agentive
agglutinative language or agglutinating
airstream mechanism (in phonology or phonetics)
allophone (in phonology or phonetics)
alpha movement (in transformational grammar)
alpha notation (in phonology or phonetics)
alternation (in phonology or phonetics)
alveolar (in phonology or phonetics)
alveolar ridge (in phonology or phonetics)
alveo-palatal (in phonology or phonetics)
amplitude (in phonology or phonetics)
analytic language from Schlegel 1818
anaphora (in pragmatics)
anaphoric island in Postal 1969
anarthria from clinical phonology and speech language pathology
antecedent (in pragmatics)
anthroposemiotics (in semiotics)
antimentalism (in behaviorism)
A-over-A principle (in transformational grammar)
apex (in phonetics]])
aphasia (in neurolinguistics)
aphemia Broca
aphesis (in language change)
aphonia (in speech-language pathology)
apico-dental (in phonetics)
apico-labial (in phonetics)
apico-post-alveolar (in phonetics)
appellative function of language
application from H.B Curry
applicational generative model
archilexeme by B. Pottier
archiphoneme from Prague School
Arc Pair Grammar >> Relational grammar
areal linguistics >> dialect geography
argument array transformational grammar
argument linking in R. Lieber 1983.
argument position in Chomsky
argumenthood transformational grammar
arrow in comparative linguistics
articulation process (in phonology or phonetics)
articulator (in phonology or phonetics)
articulatory canal >> vocal tract
ascription feature (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
aspects model in Chomsky 1965
aspirated or aspiration (in phonology or phonetics)
assimilation (in phonology or phonetics)
association in phsycholinguistics
association line (in phonology or phonetics)
associative meaning >> connotation
assumption (in Sperber and Wilson 1987;1995's Relevance Theory) (Semantics)
atomic concept >> semantic primitive
attachment transformational grammar
attributable silence (in pragmatics)
attributive cluster (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
attributive formator (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
attributive system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
attributive use (in pragmatics)
aigmented transition network grammar ATN
autonomy of levels (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
autosegmental phonology (in phonology or phonetics)
auxiliary contraction transformational grammar
B
backchannel signal or backchannel (in pragmatics)
background entailment (in pragmatics)
bald on record (in pragmatics)
bar notation transformational grammar
base component generative grammar
basic statement (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
beneficiary as a semantic role
bilabial (in phonology or phonetics)
binding theory transformational grammar
bound morpheme transformational grammar
brace brace notation (in phonology or phonetics)
breaking in comparativw linguistics
breathy vowel breathy voice (in phonology or phonetics)
Burzio's generalization transformational grammar
C
cardinal vowel (in phonology or phonetics)
cataphora (in pragmatics)
catastrophe theory by Wildgen 1982
Categorial Unification Grammar
category symbol in transformational grammar
c-command in transformational grammar
centrifugal in dependency grammar
centripetal in dependency grammar by tesnière
Cercle Linguistique de Conpenhague >> glossematics
chain transformational grammar
chain of illocutionary commitments
characteristic function in categorial grammar
chart in parsing
Chosmky adjunction in transformational grammar
chunk (Miller and Selfridge (1950))
cinconstant in dependency grammar
clasifying language in language typology
clausal implicature (in pragmatics)
Clause-last Principle transformational grammar
Clausal Subject Principle transformational grammar
clase-mate condition in transformational grammar
clear "l" (in phonology or phonetics)
click (in phonology or phonetics)
close approximation (in phonology or phonetics)
closed class (synsematic word)
closed syllable (in phonology or phonetics)
cluster (in G. N. Leech's Semantics and Weinreich's semantic theory)
cluttering in speech-language pathology
co-argument condition transformational grammar
co-articulation in phonetics
co-constituent in syntax
coda (in phonology or phonetics)
code switching sociolinguistics
cognitive synonym (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
coherence (in pragmatics)
cohortative in modality
coindexing transformational grammar
coining word formation
collocation test in M. Joos 1958
commissive illocutionary point (in pragmatics)
commitment between illocutionary acts
commonsense reasoning in computational linguistics
commutation test (in phonology or phonetics and structuralism)
COMP position in syntax
compact vs difuse in phonology
competence (in phonology or phonetics)
complement selection rule transformational grammar
complementary distribution (in phonology or phonetics)
complex constituent transformational grammar
complexity in computational linguistics
component (in G. N. Leech's Semantics and in transformational grammar)
componential analysis (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
componential formula (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
componential synonym (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
compound tense in transformational grammar
comprehensibility in text composition
concatenation in transformational grammar
conditional formator (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
conditional relevance in conversation analysis
conditioning by Pavlov
configurationality in transformational grammar
connection in dependency grammar
connectionism in artificial intelligence
connex relation in formal logic, set theory
constancy under negation (in pragmatics)
constituent transformational grammar
constitutive rule (in semantics)
constraint transformational grammar
content condition (in pragmatics)
context of an expression (in pragmatics)
context sensitive rule (in semantics)
context-free rule (in semantics)
contextual redundancy rule (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
continuant (in phonology or phonetics)
contradiction (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
contrast in analogous environments
contrast in identical environments
contrastive distribution (in phonology or phonetics)
contrastive pragmatics (in pragmatics)
control transformational grammar
control verb transformational grammar
conventional implicature (in pragmatics)
conversational implicature (in pragmatics)
conversational maxim (in semantics)
conversational style (in pragmatics)
converseness (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
cooperative principle (in pragmatics)
coordination reduction (transformational rule) (in semantics)
core grammar transformational grammar
coreference (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
correctness transformational grammar
co-text (in pragmatics)
counteragent as a semantic role
counterevidence (in phonology or phonetics)
counterfactual conditional relation
countefactual presupposition (in pragmatics)
creaky voice (in phonology or phonetics)
creativity transformational grammar
cross-cultural pragmatics (in pragmatics)
crossing branches transformational grammar
cultural schemata (in pragmatics)
D
dark "l" (in phonology or phonetics)
daughter transformational grammar
declaration (in pragmatics)
declarative illocutionary point
deductive implication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
Deep Representation Theory (DRT) (in semantics)
default rule (in phonology or phonetics)
deference strategy (in pragmatics)
definite formator (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
deictic center (in pragmatics)
deictic expression (in pragmatics)
deictic projection (in pragmatics)
deixis (in pragmatics)
deletion (in phonology or phonetics)
delinking (in phonology or phonetics)
demotion transformational grammar
dental (in phonology or phonetics)
dependence rule (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
derivation (in phonology or phonetics)
Derivational Theory of Complexity (in CDA)
descendant transformational grammar
descriptive adequacy transformational grammar
designative (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
designator (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
devoicing (in phonology or phonetics)
diachrony (in phonology or phonetics)
diphthong (in phonology or phonetics)
direct illocution (in pragmatics)
direct speech (in pragmatics)
directive illocutionary point (in pragmatics)
discourse representation theory (in semantics)
dislocation transformational grammar
dispreferred second part (in pragmatics)
dissimilation (in phonology or phonetics)
distal (in pragmatics)
distribution transformational grammar
do support transformational grammar
dominance transformational grammar
downgrade (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
DRT see Deep Representation Theory (in semantics)
D-structure transformational grammar
dual articulation (in phonology or phonetics)
dynamic predicate logic (in semantics)
E
economy (in phonology or phonetics)
ejective (in phonology or phonetics)
elision (in phonology or phonetics)
elsewhere condition (in phonology or phonetics)
empty cluster (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
empty formula (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
empty node transformational grammar
entailment (in pragmatics)
epenthesis (in phonology or phonetics)
essential condition (in pragmatics)
evaluative meaning (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
Excepcional Case Marking ECM transformational grammar
Excepcional Clause transformational grammar
exclusive alternative relation
exclusive first person deixis (in pragmatics)
exhaustive dominance transformational grammar
existential presupposition (in pragmatics)
existential quantifier (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
existentially construed (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
experiencer as a semantic role
explanatory adequacy transformational grammar
expressive illocutionary point
Extended Projection Principle transformational grammar
external argument transformational grammar
[externalism]] (in semantics)
F
face saving act (in pragmatics)
face threatening act (in pragmatics)
face wants (in pragmatics)
factive presupposition (in pragmatics)
factual implication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
family (language families)
feature (in phonology or phonetics)
feature-changing rule (in phonology or phonetics)
feature dependency (in phonology or phonetics)
feature geometry (in phonology or phonetics)
feature matrix (in phonology or phonetics)
flap (in phonology or phonetics)
floor (in pragmatics)
flouting implicature (in pragmatics)
foot (in phonology or phonetics)
foreground entailment (in pragmatics)
formal rule of synonym (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
formant (in phonology or phonetics)
formator (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
free variation (in phonology or phonetics)
frequency (in phonology or phonetics)
fricative (in phonology or phonetics)
fundamental frequency (in phonology or phonetics)
G
general conditions (in pragmatics)
generalized conversational implicature
generalized quantificational logic (in semantics)
generalized implicature (in pragmatics)
generative phonology (in phonology or phonetics)
generic-specific lexical relation
glide (in phonology or phonetics)
glotal (in phonology or phonetics)
glottal stop (in phonology or phonetics)
glottalic egressive (in phonology or phonetics)
glottalic ingressive (in phonology or phonetics)
glottalisation (in phonology or phonetics)
glottis (in phonology or phonetics)
governing category transformational grammar
government transformational grammar
grammatical rule (in semantics)
grammatical tone (in phonology or phonetics)
Greek-letter variable (in phonology or phonetics)
H
harmonics (in phonology or phonetics)
"have" contraction transformational grammar
headedness transformational grammar
heavy syllable (in phonology or phonetics)
hedged performative (in pragmatics)
Herz (in phonology or phonetics)
heterosyllabic (in phonology or phonetics)
hierarchical system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
high considerateness style (in pragmatics)
high involvement style (in pragmatics)
homophone (in phonology or phonetics)
homorganic (in phonology or phonetics)
honorific (in pragmatics)
I
identity of illocutionary forces
ideational function (in pragmatics)
illocutionary act (in pragmatics)
illocutionary force (in pragmatics)
illocutionary force indicating device IFID (in pragmatics)
implication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics) & (in pragmatics)
implicational scale (in pragmatics)
implicature (in pragmatics)
implicit performative (in pragmatics)
implosive (in phonology or phonetics)
inclusive alternative relation
inconsistency (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
indefinite concessive relation
independent predication or main predication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
indirect symmetry (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
individual-group lexical relation
inductive implication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
informatively vacuous (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
insertion sequence (in phonology or phonetics)
intended perlocutionary effect
intermediate form (in phonology or phonetics)
internalism (in semantics)
International Phonetic Alphabet (in phonology or phonetics)
interpersonal function (in pragmatics)
interpretation (in Sperber and Wilson 1987;1995's Relevance Theory) (Semantics)
intonation (in phonology or phonetics)
intrusive "r" (in phonology or phonetics)
inverseness (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
inversion system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
island transformational grammar according to Ross 1967
it cleft transformational grammar
J
K
L
"l" velarisation (in phonology or phonetics)
labial (in phonology or phonetics)
labial-velar (in phonology or phonetics)
labialization (in phonology or phonetics)
labio-dental (in phonology or phonetics)
lateral (in phonology or phonetics)
lateral release (in phonology or phonetics)
larynx (in phonology or phonetics)
[[lax] (in phonology or phonetics)
learnability (in phonology or phonetics)
lenition (in phonology or phonetics)
level of representation (in phonology or phonetics)
lexical constituent transformational grammar
lexical phonology (in phonology or phonetics)
lexical presupposition (in pragmatics)
lexical relation elicitation frame
lexical relation with a scale structure
lexical relation with a set of pairs structure
lexical relation with a simple set structure
lexical relation with a tree structure
lexical rule (in phonology or phonetics)
linear phonology (in phonology or phonetics)
linking "r" (in phonology or phonetics)
liquid (in phonology or phonetics)
literal meaning in a lexical database
locutionary act (in pragmatics)
logical exclusion (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
logical implication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
logical inclusion (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
logical synonym (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
M
major class feature (in phonology or phonetics)
major entry in a lexical database
manifestness (in Sperber and Wilson 1987;1995's Relevance Theory) (Semantics)
manner implicature (in pragmatics)
manner of action or Aktionsart
manner of articulation (in phonology or phonetics)
meaning and pragmatic function
meaningful (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
meaningless (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
medial cluster (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
metalinguistic cluster (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
metathesis (in phonology or phonetics)
mid-saggital (in phonology or phonetics)
minimal pair (in phonology or phonetics)
minor entry in a lexical database
"mirror image" notatinal convention (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
moderate epistemic qualification
monophthong (in phonology or phonetics)
monotone decreasing quantified noun phrase
monotone increasing quantified noun phrase
Moore's paradox (in semantics)
mora (in phonology or phonetics)
N
nasal release (in phonology or phonetics)
nasalization (in phonology or phonetics)
nasalized vowel (in phonology or phonetics)
natural class (in phonology or phonetics)
naturalness (in phonology or phonetics)
near minimal pair (in phonology or phonetics)
negative formator (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
negative politeness (in pragmatics)
negative politeness strategy (in pragmatics)
negation raising (transformational rule]] (in semantics)
neutralization (in phonology or phonetics)
node (in phonology or phonetics)
node relation transformational grammar
nonconventional implicature (in pragmatics)
nonconversational implicature (in pragmatics)
nondefective illocutionary act (in pragmatics)
non-factive presupposition (in pragmatics)
non-linear phonology (in phonology or phonetics)
nonrestrictive relative clause
nucleus (in phonology or phonetics)
O
obstruent (in phonology or phonetics)
one-place predication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
onset (in phonology or phonetics)
open approximation (in phonology or phonetics)
open syllable (in phonology or phonetics)
oral (in phonology or phonetics)
oral tract (in phonology or phonetics)
ordering system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
ordinary pronoun or personal pronoun
P
palatal (in phonology or phonetics)
palato-alveolar (in phonology or phonetics)
paraphrase (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
parentheses (in phonology or phonetics)
particularized implicature (in pragmatics)
passive articulator (in phonology or phonetics)
pattern congruity (in phonology or phonetics)
perfect of persistent situation
performance (in phonology or phonetics) (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
performative hypothesis (in pragmatics)
performative verb (in pragmatics)
perlocutionary act (in pragmatics)
person deixis (in pragmatics)
pharyngeal (in phonology or phonetics)
phone (in phonology or phonetics)
phoneme (in phonology or phonetics)
phonetically similar segment (in phonology or phonetics)
phonetic form (in phonology or phonetics)
phonetic similarity (in phonology or phonetics)
phonetics (in phonology or phonetics)
phonological component (in phonology or phonetics)
phonological derivation (in phonology or phonetics)
phonological hierarchy (in phonology or phonetics)
phonological rule (in phonology or phonetics)
phonological symmetry (in phonology or phonetics)
phonological structure (in phonology or phonetics)
phonological universal (in phonology or phonetics)
phonology (in phonology or phonetics)
phonotactics (in phonology or phonetics)
phonotactic constraints (in phonology or phonetics)
phrasal constituent transformational grammar
pitch (in phonology or phonetics)
place of articulation (in phonology or phonetics)
plausibility (in phonology or phonetics)
pleonasm (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
plosive (in phonology or phonetics)
polar system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
politeness (in pragmatics)
positive face (in pragmatics)
positive politeness (in pragmatics)
post-lexical rule (in phonology or phonetics)
potential implicature (in pragmatics)
potential presupposition (in pragmatics)
pragmatic accent (in pragmatics)
pragmatic connection (in pragmatics)
pragmatics (in pragmatics)
preannouncement (in pragmatics)
predication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
preference structure (in pragmatics)
preferred second part (in pragmatics)
preinvitation (in pragmatics)
preparatory condition (in pragmatics)
prerequest (in pragmatics)
Presumption of Optimal Relevance (in Sperber and Wilson 1987;1995's Relevance Theory) (Semantics)
presupposition (in pragmatics)
presupposition denial (in pragmatics)
presupposition suspension (in pragmatics)
presupposition trigger (in pragmatics)
primary performative (in pragmatics)
principal predication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
Principle of Relevance (in Sperber and Wilson 1987;1995's Relevance Theory) (Semantics)
process (in phonology or phonetics)
process naturalness (in phonology or phonetics)
projection problem (in pragmatics)
propagation medium (in phonology or phonetics)
propositional content condition
proximal (in pragmatics)
proximal-distal dimension (in pragmatics)
pulmonic eggresive (in phonology or phonetics)
pure indexical expresion (in semantics)
Q
quality implicature (in pragmatics)
quantification (in semantics)
quantificational adverb (in semantics)
quantificational dynamic logic (in semantics)
quantified intensional logic (in semantics)
quantifier raising (transformational rule) (in semantics)
quantity implicature (in pragmatics)
R
range of reference (in pragmatics)
rank-shifted predication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
reciprocal system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
reciprocal verb (in semantics)
reciprocity (in semantics)
reductionism (in semantics)
redundancy rule (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
reduplication (in phonology or phonetics)
reference (in pragmatics)
reference fixing (in semantics)
referential index (in semantics)
referential use (in pragmatics)
referent (in pragmatics)
relation (in pragmatics)
relative system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
relevance theory (in Sperber and Wilson 1987;1995's Relevance Theory) (Semantics) (in semantics)
representative (in pragmatics)
retroflex (in phonology or phonetics)
rhotic rhoticisation (in phonology or phonetics)
rhoticised vowel (in phonology or phonetics)
rhyme (in phonology or phonetics)
right node raising (transformational rule) (in semantics)
right recursive (in semantics)
right totality (in semantics)
rounding (in phonology or phonetics)
rules of expresion (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
rule of synonym (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
rule of transference (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
rule ordering (in phonology or phonetics)
S
saggital section (in phonology or phonetics)
satisfaction (illocutionary act) (in semantics)
scalar implicature (in pragmatics)
scalar property lexical relation
schema (in pragmatics)
schwa (in phonology or phonetics)
script (in pragmatics)
second part (in pragmatics)
semantic atomism (in semantics)
semantic feature (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
semantic grounding (in semantics)
semantic holism (in semantics)
semantic innocence (in semantics)
semantic marker (in semantics)
semantic redundancy (in semantics)
semantic theory (in semantics)
semantic valency transformational grammar
semi lattice (in semantics)
semifactive verb (in semantics)
semivowel (in phonology or phonetics)
sentence fragment transformational grammar
shortening (in semantics)
sibilant (in phonology or phonetics)
sincerity condition (in pragmatics)
sluicing (transformational rule) (in semantics)
social deixis (in pragmatics)
solidarity (in pragmatics)
sonorant (in phonology or phonetics)
spatial deixis (in pragmatics)
spectrogram (in phonology or phonetics)
spectrograph (in phonology or phonetics)
speech act (in pragmatics)
speech event (in pragmatics)
spoonerism (in phonology or phonetics)
spreading (in phonology or phonetics)
standard implicature (in pragmatics)
state of the glottis (in phonology or phonetics)
stop (in phonology or phonetics)
strength of illocutionary point
strength of sincerity conditions (in pragmatics)
stress (in phonology or phonetics)
stricture (in phonology or phonetics)
strong epistemic qualification
structural analysis (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
structural presupposition (in pragmatics)
structure building rule (in phonology or phonetics)
stylistics (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
subentry in a lexical database
subject movement transformational grammar
subject raising transformational grammar
subject-aux inversion transformational grammar
subscript (in phonology or phonetics)
substantive rule of synonym (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
superscript (in phonology or phonetics)
supplemental information in a definition
suppletion (in phonology or phonetics)
surface form (in phonology or phonetics)
syllable (in phonology or phonetics)
syllable structure (in phonology or phonetics)
syllable weight (in phonology or phonetics)
syncategorematic rule (in semantics)
syntacti constituenthood transformational grammar
syntactic movement transformational grammar
synthetic assertion (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
T
"t" to "r" rule (in phonology or phonetics)
tap (in phonology or phonetics)
tautosyllabic (in phonology or phonetics)
tautology (in pragmatics)
taxonomic system (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
temporal deixis (in pragmatics)
tense (in phonology or phonetics)
textual function (in pragmatics)
thematic role transformational grammar
tier (in phonology or phonetics)
timing slot (in phonology or phonetics)
trachea (in phonology or phonetics)
transition (in phonology or phonetics)
transition Relevance Place TRP (in pragmatics)
trill (in phonology or phonetics)
trisyllabic shortening (in phonology or phonetics)
turn (in pragmatics)
turn-taking (in pragmatics)
T/V distinction (in pragmatics)
two-place predication (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
U
underlying form (in phonology or phonetics)
underlying representation (in phonology or phonetics)
underspecification (in phonology or phonetics)
universal quantifier (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
universally construed (in G. N. Leech's Semantics)
unreleased (in phonology or phonetics)
uvular (in phonology or phonetics)
V
variable (in phonology or phonetics)
velar (in phonology or phonetics)
velar softening (in phonology or phonetics)
velaric ingressive (in phonology or phonetics)
velum (in phonology or phonetics)
verb (Linguistics)
verb raising transformational grammar
vocal cord (in phonology or phonetics)
vocal tract (in phonology or phonetics)
voice (in phonology or phonetics)
voice bar (in phonology or phonetics)
voice onset time VOT (in phonology or phonetics)
voiceless vowel (in phonology or phonetics)
voicing (in phonology or phonetics)
vowel (in phonology or phonetics)
vowel backness (in phonology or phonetics)
vowel harmony (in phonology or phonetics)
vowel height (in phonology or phonetics)
vowel length (in phonology or phonetics)
vowel modification (in phonology or phonetics)
vowel reduction (in phonology or phonetics)
vowel shift (in phonology or phonetics)
VP deletion (in semantics)
W
wave (in phonology or phonetics)
wave form (in phonology or phonetics)
X
X' schema transformational grammar
Y
Z
zero anaphora (in pragmatics)
Reference books
Glossary of linguistic terms accessdate=2007-11-18 from SIL International
Bussmann, Hadumod Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics 1998 Routledge London isbn= 0-415-20319-8}}
Davenport, Mike; Hannahs, S.J. Introducing Phonetics and Phonology 1998 Oxford University Press London isbn= 0 340 66218 2
Finegan, Edward Language Its Structure and Use |year=1999 |publisher=Earl McPeek |location=Orlando, FL (US) isbn=0-15-507827-5
Leech |first=Geoffrey N Towards a Semantic Description of English 1969 Longmans' Linguistics Library London and Harlow 582 52401 6
Yule, George Pragmatics 2002 Oxford University Press Oxford (UK) isbn=0 19 437207 3
